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Hariharan A, Qi W, Rehrauer H, Wu L, Ronner M, Wipplinger M, Kresoja‐Rakic J, Sun S, Oton‐Gonzalez L, Sculco M, Serre‐Beinier V, Meiller C, Blanquart C, Fonteneau J, Vrugt B, Rüschoff JH, Opitz I, Jean D, de Perrot M, Felley‐Bosco E. Heterogeneous RNA editing and influence of ADAR2 on mesothelioma chemoresistance and the tumor microenvironment. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3949-3974. [PMID: 36221913 PMCID: PMC9718120 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously observed increased levels of adenosine-deaminase-acting-on-dsRNA (Adar)-dependent RNA editing during mesothelioma development in mice exposed to asbestos. The aim of this study was to characterize and assess the role of ADAR-dependent RNA editing in mesothelioma. We found that tumors and mesothelioma primary cultures have higher ADAR-mediated RNA editing compared to mesothelial cells. Unsupervised clustering of editing in different genomic regions revealed heterogeneity between tumor samples as well as mesothelioma primary cultures. ADAR2 expression levels are higher in BRCA1-associated protein 1 wild-type tumors, with corresponding changes in RNA editing in transcripts and 3'UTR. ADAR2 knockdown and rescue models indicated a role in cell proliferation, altered cell cycle, increased sensitivity to antifolate treatment, and type-1 interferon signaling upregulation, leading to changes in the microenvironment in vivo. Our data indicate that RNA editing contributes to mesothelioma heterogeneity and highlights an important role of ADAR2 not only in growth regulation in mesothelioma but also in chemotherapy response, in addition to regulating inflammatory response downstream of sensing nucleic acid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Hariharan
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Weihong Qi
- Functional Genomics Center, ETH ZurichUniversity of ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center, ETH ZurichUniversity of ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Licun Wu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Health NetworkTorontoCanada
| | - Manuel Ronner
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martin Wipplinger
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jelena Kresoja‐Rakic
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Suna Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lucia Oton‐Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marika Sculco
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Clément Meiller
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, InsermSorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Functional Genomics of Solid TumorsFrance
| | - Christophe Blanquart
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NAFrance
| | | | - Bart Vrugt
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jan Hendrik Rüschoff
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Isabelle Opitz
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Didier Jean
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, InsermSorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Functional Genomics of Solid TumorsFrance
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Health NetworkTorontoCanada
| | - Emanuela Felley‐Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
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2
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Dai Y, Liu Y, Li J, Jin M, Yang H, Huang G. Shikonin inhibited glycolysis and sensitized cisplatin treatment in non-small cell lung cancer cells via the exosomal pyruvate kinase M2 pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:13906-13918. [PMID: 35706397 PMCID: PMC9275963 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2086378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine comfrey is shikonin, a naphthoquinone compound. The focus of this study was to investigate the effect of shikonin on the proliferation, invasion, migration, and chemoresistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and to explore its underlying molecular biological mechanisms. The results show that shikonin inhibited the viability, proliferation, invasion, and migration of NSCLC cells A549 and PC9, and induced apoptosis. As the inhibitor of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme in glycolysis, shikonin inhibited glucose uptake and the production of lactate, the final metabolite of aerobic glycolysis. In vivo chemotherapeutic assay showed that shikonin reduced the tumor volume and weight in NSCLC mice model and increased the sensitivity to cisplatin chemotherapy. Histoimmunology experiments showed the combination of shikonin and cisplatin downregulated the expression of PKM2 and its transcriptionally regulated downstream gene glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) in tumor tissue. In an assessment of glucose metabolism, micro-PET/CT data showed a combination of shikonin and cisplatin inhibited the fluorodeoxy glucose (18F-FDG) uptake into tumor. Since exosomal PKM2 affected the sensitivity to cisplatin in NSCLC cells, we also demonstrated shikonin could inhibit exosome secretion and exosomal PKM2 through the administration of exosomal inhibitor GW4869. Furthermore, shikonin sensitized cisplatin treatment by reducing the extracellular secretion of exosomal PKM2. In conclusion, we suggest that shikonin not only inhibits PKM2 intracellularly but also reduces glycolytic flux and increases cisplatin sensitivity through the exosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Dai
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mingming Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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3
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Sato Y, Tomita M, Soga T, Ochiai A, Makinoshima H. Upregulation of Thymidylate Synthase Induces Pemetrexed Resistance in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:718675. [PMID: 34646134 PMCID: PMC8504579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.718675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an invasive malignancy that develops in the pleural cavity, and antifolates are used as chemotherapeutics for treating. The majority of antifolates, including pemetrexed (PMX), inhibit enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine synthesis. MPM patients frequently develop drug resistance in clinical practice, however the associated drug-resistance mechanism is not well understood. This study was aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying resistance to PMX in MPM cell lines. We found that among the differentially expressed genes associated with drug resistance (determined by RNA sequencing), TYMS expression was higher in the established resistant cell lines than in the parental cell lines. Knocking down TYMS expression significantly reduced drug resistance in the resistant cell lines. Conversely, TYMS overexpression significantly increased drug resistance in the parental cells. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the levels of dTMP were higher in the resistant cell lines than in the parental cell lines; however, resistant cells showed no changes in dTTP levels after PMX treatment. We found that the nucleic acid-biosynthetic pathway is important for predicting the efficacy of PMX in MPM cells. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) assays suggested that H3K27 acetylation in the 5′-UTR of TYMS may promote its expression in drug-resistant cells. Our findings indicate that the intracellular levels of dTMP are potential biomarkers for the effective treatment of patients with MPM and suggest the importance of regulatory mechanisms of TYMS expression in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Sato
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Japan.,Shonai Regional Industry Promotion Center, Tsuruoka, Japan.,Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hideki Makinoshima
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Japan.,Division of Translational Information, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
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4
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Lu CS, Lin CW, Chang YH, Chen HY, Chung WC, Lai WY, Ho CC, Wang TH, Chen CY, Yeh CL, Wu S, Wang SP, Yang PC. Antimetabolite pemetrexed primes a favorable tumor microenvironment for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001392. [PMID: 33243934 PMCID: PMC7692992 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) has been proved beneficial for numerous types of cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, a significant number of patients with NSCLC still fail to respond to ICB due to unfavorable tumor microenvironment. To improve the efficacy, the immune-chemotherapy combination with pemetrexed, cis/carboplatin and pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) has been recently approved as first-line treatment in advanced NSCLCs. While chemotherapeutic agents exert beneficial effects, the underlying antitumor mechanism(s) remains unclear. Methods Pemetrexed, cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents were tested for the potential to induce PD-L1 expression in NSCLC cells by immunoblotting and flow cytometry. The ability to prime the tumor immune microenvironment was then determined by NSCLC/T cell coculture systems and syngeneic mouse models. Subpopulations of NSCLC cells responding differently to pemetrexed were selected and subjected to RNA-sequencing analysis. The key signaling pathways were identified and validated in vitro and in vivo. Results Pemetrexed induced the transcriptional activation of PD-L1 (encoded by CD274) by inactivating thymidylate synthase (TS) in NSCLC cells and, in turn, activating T-lymphocytes when combined with the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling was activated by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROSs) that were elevated by pemetrexed-mediated TS inactivation. The TS−ROS−NF-κB regulatory axis actively involves in pemetrexed-induced PD-L1 upregulation, whereas when pemetrexed fails to induce PD-L1 expression in NSCLC cells, NF-κB signaling is unregulated. In syngeneic mouse models, the combinatory treatment of pemetrexed with anti-PD-L1 antibody created a more favorable tumor microenvironment for the inhibition of tumor growth. Conclusions Our findings reveal novel mechanisms showing that pemetrexed upregulates PD-L1 expression and primes a favorable microenvironment for ICB, which provides a mechanistic basis for the combinatory chemoimmunotherapy in NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Sing Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsuan Chang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chia Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yun Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chi Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Chen
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lin Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sean Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ping Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ando H, Ishida T. An RNAi therapeutic, DFP-10825, for intraperitoneal and intrapleural malignant cancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:27-36. [PMID: 32781056 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), a potent post-transcriptional gene-silencing action, has received considerable attentions as a novel therapeutic tool to treat intractable cancers. In recent days, we have developed a novel RNAi-based therapeutic formulation, DFP-10825, for the treatment of intractable advanced cancers developed in coelomic cavities. DFP-10825 was composed of chemically synthesized short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against thymidylate synthase (TS), a key enzyme for cancer proliferation, and cationic liposomes, and achieved high therapeutic effect on the mouse models of peritoneally disseminated gastric and ovarian cancers and malignant pleural mesothelioma without severe side effects by intracoelomic direct treatment. We further designed a freeze-dried DFP-10825 formulation for mass industrial production. DFP-10825 is undergoing in pre-clinical phase and goes to clinical trials. This review introduces a DFP-10825 formulation, a potent novel RNAi-based therapeutic maximizing the benefit of RNAi molecule (shRNA).
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6
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BMI1-Mediated Pemetrexed Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Is Associated with Increased SP1 Activation and Cancer Stemness. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082069. [PMID: 32726929 PMCID: PMC7463866 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the therapeutic strategies include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) account for around 85% of cases of lung cancers. Pemetrexed is an antifolate agent that is currently used as the second line chemotherapy drug in the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients with a response rate of 20–40%. The search for any combination therapy to improve the efficacy of pemetrexed is required. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is considered as the main reason for drug resistance of cancers. In this study, we first found that pemetrexed-resistant NSCLC cells derived from A549 cells displayed higher CSC activity in comparison to the parental cells. The expression of CSC related proteins, such as BMI1 or CD44, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature was elevated in pemetrexed-resistant NSCLC cells. We next discovered that the overexpression of BMI1 in A549 cells caused the pemetrexed resistance and inhibition of BMI1 by a small molecule inhibitor, PTC-209, or transducing of BMI1-specific shRNAs suppressed cell growth and the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) in pemetrexed-resistant A549 cells. We further identified that BMI1 positively regulated SP1 expression and treatment of mithramycin A, a SP1 inhibitor, inhibited cell proliferation, as well as TS expression, of pemetrexed-resistant A549 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of BMI1 in A549 cells also caused the activation of EMT in and the enhancement of CSC activity. Finally, we demonstrated that pretreatment of PTC-209 in mice bearing pemetrexed-resistant A549 tumors sensitized them to pemetrexed treatment and the expression of Ki-67, BMI1, and SP1 expression in tumor tissues was observed to be reduced. In conclusion, BMI1 expression level mediates pemetrexed sensitivity of NSCLC cells and the inhibition of BMI1 will be an effective strategy in NSCLC patients when pemetrexed resistance has developed.
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7
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Generation of Stable cisPt Resistant Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13060109. [PMID: 32485798 PMCID: PMC7345436 DOI: 10.3390/ph13060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum compounds represent the backbone of combined chemotherapy protocols for advanced lung cancer. The mechanisms responsible for its frequent primary or acquired resistance to cisplatin (cisPt)-based chemotherapy remains enigmatic. The availability of two cell lines of the same origin, one resistant and the other sensitive, will facilitate research to reveal the mechanism of resistance formation. Lung adenocarcinoma cells, A240286S (A24), were cultivated in increasing cisPt concentrations over a prolonged time. After a significant increase in IC50 was measured, cultivation of the cells was continued in absence of cisPt and IC50s determined over a long period (>7 months). As a result, a cell line with lasting, high-level cisPt resistance, designated (D-)A24cisPt8.0, was obtained. The cells were cross-resistant to oxaliplatin and to pemetrexed at a low level. Previous publications have claimed that Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8 (LRRC8A and LRRC8D) of the volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) affect cellular resistance to cisPt. Even though cisPt decreased LRRC8D expression levels, we showed by knockdown and overexpression experiments with LRRC8A and D that these proteins do not govern the observed cisPt resistance. The tumor cell sublines described here provide a powerful model to study the mechanisms of resistance to cisPt in lung cancer cells and beyond.
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8
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Ding X, Gu Y, Jin M, Guo X, Xue S, Tan C, Huang J, Yang W, Xue M, Zhou Q, Wang W, Zhang Y. The deubiquitinating enzyme UCHL1 promotes resistance to pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer by upregulating thymidylate synthase. Theranostics 2020; 10:6048-6060. [PMID: 32483437 PMCID: PMC7255002 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Resistance to pemetrexed (PEM)-based chemotherapy is a major cause of progression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The deubiquitinating enzyme UCHL1 was recently found to play important roles in chemoresistance and tumor progression. However, the potential roles and mechanisms of UCHL1 in PEM resistance remain unclear. Methods: Bioinformatics analyses and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate UCHL1 expression in NSCLC specimens. Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test was used for survival analyses. We established PEM-resistant NSCLC cell lines by exposing them to step-wise increases in PEM concentrations, and in vitro and in vivo assays were used to explore the roles and mechanisms of UCHL1 in PEM resistance using the NSCLC cells. Results: In chemoresistant tumors from NSCLC patients, UCHL1 was highly expressed and elevated UCHL1 expression was strongly associated with poor outcomes. Furthermore, UCHL1 expression was significantly upregulated in PEM-resistant NSCLC cells, while genetic silencing or inhibiting UCHL1 suppressed resistance to PEM and other drugs in NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, UCHL1 promoted PEM resistance in NSCLC by upregulating the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS), based on reduced TS expression after UCHL1 inhibition and re-emergence of PEM resistance upon TS restoration. Furthermore, UCHL1 upregulated TS expression, which mitigated PEM-induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in NSCLC cells, and also conferred resistance to PEM and other drugs. Conclusions: It appears that UCHL1 promotes PEM resistance by upregulating TS in NSCLC cells, which mitigated DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. Thus, UCHL1 may be a therapeutic target for overcoming PEM resistance in NSCLC patients.
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Agulló-Ortuño MT, García-Ruiz I, Díaz-García CV, Enguita AB, Pardo-Marqués V, Prieto-García E, Ponce S, Iglesias L, Zugazagoitia J, López-Martín JA, Paz-Ares L, Nuñez JA. Blood mRNA expression of REV3L and TYMS as potential predictive biomarkers from platinum-based chemotherapy plus pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 85:525-535. [PMID: 31832811 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-04008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapeutic options for cancer patients have increased in the last years, although drugs resistance problem remains unresolved. Genetic background in individual susceptibility to cancer treatment could influence the therapy responses. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of using blood 4 genes (AEG-1, BRCA-1, REV3L and TYMS) expression levels as a predictor of the efficacy of pemetrexed therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS Sixteen patients from the Medical Oncology Department at "12 de Octubre" Hospital, were included in the study. Total mRNA was isolated from blood samples, and gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR. A panel of lung tumor cell lines were used in cell proliferation tests and siRNA-mediated silencing assays. RESULTS Similarity between blood gene expression levels and protein expression in matched tumor tissue was observed in 54.54% (REV3L) and 81.81% (TYMS) of cases. Gene expression of REV3L and TYMS in blood correlated directly and inversely, respectively, with progression-free survival and overall survival in the patients from our cohort. In tumor cell lines, the knockdown of REV3L conferred resistance to pemetrexed treatment, and the TYMS silencing increased the pemetrexed sensitivity of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS The use of peripheral blood samples for expression quantification of interest genes is an affordable method with promising results in the evaluation of response to pemetrexed treatment. Therefore, expression levels of REV3L and TYMS genes might be used as predictive biomarkers in advanced NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Agulló-Ortuño
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain. .,Lung Cancer Group, Clinical Research Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Centre: Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. Monforte de Lemos, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada García-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Vanesa Díaz-García
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Enguita
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Pardo-Marqués
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Prieto-García
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ponce
- Lung Cancer Group, Clinical Research Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Iglesias
- Lung Cancer Group, Clinical Research Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Zugazagoitia
- Lung Cancer Group, Clinical Research Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A López-Martín
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Lung Cancer Group, Clinical Research Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Lung Cancer Group, Clinical Research Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre: Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. Monforte de Lemos, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Medicine Department, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Avda de Séneca, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Nuñez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Liang J, Lu T, Chen Z, Zhan C, Wang Q. Mechanisms of resistance to pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8:1107-1118. [PMID: 32010588 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2019.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, lung cancer has remained the most common cause of cancer death while non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the most of all lung cancer cases. Regardless of multiple existing managements, chemotherapy regimens are still the mainstay of treatment for NSCLC, where pemetrexed has shown cytotoxic activity and has increasingly been used, especially for advanced cases. However, chemo-resistance may inhibit clinical efficacy after long-term use. Mechanisms responsible for chemo-resistance to pemetrexed in NSCLC are plethoric but can be separated into two categories to be discussed: tumor cells and their interactions with drugs. Phenomena relevant to tumor cells such as oncogene or oncoprotein alterations, DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and tumor cell biology behavior are discussed, as well as processes associated with drug dynamics, including drug uptake, drug elimination, and antifolate polyglutamylation. This review will focus on clinical trials and the basic biomedical mechanisms of NSCLC treated with pemetrexed and will describe the underlying mechanisms of resistance to facilitate more efficient clinical therapies to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhencong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Miyake N, Ochi N, Yamane H, Fukazawa T, Ikeda T, Yokota E, Takeyama M, Nakagawa N, Nakanishi H, Kohara H, Nagasaki Y, Kawahara T, Ichiyama N, Yamatsuji T, Naomoto Y, Takigawa N. Targeting ROR1 in combination with pemetrexed in malignant mesothelioma cells. Lung Cancer 2019; 139:170-178. [PMID: 31809978 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is overexpressed in a subset of malignant cells. However, it remains unknown whether ROR1 is targetable in malignant mesothelioma (MM). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of ROR1 inhibition in mesothelioma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growth inhibition, colony formation, apoptosis, and mRNA/protein levels using siRNA-transfected MM cells were evaluated. Cluster analysis using Gene Expression Omnibus repository of transcriptomic information was also performed. RESULTS Our results indicated that in three (H2052, H2452, and MESO-1) among four MM cell lines, ROR1 inhibition had anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects and suppressed the activation of AKT and STAT3. Although growth inhibition by siROR1 was minimal in another mesothelioma cell line (H28), colony formation was significantly suppressed. Microarray, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analyses showed that there were differences in the suppression of mRNA and proteins between H2452 and H28 cells transfected with siROR1 compared with those transfected with control siRNA. Cluster analysis further showed that MM tumors had relatively high ROR1 expression, although the cluster in them was different from that in MM cell lines. Thymidylate synthase, a target of pemetrexed, was downregulated in H2452 cells transfected with siROR1. Accordingly, a combination of pemetrexed with siROR1 was found to be effective in the three MM cell lines we studied. CONCLUSION Our findings may provide novel therapeutic insight into the treatment of advanced MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Miyake
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ochi
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yamane
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Takuya Fukazawa
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan; Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ikeda
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Etsuko Yokota
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Masami Takeyama
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nakagawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nakanishi
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kohara
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nagasaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kawahara
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Ichiyama
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamatsuji
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshio Naomoto
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan
| | - Nagio Takigawa
- General Medical Center Research Unit, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1 Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8505, Japan.
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12
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Briz O, Perez-Silva L, Al-Abdulla R, Abete L, Reviejo M, Romero MR, Marin JJG. What "The Cancer Genome Atlas" database tells us about the role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins in chemoresistance to anticancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:577-593. [PMID: 31185182 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1631285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Chemotherapy remains the only option for advanced cancer patients when other alternatives are not feasible. Nevertheless, the success rate of this type of therapy is often low due to intrinsic or acquired mechanisms of chemoresistance. Among them, drug extrusion from cancer cells through ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins plays an important role. ABC pumps are primary active transporters involved in the barrier and secretory functions of many healthy cells. Areas covered: In this review, we have used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to explore the relationship between the expression of the major ABC proteins involved in cancer chemoresistance in the most common types of cancer, and the drugs used in the treatment of these tumors that are substrates of these pumps. Expert opinion: From unicellular organisms to humans, several ABC proteins play a major role in detoxification processes. Cancer cells exploit this ability to protect themselves from cytostatic drugs. Among the ABC pumps, MDR1, MRPs and BCRP are able to export many antitumor drugs and are expressed in several types of cancer, and further up-regulated during treatment. This event results in the enhanced ability of tumor cells to reduce intracellular drug concentrations and hence the pharmacological effect of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Briz
- a Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) , University of Salamanca, IBSAL , Salamanca , Spain.,b Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd) , Carlos III National Institute of Health , Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Perez-Silva
- a Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) , University of Salamanca, IBSAL , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Ruba Al-Abdulla
- a Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) , University of Salamanca, IBSAL , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Lorena Abete
- c Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer" , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Reviejo
- a Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) , University of Salamanca, IBSAL , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Marta R Romero
- a Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) , University of Salamanca, IBSAL , Salamanca , Spain.,b Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd) , Carlos III National Institute of Health , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- a Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) , University of Salamanca, IBSAL , Salamanca , Spain.,b Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd) , Carlos III National Institute of Health , Madrid , Spain
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13
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Noor ZS, Goldman JW, Lawler WE, Telivala B, Braiteh F, DiCarlo BA, Kennedy K, Adams B, Wang X, Jones B, Slamon DJ, Garon EB. Luminespib plus pemetrexed in patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 135:104-109. [PMID: 31446981 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Luminespib (AUY922) is a second-generation heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor with demonstrated activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since luminespib reduces levels of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a key enzymatic target of pemetrexed, we assessed the safety and tolerability of luminespib in combination with pemetrexed in patients with previously treated metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We also sought to study the pharmacokinetics and correlate tumor dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) expression with clinical response. METHODS Patients received weekly luminespib at either 40 mg/m2, 55 mg/m2, or 70 mg/m2 according to a standard 3 + 3 dose-escalation design along with pemetrexed at 500 mg/m2 followed by an expansion at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). RESULTS Two-dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) were experienced in the 70 mg/m2 cohort, therefore the MTD was determined to be 55 mg/m2. 69% (N = 9) of patients experienced ophthalmologic toxicity related to luminespib. Maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of luminespib was associated with increased grade 2 drug related adverse events (DRAEs) (rs = 0.74, P < 0.01), with volume of distribution (VD) inversely associated with the number of DRAEs (rs = - 0.81, P = 0.004) and ophthalmologic related DRAEs (rs = - 0.65, P = 0.04). The best response was partial response in one patient for 20 months, prior to expiration of all luminespib. Amongst patients treated at the MTD, the objective response rate was 14%. CONCLUSION In patients with previously treated metastatic NSCLC, the MTD of luminespib in combination with pemetrexed was 55 mg/m2 per week. The combination of luminespib and pemetrexed demonstrated clinical activity. Tolerability of luminespib with pemetrexed is limited by ocular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorawar S Noor
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Jonathan W Goldman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | - Fadi Braiteh
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, United States
| | - Brian A DiCarlo
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Brad Adams
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | - Benjamin Jones
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | - Dennis J Slamon
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | - Edward B Garon
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States.
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14
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Xu YL, Jiang XM, Zhang LL, Chen X, Huang ZJ, Lu JJ. Establishment and Characterization of Pemetrexed-resistant NCI-H460/PMT Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:731-739. [PMID: 30848214 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190307120441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemetrexed (PMT) is a multitargeted antifolate agent that is used for treating patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). However, patients have presented clinical responses of drug resistance to PMT. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of PMT resistance in NSCLC cells. METHODS PMT-resistant NCI-H460/PMT cells were established by treating with PMT in a concentrationescalation manner. MTT assay and colony formation were performed to detect cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of Ki-67. Transwell assay was performed to measure cell migration ability. qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of indicated genes. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were used to knockdown ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) and Thymidylate Synthase (TYMS). RESULTS This study showed that compared with the parental cells, the NCI-H460/PMT cells displayed weakened proliferation and enhanced cell mobility. In addition, the NCI-H460/PMT cells demonstrated cellular senescence, which might result in PMT resistance. The NCI-H460/PMT cells exhibited cross-resistance to other chemotherapeutics, including fluorouracil, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide and gemcitabine, possibly because of the upregulated expression of ABCB1. However, the ABCB1 knockdown by siRNA failed to eradicate PMT resistance. Moreover, TYMS, a target of PMT, was obviously upregulated in the resistant cells. The genetic silence of TYMS partially abrogated PMT resistance, suggesting that the overexpression of TYMS was a key resistant mechanism of PMT. CONCLUSION The overexpression of TYMS was an important resistance mechanism of PMT for KRAS-mutated NCI-H460 cells. Cross-resistance to other chemotherapeutics should be considered in addressing PMT resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Le-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhang-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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15
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Tanino R, Tsubata Y, Harashima N, Harada M, Isobe T. Novel drug-resistance mechanisms of pemetrexed-treated non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16807-16821. [PMID: 29682186 PMCID: PMC5908287 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemetrexed (PEM) improves the overall survival of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) when administered as maintenance therapy. However, PEM resistance often appears during the therapy. Although thymidylate synthase is known to be responsible for PEM resistance, no other mechanisms have been investigated in detail. In this study, we explored new drug resistance mechanisms of PEM-treated NSCLC using two combinations of parental and PEM-resistant NSCLC cell lines from PC-9 and A549. PEM increased the apoptosis cells in parental PC-9 and the senescent cells in parental A549. However, such changes were not observed in the respective PEM-resistant cell lines. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that, besides an increased gene expression of thymidylate synthase in PEM-resistant PC-9 cells, the solute carrier family 19 member1 (SLC19A1) gene expression was markedly decreased in PEM-resistant A549 cells. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of SLC19A1 endowed the parental cell lines with PEM resistance. Conversely, PEM-resistant PC-9 cells carrying an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation acquired resistance to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Although erlotinib can inhibit the phosphorylation of EGFR and Erk, it is unable to suppress the phosphorylation of Akt in PEM-resistant PC-9 cells. Additionally, PEM-resistant PC-9 cells were less sensitive to the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 than parental PC-9 cells. These results indicate that SLC19A1 negatively regulates PEM resistance in NSCLC, and that EGFR-tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor resistance was acquired with PEM resistance through Akt activation in NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tanino
- Division of Medical Oncology & Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yukari Tsubata
- Division of Medical Oncology & Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Nanae Harashima
- Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mamoru Harada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Takeshi Isobe
- Division of Medical Oncology & Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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16
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Molecular, biological characterization and drug sensitivity of chidamide-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6869-6875. [PMID: 29344124 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chidamide, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has been applied in clinical trials for various types of hematological and solid tumors. Although acquired resistance is common in chemotherapy, the mechanism of resistance to chidamide is poorly characterized. The goal of the present study was to explore, in detail, the mechanism for the induced resistance to chidamide, and investigate a potential cross-resistance to other chemotherapeutic drugs. A549 cells were exposed to gradually increasing chidamide concentrations to establish a chidamide-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cell line (A549-CHI-R). The IC50 for chidamide, the proliferation inhibition rate, the total HDAC activity and the HDAC protein level were determined by an MTT assay, colony formation, a fluorometric HDAC activity assay and western blotting, respectively. Overexpression of the HDAC1 gene and HDAC1 gene-knockdown were achieved via plasmid transfection. A549-CHI-R cells demonstrated increased resistance to chidamide (8.6-fold). HDAC1 protein degradation was inhibited and HDAC activity was significantly higher in the A549-CHI-R cells relative to the parental A549 cells. A549-CHI-R cells demonstrated cross-resistance to paclitaxel, vinorelbine and gemcitabine, but not to cisplatin (CDDP) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). These results indicated that HDAC1 may be associated with resistance to chidamide, and HDAC1 may therefore be a predictive marker for chidamide sensitivity in cancer. In addition, A549-CHI-R cells remained sensitive to 5-FU and CDDP, indicating a potential strategy for cancer therapy.
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17
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Gu S, Lai Y, Chen H, Liu Y, Zhang Z. miR-155 mediates arsenic trioxide resistance by activating Nrf2 and suppressing apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12155. [PMID: 28939896 PMCID: PMC5610328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) resistance is a challenging problem in chemotherapy. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, we identified a high level of expression of miR-155 in a human lung adenocarcinoma A549R cell line that is highly resistant to ATO. We showed that the high level of miR-155 was associated with increased levels of cell survival, colony formation, cell migration and decreased cellular apoptosis, and this was mediated by high levels of Nrf2, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and a high ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Overexpression of the miR-155 mimic in A549R cells resulted in increased levels of colony formation and cell migration as well as reduced apoptosis along with increased Nrf2, NQO1 and HO-1. In contrast, silencing of miR-155 expression with its inhibitor in the cells, significantly decreased the cellular levels of Nrf2, NQO1 and HO-1 as well as the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. This subsequently reduced the level of colony formation and cell migration facilitating ATO-induced apoptosis. Our results indicate that miR-155 mediated ATO resistance by upregulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, but downregulating cellular apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Our study provides new insights into miR-155-mediated ATO resistance in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Gu
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yanhao Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA. .,Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA. .,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA.
| | - Zunzhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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18
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Kuo WT, Tu DG, Chiu LY, Sheu GT, Wu MF. High pemetrexed sensitivity of docetaxel-resistant A549 cells is mediated by TP53 status and downregulated thymidylate synthase. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2787-2795. [PMID: 28901493 PMCID: PMC5780031 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemoresistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that occurs in docetaxel (DOC) chemotherapy substantially decreases the survival of patients. To overcome DOC-induced chemoresistance, we established DOC-selected A549 lung cancer sublines (A549/D16 and A549/D32) and revealed that both sublines were cross-resistant to vincristine (VCR) and doxorubicin (DXR). Notably, both sublines were more sensitive to pemetrexed (PEM) than parental cells according to MTT and clonogenic assays. The expression levels of thymidylate synthase (TS) and γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) were downregulated in DOC-resistant sublines. When exogenous TS was overexpressed in A549/D16 cells, PEM sensitivity was significantly decreased, however it was not decreased by overexpression of exogenous GGH. PEM treatment induced more apoptotic sub-G1 cells in both DOC-resistant sublines and in the in vivo PEM sensitivities of A549/D16 cells. These findings were further confirmed by a xenografted tumor model. To unmask the mediator of TS downregulation, we investigated human lung cancer cell lines that have various TP53 statuses using DOC treatment. The level of TS protein was significantly decreased in wild-type TP53-containing cells with DOC treatment; TS expression levels were not affected in mutant-TP53 and TP53-null cells under the same conditions. Furthermore, when the expression of TP53 was inhibited in A549 cells, the expression level of TS was increased. Our data indicated that DOC activated wild-type TP53 and suppressed TS expression under continuous DOC exposure. Therefore, the expression of TS remained at low levels in DOC-resistant A549 cancer cells. Our data revealed that for lung cancer with DOC resistance and wild-type TP53 status, the administration of PEM as a second-line agent to overcome DOC-resistance may benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Dom-Gene Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia‑Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ling-Yen Chiu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Gwo-Tarng Sheu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Fang Wu
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
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19
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Luo K, Gu X, Liu J, Zeng G, Peng L, Huang H, Jiang M, Yang P, Li M, Yang Y, Wang Y, Peng Q, Zhu L, Zhang K. Inhibition of disheveled-2 resensitizes cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells through down-regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:105-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Hwang KE, Kim YS, Jung JW, Kwon SJ, Park DS, Cha BK, Oh SH, Yoon KH, Jeong ET, Kim HR. Inhibition of autophagy potentiates pemetrexed and simvastatin-induced apoptotic cell death in malignant mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29482-96. [PMID: 26334320 PMCID: PMC4745741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemetrexed, a multitarget antifolate used to treat malignant mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), has been shown to stimulate autophagy. In this study, we determined whether autophagy could be induced by pemetrexed and simvastatin cotreatment in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. Furthermore, we determined whether inhibition of autophagy drives apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. Malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H and A549 NSCLC cells were treated with pemetrexed and simvastatin alone and in combination to evaluate their effect on autophagy and apoptosis. Cotreatment with pemetrexed and simvastatin induced greater caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy than either drug alone in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), ATG5 siRNA, bafilomycin A, and E64D/pepstatin A enhanced the apoptotic potential of pemetrexed and simvastatin, whereas rapamycin and LY294002 attenuated their induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Our data indicate that pemetrexed and simvastatin cotreatment augmented apoptosis and autophagy in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. Inhibition of pemetrexed and simvastatin-induced autophagy was shown to enhance apoptosis, suggesting that this could be a novel therapeutic strategy against malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Eun Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Jae-Wan Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Do-Sim Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Byong-Ki Cha
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Oh
- Department of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Seosuk-dong, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kwon-Ha Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Eun-Taik Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Hak-Ryul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
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Tominaga T, Tsuchiya T, Mochinaga K, Arai J, Yamasaki N, Matsumoto K, Miyazaki T, Nagasaki T, Nanashima A, Tsukamoto K, Nagayasu T. Epidermal growth factor signals regulate dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression in EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:354. [PMID: 27268079 PMCID: PMC4896005 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status is associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) sensitivity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the relationship between EGFR mutation status and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), a 5-FU degrading enzyme, is unknown. METHODS We elucidated the crosstalk among the EGFR signal cascade, the DPD gene (DPYD), and DPD protein expression via the transcription factor Sp1 and the effect of EGFR mutation status on the crosstalk. RESULTS In the PC9 (exon19 E746-A750) study, EGF treatment induced up-regulation of both Sp1 and DPD; gefitinib, an EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), and mithramycin A, a specific Sp-1 inhibitor, suppressed them. Among EGFR-mutated (PC9, HCC827; exon19 E746-A750 and H1975; exon21 L858R, T790M, gefitinib resistant) and -non-mutated (H1437, H1299) cell lines, EGF administration increased DPYD mRNA expression only in mutated cells (p < 0.05). Accordingly, gefitinib inhibited DPD protein expression only in PC9 and HCC827 cells, and mithramycin A inhibited it in EGFR-mutated cell lines, but not in wild-type. FU treatment decreased the level of cell viability more in gefitinib-treated EGFR-TKI sensitive cell lines. Further, combination treatment of FU and mithramycin A suppressed cell viability even in a gefitinib resistant cell line. CONCLUSIONS The EGFR signal cascade regulates DPD expression via Sp1 in EGFR mutant cells. These results might be a step towards new therapies targeting Sp1 and DPD in NSCLC with different EGFR mutant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tominaga
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoshi Tsuchiya
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Mochinaga
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Junichi Arai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamasaki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsumoto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takuro Miyazaki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nagasaki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nanashima
- Department of Surgery, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, 5200 Kihara, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
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22
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Chiu LY, Hsin IL, Yang TY, Sung WW, Chi JY, Chang JT, Ko JL, Sheu GT. The ERK-ZEB1 pathway mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pemetrexed resistant lung cancer cells with suppression by vinca alkaloids. Oncogene 2016; 36:242-253. [PMID: 27270426 PMCID: PMC5241427 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High thymidylate synthase (TS) level in cancer tissue is considered to result in resistance to pemetrexed therapy for advanced stages of nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancers. To further investigate the mechanism of pemetrexed resistance and potential prognostic outcomes in lung cancer, we established pemetrexed-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell sublines from CL1 harboring a mutated TP53 gene (R248W) and A549 harboring wild-type TP53. We found the TS expression is upregulated in both pemetrexed-resistant sublines and the reduced TS level achieved through shRNA inhibition resulted in higher pemetrexed sensitivity. We also demonstrated that the acquisitions of pemetrexed resistance enhances epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vivo with a mice animal model and in vitro with CL1 and A549 sublines, which was associated with upregulation of ZEB1 which, in turn, downregulates E-cadherin and upregulates fibronectin. When ERK1/2 phosphorylation was reduced by an inhibitor (U0126) or siRNA inhibition, both pemetrexed-resistant sublines reduced their migration and invasion abilities. Therefore, the ERK-mediated pathways induce apoptosis with pemetrexed treatment, and may in turn mediate EMT when cancer cells are resistant to pemetrexed. We further demonstrated that the growth of pemetrexed-resistant tumors could be inhibited by vinblastine in vivo and vincristine in vitro. Our data indicate that pemetrexed resistance could be relieved by non-cross-resistant chemotherapeutic drugs such as vinca alkaloids and might be independent to TP53 status. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK was reduced by vincristine. This finding provides a new insight for overcoming pemetrexed resistance and metastasis by application of vinca alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-Y Chiu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-L Hsin
- Inflammation Research and Drug Development Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - T-Y Yang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - W-W Sung
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - J-Y Chi
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - J T Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - J-L Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - G-T Sheu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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23
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Abu Lila AS, Kato C, Fukushima M, Huang CL, Wada H, Ishida T. Downregulation of thymidylate synthase by RNAi molecules enhances the antitumor effect of pemetrexed in an orthotopic malignant mesothelioma xenograft mouse model. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1399-407. [PMID: 26847426 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an incurable cancer with an increasing incidence. Currently, pemetrexed (PMX)-based chemotherapy is the mainstay of chemotherapy for MPM, however, the outcome of PMX-based chemotherapy in patients with MPM is dismal. RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been considered as an effective tool to substantially enhance the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in many preclinical and clinical settings. In this study, therefore, we investigated whether non-viral anti-thymidylate synthase RNAi embedded liposome (TS shRNA lipoplex) would effectively guide the downregulation of TS in human malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells. Consequently, it enhanced the antitumor effect of PMX both in vitro and in vivo. TS shRNA effectively enhanced the in vitro cell growth inhibition upon treatment with PMX via downregulating TS expression in the MSTO-211H cell line. In in vivo orthotopic tumor model, the combined treatment of PMX and TS shRNA lipoplex efficiently combated the progression of orthotopic thoracic tumors and as a result prolonged mouse survival, compared to each single treatment. Our findings emphasize the pivotal relevance of RNAi as an effective tool for increasing the therapeutic efficacy of PMX, a cornerstone in the treatment regimens of MPM, and thereby, raising the possibility for the development of a novel therapeutic strategy, combination therapy of TS-shRNA and PMX, that can surpass many of the currently applied, but less effective, therapeutic regimens against lethal MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr S Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kato
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masakazu Fukushima
- Department of Cancer Metabolism and Therapy, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Cheng-Long Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Wada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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24
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Kawabata S, Chiang CT, Tsurutani J, Shiga H, Arwood ML, Komiya T, Gills JJ, Memmott RM, Dennis PA. Rapamycin downregulates thymidylate synthase and potentiates the activity of pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:1062-70. [PMID: 24658085 PMCID: PMC4011583 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80-85% of lung cancer cases, and almost half of newly diagnosed patients have metastatic disease. Pemetrexed is a widely used drug for NSCLC and inhibits several folate-dependent enzymes including thymidylate synthase (TS). Increased expression of TS confers resistance to pemetrexed in vitro and predicts poor response to pemetrexed. Rapamycin is an mTOR inhibitor and suppresses cap-dependent synthesis of specific mRNA species. Here, we show that the combination of rapamycin and pemetrexed synergistically inhibits proliferation of NSCLC cells. Although pemetrexed as a single agent induced TS, pretreatment with rapamycin suppressed pemetrexed-induced TS expression. In vivo, the combination of rapamycin and pemetrexed inhibited growth of NSCLC xenografts, which correlated with decreased mTOR activity and suppression of pemetrexed-induced TS expression. The ability of rapamycin to enhance the efficacy of pemetrexed and prevent TS expression has implications for the design of Phase I and/or Phase II NSCLC clinical trials with mTOR inhibitors in combination with pemetrexed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kawabata
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Yu Z, Li XM, Liu SH, Liu B, Gao CH, Hou X. Downregulation of both EGFR and ErbB3 improves the cellular response to pemetrexed in an established pemetrexed‑resistant lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1818-24. [PMID: 24549863 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB3 (HER3) play important roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, anti-apoptosis and chemoresistance; however, their dysregulation in pemetrexed (PEM) resistance remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between PEM resistance and gene expression of EGFR and ErbB3, by establishing the PEM-resistant lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line, A549/PEM. Compared with A549 cells, the A549/PEM cells were significantly more resistant to PEM (P=0.0024). The downregulation of S phase and arrest at G1 stage were detected in the A549/PEM cell line when compared to the A549 cells (P<0.05). The apoptosis rate of A549/PEM cells was much lower than that of the A549 cells after a 24 h continuous exposure to PEM (P<0.001). Real-time PCR and western blotting demonstrated the overexpression of EGFR and ErbB3 in A549/PEM cells. However, downregulation of EGFR or ErbB3 by lentiviral delivered shRNAs in A549/PEM cells showed no significant correlation with PEM sensitivity while silencing both EGFR and ErbB3 increased the cellular response to PEM in the A549/PEM cells and significantly decreased phosphorylation of STAT3, AKT and ERK. Together, these data suggest that either high expression of EGFR or ErbB3 plays a critical role in the cellular response to PEM in human lung adenocarcinoma cells though EGFR/ErbB3-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hai Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Medicine, The Commercial Workers' Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao 266011, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Hong Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
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26
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Down-regulation of MSH2 expression by an Hsp90 inhibitor enhances pemetrexed-induced cytotoxicity in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:345-54. [PMID: 24530475 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Elevated heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) expression has been linked to poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The multitargeted antifolate pemetrexed has demonstrated certain clinical activities against NSCLC. However, the efficacy of the combination of pemtrexed and Hsp90 inhibitor to prolong the survival of patients with NSCLC still remains unclear. Human MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), a crucial element of the highly conserved DNA mismatch repair system, and defects or polymorphisms of MSH2 have been found in lung cancer. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pemetrexed on NSCLC cell lines (H520 and H1703) and found that treatment with this drug at 20-50 µM increased the MSH2 mRNA and protein levels in a MKK3/6-p38 MAPK signal activation-dependent manner. Furthermore, the knockdown of MSH2 expression by transfection with small interfering RNA of MSH2 or the blockage of p38 MAPK activation by SB202190 enhanced the cytotoxicity of pemetrexed. Combining the drug treatment with an Hsp90 inhibitor resulted in an enhanced pemetrexed-induced cytotoxic effect, accompanied with the reduction of MSH2 protein and mRNA levels. The expression of constitutively active MKK6 (MKK6E) or HA-p38 MAPK vectors significantly rescued the decreased p38 MAPK activity, and restored the MSH2 protein levels and cell survival in NSCLC cells co-treated with pemetrexed and Hsp90 inhibitor. In this study, we have demonstrated that down-regulation of the MKK3/6-p38 MAPK signal with the subsequent reduction of MSH2 enhanced the cytotoxic effect of pemetrexed in H520 and H1703 cells. The results suggest a potential future benefit of combining pemetrexed and the Hsp90 inhibitor to treat lung cancer.
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27
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Zarogoulidis P, Darwiche K, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Huang H, Li Q, Freitag L, Zarogoulidis K. Inhaled gene therapy in lung cancer: proof-of-concept for nano-oncology and nanobiotechnology in the management of lung cancer. Future Oncol 2013; 9:1171-94. [PMID: 23902248 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer still remains one of the leading causes of death among cancer patients. Although novel targeted therapies have been established in everyday treatment practice, and conventional platinum-based doublets have demonstrated effective results regarding overall and progression-free survival, we have still failed to achieve long-term survival. Therefore, several strategies of applying locoregional therapy are under investigation. Aerosol chemotherapy is already under investigation and, taking this a step further, aerosol gene therapies with multiple delivery systems are being developed. Several efforts have demonstrated its efficiency and effectiveness, but there are still multiple factors that have to be considered and combined to achieve an overall more effective multifunctional treatment. In the current review, we present data regarding aerosol delivery systems, transporters, carriers, vectors, genes, toxicity, efficiency, specificity, lung microenvironment and delivery gene therapy systems. Finally, we present current studies and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, G Papanikolaou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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28
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Gao Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, He J, Pan Y, Hao F, Xie L, Li Q, Qiu X, Wang E. Inhibition of cytoplasmic GSK-3β increases cisplatin resistance through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in A549/DDP cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:231-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Weeks LD, Fu P, Gerson SL. Uracil-DNA glycosylase expression determines human lung cancer cell sensitivity to pemetrexed. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2248-60. [PMID: 23873851 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Uracil misincorporation into DNA is a consequence of pemetrexed inhibition of thymidylate synthase. The base excision repair (BER) enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) is the major glycosylase responsible for removal of misincorporated uracil. We previously illustrated hypersensitivity to pemetrexed in UNG(-/-) human colon cancer cells. Here, we examined the relationship between UNG expression and pemetrexed sensitivity in human lung cancer. We observed a spectrum of UNG expression in human lung cancer cells. Higher levels of UNG are associated with pemetrexed resistance and are present in cell lines derived from pemetrexed-resistant histologic subtypes (small cell and squamous cell carcinoma). Acute pemetrexed exposure induces UNG protein and mRNA, consistent with upregulation of uracil-DNA repair machinery. Chronic exposure of H1299 adenocarcinoma cells to increasing pemetrexed concentrations established drug-resistant sublines. Significant induction of UNG protein confirmed upregulation of BER as a feature of acquired pemetrexed resistance. Cotreatment with the BER inhibitor methoxyamine overrides pemetrexed resistance in chronically exposed cells, underscoring the use of BER-directed therapeutics to offset acquired drug resistance. Expression of UNG-directed siRNA and shRNA enhanced sensitivity in A549 and H1975 cells, and in drug-resistant sublines, confirming that UNG upregulation is protective. In human lung cancer, UNG deficiency is associated with pemetrexed-induced retention of uracil in DNA that destabilizes DNA replication forks resulting in DNA double-strand breaks and cell death. Thus, in experimental models, UNG is a critical mediator of pemetrexed sensitivity that warrants evaluation to determine clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachelle D Weeks
- Corresponding Author: Stanton L. Gerson, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wearn 151, 111000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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30
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Garon EB, Finn RS, Hamidi H, Dering J, Pitts S, Kamranpour N, Desai AJ, Hosmer W, Ide S, Avsar E, Jensen MR, Quadt C, Liu M, Dubinett SM, Slamon DJ. The HSP90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 potently inhibits non-small cell lung cancer growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:890-900. [PMID: 23493311 PMCID: PMC3681857 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is involved in protein folding and functions as a chaperone for numerous client proteins, many of which are important in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pathogenesis. We sought to define preclinical effects of the HSP90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 and identify predictors of response. We assessed in vitro effects of NVP-AUY922 on proliferation and protein expression in NSCLC cell lines. We evaluated gene expression changes induced by NVP-AUY922 exposure. Xenograft models were evaluated for tumor control and biological effects. NVP-AUY922 potently inhibited in vitro growth in all 41 NSCLC cell lines evaluated with IC50 < 100 nmol/L. IC100 (complete inhibition of proliferation) < 40 nmol/L was seen in 36 of 41 lines. Consistent gene expression changes after NVP-AUY922 exposure involved a wide range of cellular functions, including consistently decreased dihydrofolate reductase after exposure. NVP-AUY922 slowed growth of A549 (KRAS-mutant) xenografts and achieved tumor stability and decreased EGF receptor (EGFR) protein expression in H1975 xenografts, a model harboring a sensitizing and a resistance mutation for EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the EGFR gene. These data will help inform the evaluation of correlative data from a recently completed phase II NSCLC trial and a planned phase IB trial of NVP-AUY922 in combination with pemetrexed in NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Garon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Matsubara N, Maemondo M, Inoue A, Ishimoto O, Watanabe K, Sakakibara T, Fukuhara T, Morikawa N, Tanaka M, Sugawara S, Nukiwa T. Phase II study of irinotecan as a third- or fourth-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: NJLCG0703. Respir Investig 2012; 51:28-34. [PMID: 23561256 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of irinotecan monotherapy as a third- or fourth-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS Patients with advanced NSCLC refractory to 2 or more previous regimens were treated with 80 mg/m2 irinotecan on days 1, 8, and 15, every 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR), whereas secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity profiles. RESULTS From December 2007 to April 2009, 32 patients (median age, 60 years) were enrolled. Most of the patients (75.0%) were male, and 18.8% had a performance status of 2. Six partial responses to irinotecan monotherapy were observed (ORR, 18.8%: 95% confidence interval, 5.3%-32.3%). The disease control rate (DCR) was 78.1%, median PFS was 4.0 months, and median survival time (MST) was 10.4 months. Grade 3-4 neutropenia was observed in 22% of patients, but other toxic effects were moderate. No cases of grade 3-4 diarrhea or treatment-related death were noted. Of the 15 patients for whom progressive disease represented the best response to previous treatment regimens, 2 exhibited a partial response and 9 showed stable disease after irinotecan monotherapy, with a DCR of 73.3%, median PFS of 4.4 months, and MST of 8.2 months. CONCLUSIONS Irinotecan monotherapy is effective for advanced NSCLC patients who have previously failed 2 or more treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumichi Matsubara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Miyagi Cancer Center, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-shiote, Natori, 981-1293, Japan
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32
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Superior antimetastatic effect of pemetrexed-loaded gelatinase-responsive nanoparticles in a mouse metastasis model. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:1078-88. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328356dc11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
This article focuses on the cellular, biochemical, and molecular pharmacology of antifolates and how a basic understanding of the mechanism of action of methotrexate, its cytotoxic determinants, mechanisms of resistance, and transport into and out of cells has led to the development of a new generation of antifolates, a process that continues in the laboratory and in the clinics. New approaches to folate-based cancer chemotherapy are described based on the targeted delivery of drugs to malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Visentin
- Department of Medicine and the Albert Einstein Cancer Center, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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