1
|
Song J, Zhang B, Zhang H, Cheng W, Liu P, Kang J. Quantitative Proteomics Combined with Network Pharmacology Analysis Unveils the Biological Basis of Schisandrin B in Treating Diabetic Nephropathy. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:284-297. [PMID: 37151069 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230505111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes. Schisandrin B (Sch) is a natural pharmaceutical monomer that was shown to prevent kidney damage caused by diabetes and restore its function. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic understanding of the mechanism of Sch treatment in DN. OBJECTIVE We aim to provide a systematic overview of the mechanisms of Sch in multiple pathways to treat DN in rats. METHODS Streptozocin was used to build a DN rat model, which was further treated with Sch. The possible mechanism of Sch protective effects against DN was predicted using network pharmacology and was verified by quantitative proteomics analysis. RESULTS High dose Sch treatment significantly downregulated fasting blood glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urinary protein levels and reduced collagen deposition in the glomeruli and tubule-interstitium of DN rats. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the kidney of DN rats significantly increased with Sch treatment. In addition, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were significantly reduced in DN rats treated with Sch. 11 proteins that target both Sch and DN were enriched in pathways such as MAPK signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, renal cell carcinoma, gap junction, endocrine resistance, and TNF signaling. Furthermore, quantitative proteomics showed that Xaf1 was downregulated in the model vs. control group and upregulated in the Sch-treated vs. model group. Five proteins, Crb3, Tspan4, Wdr45, Zfp512, and Tmigd1, were found to be upregulated in the model vs. control group and downregulated in the Sch vs. model group. Three intersected proteins between the network pharmacology prediction and proteomics results, Crb3, Xaf1, and Tspan4, were identified. CONCLUSION Sch functions by relieving oxidative stress and the inflammatory response by regulating Crb3, Xaf1, and Tspan4 protein expression levels to treat DN disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRist, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co., Ltd., 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Cheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Mass Spectrometry for Accurate Diagnosis, Tianjin, 300399, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Du L, Chen X. Oncolytic virus: A catalyst for the treatment of gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1017692. [PMID: 36505792 PMCID: PMC9731121 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1017692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading contributor to global cancer incidence and mortality. According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of incidence and mortality for 36 cancers in 185 countries produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), GC ranks fifth and fourth, respectively, and seriously threatens the survival and health of people all over the world. Therefore, how to effectively treat GC has become an urgent problem for medical personnel and scientific workers at this stage. Due to the unobvious early symptoms and the influence of some adverse factors such as tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) cannot benefit significantly from treatments such as radical surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. As an emerging cancer immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapies (OVTs) can not only selectively lyse cancer cells, but also induce a systemic antitumor immune response. This unique ability to turn unresponsive 'cold' tumors into responsive 'hot' tumors gives them great potential in GC therapy. This review integrates most experimental studies and clinical trials of various oncolytic viruses (OVs) in the diagnosis and treatment of GC. It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). At the end of the article, some prospects are put forward to determine the developmental directions of OVTs for GC in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyong Du
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
| | - Xiangjian Chen
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xiangjian Chen, ; Linyong Du,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Juraleviciute M, Nsengimana J, Newton-Bishop J, Hendriks GJ, Slipicevic A. MX2 mediates establishment of interferon response profile, regulates XAF1, and can sensitize melanoma cells to targeted therapy. Cancer Med 2021; 10:2840-2854. [PMID: 33734579 PMCID: PMC8026919 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MX2 is an interferon inducible gene that is mostly known for its antiviral activity. We have previously demonstrated that MX2 is also associated with the tumorigenesis process in melanoma. However, it remains unknown which molecular mechanisms are regulated by MX2 in response to interferon signaling in this disease. Here, we report that MX2 is necessary for the establishment of an interferon‐induced transcriptional profile partially through regulation of STAT1 phosphorylation and other interferon‐related downstream factors, including proapoptotic tumor suppressor XAF1. MX2 and XAF1 expression tightly correlate in both cultured melanoma cell lines and in patient‐derived primary and metastatic tumors, where they also are significantly related with survival. MX2 mediates IFN growth‐inhibitory signals in both XAF1 dependent and independent ways and in a cell type and context‐dependent manner. Higher MX2 expression renders melanoma cells more sensitive to targeted therapy drugs such as vemurafenib and trametinib; however, this effect is XAF1 independent. In summary, we uncovered a new mechanism in the complex regulation of interferon signaling in melanoma that can influence both survival and response to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Juraleviciute
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gert J Hendriks
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Slipicevic
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Calender A, Weichhart T, Valeyre D, Pacheco Y. Current Insights in Genetics of Sarcoidosis: Functional and Clinical Impacts. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2633. [PMID: 32823753 PMCID: PMC7465171 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a complex disease that belongs to the vast group of autoinflammatory disorders, but the etiological mechanisms of which are not known. At the crosstalk of environmental, infectious, and genetic factors, sarcoidosis is a multifactorial disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach for which genetic research, in particular, next generation sequencing (NGS) tools, has made it possible to identify new pathways and propose mechanistic hypotheses. Codified treatments for the disease cannot always respond to the most progressive forms and the identification of new genetic and metabolic tracks is a challenge for the future management of the most severe patients. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the genes identified by both genome wide association studies (GWAS) and whole exome sequencing (WES), as well the connection of these pathways with the current research on sarcoidosis immune-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Calender
- Department of Molecular and Medical genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital, 69500 Bron, France;
- CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dominique Valeyre
- INSERM UMR 1272, Department of Pulmonology, Avicenne Hospital, University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Saint Joseph Hospital, AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France;
| | - Yves Pacheco
- Department of Molecular and Medical genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital, 69500 Bron, France;
- CNRS UMR 5305, Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheung CHA, Chang YC, Lin TY, Cheng SM, Leung E. Anti-apoptotic proteins in the autophagic world: an update on functions of XIAP, Survivin, and BRUCE. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:31. [PMID: 32019552 PMCID: PMC7001279 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-0627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), survivin, and BRUCE are members of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (IAP) family known for their inhibitory effects on caspase activity and dysregulation of these molecules has widely been shown to cause embryonic defects and to promote tumorigenesis in human. Besides the anti-apoptotic functions, recent discoveries have revealed that XIAP, survivin, and BRUCE also exhibit regulatory functions for autophagy in cells. As the role of autophagy in human diseases has already been discussed extensively in different reviews; in this review, we will discuss the emerging autophagic role of XIAP, survivin, and BRUCE in cancer cells. We also provide an update on the anti-apoptotic functions and the roles in maintaining DNA integrity of these molecules. Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) is a pro-apoptotic protein and IAPs are the molecular targets of various Smac mimetics currently under clinical trials. Better understanding on the functions of XIAP, survivin, and BRUCE can enable us to predict possible side effects of these drugs and to design a more “patient-specific” clinical trial for Smac mimetics in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hei Antonio Cheung
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Chieh Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Siao Muk Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
CD164 regulates proliferation, progression, and invasion of human glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2041-2054. [PMID: 31007847 PMCID: PMC6459350 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Grade IV astrocytoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most common and aggressive intracranial glial tumor. GBM is associated with very poor survival and effective treatments have remained elusive so far. Mounting evidence indicates that CD164 contributes to stemness and tumorigenesis in normal cells and is overexpressed in various tumor types, including glioblastoma. Using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, we show that there is a significant correlation between CD164 expression and glioma type and grade. Depletion of CD164 expression in human glioblastoma cells with siRNA reduced proliferation, migration, and invasiveness. In parallel, immunoblotting showed that downregulation of CD164 expression decreased Akt activation and modified the expression of autophagy markers by upregulating Beclin-1 and LC3B and downregulating p62. These effects were mimicked by inhibition of Akt with MK2206, which suggests that CD164 induces autophagy via Akt/Beclin-1 signaling. We propose that CD164 may serve as a GBM molecular marker and a potential target in therapeutic strategies aimed to improve outcomes for this devastating brain tumor.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jeong SI, Kim JW, Ko KP, Ryu BK, Lee MG, Kim HJ, Chi SG. XAF1 forms a positive feedback loop with IRF-1 to drive apoptotic stress response and suppress tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:806. [PMID: 30042418 PMCID: PMC6057933 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is a proapoptotic tumor suppressor that is frequently inactivated in multiple human cancers. However, the molecular basis for the XAF1-mediated growth inhibition remains largely undefined. Here, we report that XAF1 forms a positive feedback loop with interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and functions as a transcriptional coactivator of IRF-1 to suppress tumorigenesis. Under various stressful conditions, XAF1 transcription is activated by IRF-1, and elevated XAF1 stabilizes and activates IRF-1. Mechanistically, XAF1 binds to the multifunctional domain 2 of IRF-1 via the zinc finger domain 6, thereby hindering C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) interaction with and ubiquitination of IRF-1. Activation of the IRF-1−XAF1 loop greatly increases stress-induced apoptosis and decreases the invasive capability of tumor cells. Oncogenic Ras and growth factors interfere with the IRF-1−XAF1 interplay via Erk-mediated repression of XAF1 transcription. Furthermore, XAF1 enhances IRF-1-mediated transcription of proapoptotic genes via the XAF1-IRF-1 complex formation on these target promoters. Meanwhile, XAF1 inhibits NF-κB-mediated tumor cell malignancy by reinforcing IRF-1 binding to a subset of coregulated promoters. Expression levels of IRF-1 and XAF1 correlate tightly in both cancer cell lines and primary tumors, and XAF1-induced tumor regression is markedly attenuated in IRF-1-depleted tumors. Collectively, this study identifies a novel mechanism of XAF1-mediated tumor suppression, uncovering XAF1 as a feedback coactivator of IRF-1 under stressful conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-In Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Phil Ko
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Byung-Kyu Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Min-Goo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sung-Gil Chi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Wang G, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Ouyang L, Liu B. Mechanisms of autophagy and relevant small-molecule compounds for targeted cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1803-1826. [PMID: 29417176 PMCID: PMC11105210 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, multi-step lysosomal degradation process for the clearance of damaged or superfluous proteins and organelles. Accumulating studies have recently revealed that autophagy is closely related to a variety of types of cancer; however, elucidation of its Janus role of either tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting still remains to be discovered. In this review, we focus on summarizing the context-dependent role of autophagy and its complicated molecular mechanisms in different types of cancer. Moreover, we discuss a series of small-molecule compounds targeting autophagy-related proteins or the autophagic process for potential cancer therapy. Taken together, these findings would shed new light on exploiting the intricate mechanisms of autophagy and relevant small-molecule compounds as potential anti-cancer drugs to improve targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peng Y, Cao J, Yao XY, Wang JX, Zhong MZ, Gan PP, Li JH. TUSC3 induces autophagy in human non-small cell lung cancer cells through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:52960-52974. [PMID: 28881786 PMCID: PMC5581085 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of tumor suppressor candidate 3 (TUSC3) on autophagy in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. A total of 118 NSCLC patients (88 males and 30 females) who underwent surgery at our institute were enrolled in the study. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TUSC3 protein expression was lower in NSCLC specimens than adjacent normal tissue. Correspondingly, there was greater methylation of TUSC3 in NSCLC than adjacent normal tissue. After transient transfection of A549 NSCLC cells with constructs designed to up-regulate or down-regulate TUSC3 expression, we analyzed the effects of inhibiting the Wnt pathway (XAV939) and autophagy (chloroquine, CQ) on the behavior of NSCLC cells. We also performed TOP/FOP-Flash reporter assays, MTT assays, Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, and acridine orange staining to evaluate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy, respectively. Expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway components and autophagy-related proteins was analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. We found that TUSC3 inhibited cell proliferation and promoted both apoptosis and autophagy in A549 cells. In addition, TUSC3 increased expression of autophagy-related proteins. It also increased expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway components and promoted nuclear transfer of β-catenin, resulting in activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. TUSC3 thus induces autophagy in human NSCLC cells through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- 1 International Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- 2 Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yao
- 3 Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- 4 School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Zuo Zhong
- 3 Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Gan
- 3 Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Huang Li
- 3 Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Olig2-Targeted G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr17 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Survival in Response to Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10560-10573. [PMID: 27733608 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0898-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are known to result from acute or chronic injury to the myelin sheath and inadequate remyelination; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we performed genome occupancy analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in oligodendrocytes in response to lysolecithin-induced injury and found that Olig2 and its downstream target Gpr17 are critical factors in regulating oligodendrocyte survival. After injury to oligodendrocytes, Olig2 was significantly upregulated and transcriptionally targeted the Gpr17 locus. Gpr17 activation inhibited oligodendrocyte survival by reducing the intracellular cAMP level and inducing expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Xaf1 The protein kinase A signaling pathway and the transcription factor c-Fos mediated the regulatory effects of Gpr17 in oligodendrocytes. We showed that Gpr17 inhibition elevated Epac1 expression and promoted oligodendrocyte differentiation. The loss of Gpr17, either globally or specifically in oligodendrocytes, led to an earlier onset of remyelination after myelin injury in mice. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of Gpr17 with pranlukast promoted remyelination. Our findings indicate that Gpr17, an Olig2 transcriptional target, is activated after injury to oligodendrocytes and that targeted inhibition of Gpr17 promotes oligodendrocyte remyelination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genome occupancy analysis of oligodendrocytes in response to lysolecithin-mediated demyelination injury revealed that Olig2 and its downstream target Gpr17 are part of regulatory circuitry critical for oligodendrocyte survival. Gpr17 inhibits oligodendrocyte survival through activation of Xaf1 and cell differentiation by reducing Epac1 expression. The loss of Gpr17 in mice led to precocious myelination and an earlier onset of remyelination after demyelination. Pharmacological inhibition of Gpr17 promoted remyelination, highlighting the potential for Gpr17-targeted therapeutic approaches in demyelination diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang FQ, Yang WT, Duan SZ, Xia YC, Zhu RY, Chen YB. JAK2 inhibitor TG101348 overcomes erlotinib-resistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells with mutated EGF receptor. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14329-43. [PMID: 25869210 PMCID: PMC4546470 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are responsive to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). However, NSCLC patients with secondary somatic EGFR mutations are resistant to EGFR-TKI treatment. In this study, we investigated the effect of TG101348 (a JAK2 inhibitor) on the tumor growth of erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, gene expression and tumor growth were evaluated by diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, Western Blot and a xenograft mouse model, respectively. Results showed that erlotinib had a stronger impact on the induction of apoptosis in erlotinib-sensitive PC-9 cells but had a weaker effect on erlotinib-resistant H1975 and H1650 cells than TG101348. TG101348 significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of erlotinib to erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cells, stimulated erlotinib-induced apoptosis and downregulated the expressions of EGFR, p-EGFR, p-STAT3, Bcl-xL and survivin in erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Moreover, the combined treatment of TG101348 and erlotinib induced apoptosis, inhibited the activation of p-EGFR and p-STAT3, and inhibited tumor growth of erlotinib-resistant NSCLC cells in vivo. Our results indicate that TG101348 is a potential adjuvant for NSCLC patients during erlotinib treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-quan Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-tao Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shan-zhou Duan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-chen Xia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong-ying Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-bing Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fei B, Ji F, Chen X, Liu Z, Li S, Mo Z, Fang X. Expression and clinical significance of Beclin-1 in gastric cancer tissues of various clinical stages. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2271-2277. [PMID: 26998161 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a common phenomenon in cancer metabolism. However the mechanism and guiding significance of autophagy in the development of gastric cancer has remained to be elucidated. In the present study, 75 gastric cancer tissue specimens were collected at The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun, China). Of these samples, 16 cases were stage 1, 40 stage 2 and 19 stage 3. Polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect the messenger RNA and protein expression of Beclin-1, a significant protein associated with cellular autophagy. It was found that expression of Beclin-1 in cancer tissues from stages 1 and 2 was higher, while in stage 3 cases levels were significantly lower than that of adjacent normal tissues. In addition, the infiltration of inflammatory cytokines was also increased in stage 1 and 2 cases. In vitro studies revealed that following stimulation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ), autophagy-associated proteins Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 were activated. Furthermore, activation of autophagy inhibited xenograft growth in nude mice. The results of these in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that in gastric cancer tissues, autophagy was downregulated following the development of cancer tissue and that inflammation may be a significant factor in this process. IFN-γ may be involved in the mediation of this process and thus present a novel target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingyuan Fei
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Fujian Ji
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhanhao Mo
- Endoscopy Center, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hatakeyama K, Yamakawa Y, Fukuda Y, Ohshima K, Wakabayashi-Nakao K, Sakura N, Tanizawa Y, Kinugasa Y, Yamaguchi K, Terashima M, Mochizuki T. A novel splice variant of XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is expressed in peripheral blood containing gastric cancer-derived circulating tumor cells. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:751-61. [PMID: 25216542 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues, but its suppression in cancer cells is strongly associated with tumor progression. Although downregulation of XAF1 is observed in tumors, its expression profile in the peripheral blood of cancer patients has not yet been investigated. Here, we identified a novel XAF1 splice variant in cancer cells and then investigated the expression level of this variant in peripheral blood containing gastric cancer-derived circulating tumor cells (CTCs). METHODS To identify splice variants, RT-PCR and DNA sequencing were performed in mRNAs extracted from many cancer cells. We then carried out quantitative RT-PCR to investigate expression in peripheral blood from all 96 gastric cancer patients and 22 healthy volunteers. RESULTS The XAF1 variant harbored a premature termination codon (PTC) and was differentially expressed in highly metastatic cancer cells versus the parental cells, and that nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) was suppressed in the variant-expressing cells. Furthermore, splice variants of XAF1 were upregulated in peripheral blood containing CTCs. In XAF1 variant-expressing patients, the expression levels of other NMD-targeted genes also increased, suggesting that the NMD pathway was suppressed in CTCs. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a novel splice variant of XAF1 in cancer cells. This variant was regulated through the NMD pathway and accumulated in NMD-suppressed metastatic cancer cells and peripheral blood containing CTCs. The presence of XAF1 transcripts harboring the PTC in the peripheral blood may be useful as an indicator of NMD inhibition in CTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hatakeyama
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yushi Yamakawa
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1077 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yorikane Fukuda
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
- G&G Science, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohshima
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Sakura
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tanizawa
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1077 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kinugasa
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital and Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Terashima
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1077 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.
| | - Tohru Mochizuki
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tumor suppressor XAF1 induces apoptosis, inhibits angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5403-15. [PMID: 24980821 PMCID: PMC4170645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1), a XIAP-binding protein, is a tumor suppressor gene. XAF1 was silent or expressed lowly in most human malignant tumors. However, the role of XAF1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of XAF1 on tumor growth and angiogenesis in hepatocellular cancer cells. Our results showed that XAF1 expression was lower in HCC cell lines SMMC-7721, Hep G2 and BEL-7404 and liver cancer tissues than that in paired non-cancer liver tissues. Adenovirus-mediated XAF1 expression (Ad5/F35-XAF1) significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCC cells in dose- and time- dependent manners. Infection of Ad5/F35-XAF1 induced cleavage of caspase -3, -8, -9 and PARP in HCC cells. Furthermore, Ad5/F35-XAF1 treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft model of liver cancer cells. Western Blot and immunohistochemistry staining showed that Ad5/F35-XAF1 treatment suppressed expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is associated with tumor angiogenesis, in cancer cells and xenograft tumor tissues. Moreover, Ad5/F35-XAF1 treatment prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Our results demonstrate that XAF1 inhibits tumor growth by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. XAF1 may be a promising target for liver cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma B, Wang Y, Zhou X, Huang P, Zhang R, Liu T, Cui C, Liu X, Wang Y. Synergistic suppression effect on tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by combining oncolytic adenovirus carrying XAF1 with cisplatin. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:419-29. [PMID: 25240826 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The potent anticancer efficacy of oncolytic viruses has been verified in Clinic in recent years. Cisplatin (DDP) is one of most common chemotherapeutic drugs, but is accompanied by side effects and drug resistance. Our previous studies have shown the strategy of cancer -targeting gene-viro-therapy (CTGVT) mediated by the oncolytic virus ZD55 containing the XAF1 cDNA (ZD55-XAF1), which exhibited potent antitumor effects in various tumor cells and no apparent toxicities on normal cells. In the study, the CTGVT strategy is broadened by combining DDP with ZD55-XAF1 for growth inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. METHODS The transgenic expression was evaluated by both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and the enhanced inhibitory effect of ZD55-XAF1 combined with cisplatin was assessed in HCC cells. The cytotoxicity on normal liver cells was evaluated by MTT assay and apoptotic cell staining. Activation of caspase-9 and PARP for apoptosis was further detected by Western blot analysis. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of combination treatment with cisplatin and ZD55-XAF1 was estimated in an HCC xenograft mouse model. RESULTS We found that the combination of ZD55-XAF1 and cisplatin showed enhanced inhibitory effects on the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro and tumor growth in mice. Furthermore, the combined treatment of ZD55-XAF1 and DDP decreases the chemotherapy dose needed to achieve the same inhibitory effect without overlapping toxicities on normal liver cells and induces tumor cell apoptosis via the activation of caspase-9/PARP pathway. CONCLUSION Thus, these data suggest that the chemo-gene-viro-therapeutic strategy by combining ZD55-XAF1 and DDP reveals a novel therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Ma
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang J, Li Y, Qi Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang Z, Zhang X, Gui L. Coordinated regulation of autophagy and apoptosis determines endothelial cell fate during Dengue virus type 2 infection. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 397:157-65. [PMID: 25138703 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in tropical regions. Severe cases may progress to Dengue hemorrhagic fever, suggesting vascular endothelial dysfunction in disease pathogenesis. In our previous study, we found that Dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells via FasL/Fas- and XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1)-dependent pathways. In this paper, we demonstrate that DENV2 can induce autophagy in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line EA.hy926. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyl adenine promoted apoptosis, while inhibition of apoptosis with Z-VAD-FMK facilitated autophagy in DENV2-infected HUVECs and EA.hy926 cells. Interferon-alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6), a putative apoptosis regulator, inhibited DENV2-induced autophagy in EA.hy926 cells, while XAF1, an inhibitor of anti-apoptotic XIAP, facilitated autophagy. Molecular regulators of apoptosis and autophagy interact at multiple levels to determine cell fate. Our data suggest that XAF1 and IFI6 are involved in regulating the balance between autophagy and apoptosis in DENV2-infected endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Castiello L, Mossoba M, Viterbo A, Sabatino M, Fellowes V, Foley JE, Winterton M, Halverson DC, Civini S, Jin P, Fowler DH, Stroncek DF. Differential gene expression profile of first-generation and second-generation rapamycin-resistant allogeneic T cells. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:598-609. [PMID: 23352462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS We completed a phase II clinical trial evaluating rapamycin-resistant allogeneic T cells (T-rapa) and now have evaluated a T-rapa product manufactured in 6 days (T-rapa(6)) rather than 12 days (T-Rapa(12)). METHODS Using gene expression microarrays, we addressed our hypothesis that the two products would express a similar phenotype. The products had similar phenotypes using conventional comparison methods of cytokine secretion and surface markers. RESULTS Unsupervised analysis of 34,340 genes revealed that T-rapa(6) and T-rapa(12) products clustered together, distinct from culture input CD4(+) T cells. Statistical analysis of T-rapa(6) products revealed differential expression of 19.3% of genes (n = 6641) compared with input CD4(+) cells; similarly, 17.8% of genes (n = 6147) were differentially expressed between T-rapa(12) products and input CD4(+) cells. Compared with input CD4(+) cells, T-rapa(6) and T-rapa(12) products were similar in terms of up-regulation of major gene families (cell cycle, stress response, glucose catabolism, DNA metabolism) and down-regulation (inflammatory response, immune response, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation). However, when directly compared, T-rapa(6) and T-rapa(12) products showed differential expression of 5.8% of genes (n = 1994; T-rapa(6) vs. T-rapa(12)). CONCLUSIONS Second-generation T-rapa(6) cells possess a similar yet distinct gene expression profile relative to first-generation T-rapa(12) cells and may mediate differential effects after adoptive transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Castiello
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1288, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen XY, He QY, Guo MZ. XAF1 is frequently methylated in human esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2844-9. [PMID: 22719195 PMCID: PMC3374990 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore epigenetic changes in the gene encoding X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1 (XAF1) during esophageal carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Methylation status of XAF1 was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in four esophageal cancer cell lines (KYSE30, KYSE70, BIC1 and partially methylated in TE3 cell lines), nine cases of normal mucosa, 72 cases of primary esophageal cancer and matched adjacent tissue. XAF1 expression was examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting before and after treatment with 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dc), a demethylating agent. To investigate the correlation of XAF1 expression and methylation status in primary esophageal cancer, immunohistochemistry for XAF1 expression was performed in 32 cases of esophageal cancer and matched adjacent tissue. The association of methylation status and clinicopathological data was analyzed by logistic regression.
RESULTS: MSP results were as follows: loss of XAF1 expression was found in three of four esophageal cell lines with promoter region hypermethylation (completely methylated in KYSE30, KYSE70 and BIC1 cell lines and partially in TE3 cells); all nine cases of normal esophageal mucosa were unmethylated; and 54/72 (75.00%) samples from patients with esophageal cancer were methylated, and 25/72 (34.70%) matched adjacent tissues were methylated (75.00% vs 34.70%, χ2 = 23.5840, P = 0.000). mRNA level of XAF1 measured with semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was detectable only in TE3 cells, and no expression was detected in KYSE30, KYSE70 or BIC1 cells. Protein expression was not observed in KYSE30 cells by Western blotting before treatment with 5-aza-dc. After treatment, mRNA level of XAF1 was detectable in KYSE30, KYSE70 and BIC1 cells. Protein expression was detected in KYSE30 after treatment with 5-aza-dc. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 32 cases of esophageal cancer and adjacent tissue, and demonstrated XAF1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm. XAF1 staining was found in 20/32 samples of adjacent normal tissue but was present in only 8/32 samples of esophageal cancer tissue (χ2= 9.143, P = 0.002). XAF1 expression was decreased in cancer samples compared with adjacent tissues. In 32 cases of esophageal cancer, 24/32 samples were methylated, and 8/32 esophageal cancer tissues were unmethylated. XAF1 staining was found in 6/8 samples of unmethylated esophageal cancer and 2/24 samples of methylated esophageal cancer tissue. XAF1 staining was inversely correlated with XAF1 promoter region methylation (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.004). Regarding methylation status and clinicopathological data, no significant differences were found in sex, age, tumor size, tumor stage, or metastasis with respect to methylation of XAF1 for the 72 tissue samples from patients with esophageal cancer.
CONCLUSION: XAF1 is frequently methylated in esophageal cancer, and XAF1 expression is regulated by promoter region hypermethylation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang X, Tang X, Liu H, Li L, Hou Q, Gao J. Autophagy induced by baicalin involves downregulation of CD147 in SMMC-7721 cells in vitro. Oncol Rep 2011; 27:1128-34. [PMID: 22200845 PMCID: PMC3583557 DOI: 10.3892/or.2011.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalin has been demonstrated to exert anticancer effects mainly through induction of tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. However, the precise mechanisms underlying its anticancer role remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated whether autophagy was involved in the anticancer activity of baicalin in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line SMMC-7721 and the possible molecular mechanisms. Our data showed that the viability of SMMC-7721 cells was significantly inhibited by baicalin in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Alongside apoptosis, autophagy was also induced by baicalin dose- and time-dependently with the involvement of the autophagy-associated protein Beclin 1. Moreover, we demonstrated that cell death induced by baicalin was significantly inhibited by the apoptosis inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk or the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, respectively. In addition, we found that CD147, a key molecule related both to apoptosis and autophagy, was markedly downregulated at the protein level in SMMC-7721 cells treated with baicalin. Collectively, this is the first study to suggest that baicalin induces autophagic cell death in SMMC-7721 cells, which involves the downregulation of CD147. Our study reveals a new mechanism for the anticancer effects of baicalin and puts forward a potential crucial role of CD147 in baicalin-induced cancer cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|