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YANG HONG, LI WAN, REN LIWEN, YANG YIHUI, ZHANG YIZHI, GE BINBIN, LI SHA, ZHENG XIANGJIN, LIU JINYI, ZHANG SEN, DU GUANHUA, TANG BO, WANG HONGQUAN, WANG JINHUA. Progress on diagnostic and prognostic markers of pancreatic cancer. Oncol Res 2023; 31:83-99. [PMID: 37304241 PMCID: PMC10208033 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.028905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant disease characterized by low survival and high recurrence rate, whose patients are mostly at the stage of locally advanced or metastatic disease when first diagnosed. Early diagnosis is particularly important because prognostic/predictive markers help guide optimal individualized treatment regimens. So far, CA19-9 is the only biomarker for pancreatic cancer approved by the FDA, but its effectiveness is limited by low sensitivity and specificity. With recent advances in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other analytical and sequencing technologies, the rapid acquisition and screening of biomarkers is now possible. Liquid biopsy also occupies a significant place due to its unique advantages. In this review, we systematically describe and evaluate the available biomarkers that have the greatest potential as vital tools in diagnosing and treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- HONG YANG
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - WAN LI
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - LIWEN REN
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - YIHUI YANG
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - YIZHI ZHANG
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - BINBIN GE
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - SHA LI
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - XIANGJIN ZHENG
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - JINYI LIU
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - SEN ZHANG
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - GUANHUA DU
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - BO TANG
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - HONGQUAN WANG
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - JINHUA WANG
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
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Agarwal D, Covarrubias-Zambrano O, Bossmann SH, Natarajan B. Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancers Using Liquid Biopsies and Hierarchical Decision Structure. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2022; 10:4300208. [PMID: 35937463 PMCID: PMC9342860 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2022.3186836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a silent killer, because its detection is difficult and to date no effective treatment has been developed. In the US, the current 5-year survival rate of 11%. Therefore, PC has to be detected as early as possible. METHODS AND PROCEDURES In this work, we have combined the use of ultrasensitive nanobiosensors for protease/arginase detection with information fusion based hierarchical decision structure to detect PC at the localized stage by means of a simple Liquid Biopsy. The problem of early-stage detection of pancreatic cancer is modelled as a multi-class classification problem. We propose a Hard Hierarchical Decision Structure (HDS) along with appropriate feature engineering steps to improve the performance of conventional multi-class classification approaches. Further, a Soft Hierarchical Decision Structure (SDS) is developed to additionally provide confidences of predicted labels in the form of class probability values. These frameworks overcome the limitations of existing research studies that employ simple biostatistical tools and do not effectively exploit the information provided by ultrasensitive protease/arginase analyses. RESULTS The experimental results demonstrate that an overall mean classification accuracy of around 92% is obtained using the proposed approach, as opposed to 75% with conventional multi-class classification approaches. This illustrates that the proposed HDS framework outperforms traditional classification techniques for early-stage PC detection. CONCLUSION Although this study is only based on 31 pancreatic cancer patients and a healthy control group of 48 human subjects, it has enabled combining Liquid Biopsies and Machine Learning methodologies to reach the goal of earliest PC detection. The provision of both decision labels (via HDS) as well as class probabilities (via SDS) helps clinicians identify instances where statistical model-based predictions lack confidence. This further aids in determining if more tests are required for better diagnosis. Such a strategy makes the output of our decision model more interpretable and can assist with the diagnostic procedure. CLINICAL IMPACT With further validation, the proposed framework can be employed as a decision support tool for the clinicians to help in detection of pancreatic cancer at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Agarwal
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringKansas State UniversityManhattanKS66506USA
| | | | - Stefan H. Bossmann
- Department of Cancer BiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS66160USA
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Differential methylation landscape of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its precancerous lesions. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2020; 19:205-217. [PMID: 32312637 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal diseases with an incidence almost equal to the mortality. In addition to having genetic causes, cancer can also be considered an epigenetic disease. DNA methylation is the premier epigenetic modification and patterns of aberrant DNA methylation are recognized to be a common hallmark of human tumor. In the multistage carcinogenesis of pancreas starting from precancerous lesions to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the epigenetic changes play a significant role. DATA SOURCES Relevant studies for this review were derived via an extensive literature search in PubMed via using various keywords such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, precancerous lesions, methylation profile, epigenetic biomarkers that are relevant directly or closely associated with the concerned area of our interest. The literature search was intensively done considering a time frame of 20 years (1998-2018). RESULT In this review we have highlighted the hypermethylation and hypomethylation of the precancerous PDAC lesions (pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, mucinous cystic neoplasm and chronic pancreatitis) and PDAC along with the potential biomarkers. We have also achieved the early epigenetic driver that leads to progression from precancerous lesions to PDAC. A bunch of epigenetic driver genes leads to progression of precancerous lesions to PDAC (ppENK, APC, p14/5/16/17, hMLH1 and MGMT) are also documented. We summarized the importance of these observations in therapeutics and diagnosis of PDAC hence identifying the potential use of epigenetic biomarkers in epigenetic targeted therapy. Epigenetic inactivation occurs by hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes. We listed all hyper- and hypomethylation of CpG islands of several genes in PDAC including its precancerous lesions. CONCLUSIONS The concept of the review would help to understand their biological effects, and to determine whether they may be successfully combined with other epigenetic drugs. However, we need to continue our research to develop more specific DNA-demethylating agents, which are the targets for hypermethylated CpG methylation sites.
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Abudurexiti Y, Gu Z, Chakma K, Hata T, Motoi F, Unno M, Horii A, Fukushige S. Methylation-mediated silencing of the LIM homeobox 6 (LHX6) gene promotes cell proliferation in human pancreatic cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:626-632. [PMID: 32248980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic gene silencing by aberrant DNA methylation leads to loss of key cellular pathways in tumorigenesis. DNA methylation-mediated silenced genes in pancreatic cancer were searched for using the methyl-CpG targeted transcriptional activation (MeTA) method, and LHX6 (LIM homeobox 6), a transcription factor involved in embryogenesis and head development, was selected as a strong candidate gene. LHX6 was downregulated in most of the pancreatic cancer cell lines (83%, 10/12), mainly through promoter hypermethylation and histone deacetylation. Furthermore, LHX6 was methylated in primary pancreatic cancer specimens (57%, 16/28) in a tumor-specific manner. Re-expression of LHX6 inhibited colony formation and proliferation in LHX6 low-expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines, PK-1 and PK-9. In contrast, knockdown of LHX6 accelerated cell proliferation in LHX6 high-expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines, PCI-35 and MIA PaCa-2. In order to analyze LHX6 downstream genes, we performed microarray analyses using LHX6 inducible PK-1 and PK-9 and found that LHX6 induction upregulated several genes that had tumor suppressive functions. Among these, we focused on TFPI2 (Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2) and found that TFPI2 was greatly downregulated in all twelve pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our present results suggest that epigenetic inactivation of LHX6 plays an important role in pancreatic tumorigenesis by promoting cell proliferation through aberrant transcriptional regulation of several cancer-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaodi Gu
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kanchan Chakma
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Horii
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Fukushige
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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Samandari M, Julia MG, Rice A, Chronopoulos A, Del Rio Hernandez AE. Liquid biopsies for management of pancreatic cancer. Transl Res 2018; 201:98-127. [PMID: 30118658 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is asymptomatic at an early stage, and most diagnosis occurs when the disease is already at a late stage, by which time the tumor is nonresectable. In order to increase the overall survival of patients with pancreatic cancer, as well as to decrease the cancer burden, it is necessary to perform early diagnosis, prognosis stratifications and cancer monitoring using accurate, minimally invasive, and cost-effective methods. Liquid biopsies seek to detect tumor-associated biomarkers in a variety of extractable body fluids and can help to monitor treatment response and disease progression, and even predict patient outcome. In patients with pancreatic cancer, tumor-derived materials, primarily circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells and exosomes, are being studied for inclusion in the management of the disease. This review focuses on describing the biology of these biomarkers, methods for their enrichment and detection, as well as their potential for clinical application. Moreover, we discuss the future direction of liquid biopsies and introduce how they can be exploited toward point of care personalized medicine for the management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadmahdi Samandari
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - María Gil Julia
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Rice
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Chronopoulos
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Armando E Del Rio Hernandez
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Pavlidis ET, Pavlidis TE. Current Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Pancreatic Cancer, the Role of Metastasis Associated Proteins (MTA): A Review. J INVEST SURG 2018; 31:54-66. [PMID: 28060554 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2016.1269854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/aim: To focus on current molecular and genetic aspects and MTA proteins, since pancreatic cancer is a lethal malignant with poor prognosis. Early diagnosis is essential step, contributing to potential curative resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A PubMed search of relevant articles published up to August 2016 was performed to identify current information about pancreatic cancer regarding molecular biomarkers, with emphasis on carcinogenesis, novel therapeutic targets, and MTA proteins. RESULTS Understanding the mechanisms involved in the process of carcinogenesis at the molecular level and the recognition of various oncogenes has opened new horizons for both diagnosis and targeted therapy. Metastasis associated (MTA) proteins (MTA1, MTA2, MTA3) comprise a well-established family of biomarkers. The oncogene MTA1 and its expression product MTA1 protein are the most important and adequately studied in the current research. It defines the growth, local invasiveness, lymphatic spread, and metastatic capacity of various malignancies such as colorectal or gastric cancer including also pancreatic cancer. This protein is associated with malignant potential and biological behavior. Consequently, it could contribute to cancer detection since the first stages of carcinogenesis, as well as in prediction of its malignant differentiation grade. The pre-operative information of the possibility of lymph node involvement may also affect the attempt and the extent of curative resection and lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS Carcinogenesis and implicated oncogenes, either activators or repressors, concentrate much research interest, as well as being useful as biomarkers and for targeted therapy. MTA proteins could become useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in current management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios T Pavlidis
- a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School , Second Surgical Propedeutic Department, Hippocration Hospital , Konstantinoupoleos 49, 546 42 Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Theodoros E Pavlidis
- a Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Medical School , Second Surgical Propedeutic Department, Hippocration Hospital , Konstantinoupoleos 49, 546 42 Thessaloniki , Greece
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Identification of genes highly downregulated in pancreatic cancer through a meta-analysis of microarray datasets: implications for discovery of novel tumor-suppressor genes and therapeutic targets. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 144:309-320. [PMID: 29288362 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lack of specific symptoms at early tumor stages, together with a high biological aggressiveness of the tumor contribute to the high mortality rate for pancreatic cancer (PC), which has a 5-year survival rate of about 7%. Recent failures of targeted therapies inhibiting kinase activity in clinical trials have highlighted the need for new approaches towards combating this deadly disease. METHODS In this study, we have identified genes that are significantly downregulated in PC, through a meta-analysis of large number of microarray datasets. We have used qRT-PCR to confirm the downregulation of selected genes in a panel of PC cell lines. RESULTS This study has yielded several novel candidate tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) including GNMT, CEL, PLA2G1B and SERPINI2. We highlight the role of GNMT, a methyl transferase associated with the methylation potential of the cell, and CEL, a lipase, as potential therapeutic targets. We have uncovered genetic links to risk factors associated with PC such as smoking and obesity. Genes important for patient survival and prognosis are also discussed, and we confirm the dysregulation of metabolic pathways previously observed in PC. CONCLUSIONS While many of the genes downregulated in our dataset are associated with protein products normally produced by the pancreas for excretion, we have uncovered some genes whose downregulation appear to play a more causal role in PC. These genes will assist in providing a better understanding of the disease etiology of PC, and in the search for new therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Barteneva NS, Baiken Y, Fasler-Kan E, Alibek K, Wang S, Maltsev N, Ponomarev ED, Sautbayeva Z, Kauanova S, Moore A, Beglinger C, Vorobjev IA. Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:372-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Moody HL, Lind MJ, Maher SG. MicroRNA-31 Regulates Chemosensitivity in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 8:317-329. [PMID: 28918032 PMCID: PMC5537169 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is associated with an extremely poor prognosis, and most patients initially are or rapidly become unresponsive to platinum-based chemotherapy. MicroRNA-31 (miR-31) is encoded on a genomic fragile site, 9p21.3, which is reportedly lost in many MPM tumors. Based on previous findings in a variety of other cancers, we hypothesized that miR-31 alters chemosensitivity and that miR-31 reconstitution may influence sensitivity to chemotherapeutics in MPM. Reintroduction of miR-31 into miR-31 null NCI-H2452 cells significantly enhanced clonogenic resistance to cisplatin and carboplatin. Although miR-31 re-expression increased chemoresistance, paradoxically, a higher relative intracellular accumulation of platinum was detected. This was coupled to a significantly decreased intranuclear concentration of platinum. Linked with a downregulation of OCT1, a bipotential transcriptional regulator with multiple miR-31 target binding sites, we subsequently identified an indirect miR-31-mediated upregulation of ABCB9, a transporter associated with drug accumulation in lysosomes, and increased uptake of platinum to lysosomes. However, when overexpressed directly, ABCB9 promoted cellular chemosensitivity, suggesting that miR-31 promotes chemoresistance largely via an ABCB9-independent mechanism. Overall, our data suggest that miR-31 loss from MPM tumors promotes chemosensitivity and may be prognostically beneficial in the context of therapeutic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Moody
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; Hull York Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Michael J Lind
- Hull York Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - Stephen G Maher
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Zhou B, Xu JW, Cheng YG, Gao JY, Hu SY, Wang L, Zhan HX. Early detection of pancreatic cancer: Where are we now and where are we going? Int J Cancer 2017; 141:231-241. [PMID: 28240774 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal malignancies. Recent studies indicate that patients with incidentally diagnosed PC have better prognosis than those with symptoms and that there is a sufficient window for early detection. However, effective early diagnosis remains difficult and depends mainly on imaging modalities and the development of screening methodologies with highly sensitive and specific biomarkers. This review summarizes recent advances in effective screening for early diagnosis of PC using imaging modalities and novel molecular biomarkers discovered from various "omics" studies including genomics, epigenomics, non-coding RNA, metabonomics, liquid biopsy (CTC, ctDNA and exosomes) and microbiomes, and their use in body fluids (feces, urine and saliva). Although many biomarkers for early detection of PC have been discovered through various methods, larger scale and rigorous validation is required before their application in the clinic. In addition, more effective and specific biomarkers of PC are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Jian-Wei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Yu-Gang Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Jing-Yue Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - San-Yuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Han-Xiang Zhan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
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Takai E, Yachida S. Circulating tumor DNA as a liquid biopsy target for detection of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8480-8488. [PMID: 27784960 PMCID: PMC5064029 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i38.8480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most pancreatic cancer patients present with advanced metastatic disease, resulting in extremely poor 5-year survival, mainly because of the lack of a reliable modality for early detection and limited therapeutic options for advanced disease. Therefore, there is a need for minimally-invasive diagnostic tools for detecting pancreatic cancer at an early stage, when curative surgery and also novel therapeutic approaches including precision medicine may be feasible. The “liquid biopsy” addresses these unmet clinical needs based on the concept that simple peripheral blood sampling and detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) could provide diagnostic information. In this review, we provide an overview of the current status of blood-based tests for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and the potential utility of ctDNA for precision medicine. We also discuss challenges that remain to be addressed in developing practical ctDNA-based liquid biopsy approaches for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Ginesta MM, Diaz-Riascos ZV, Busquets J, Pelaez N, Serrano T, Peinado MÀ, Jorba R, García-Borobia FJ, Capella G, Fabregat J. APC promoter is frequently methylated in pancreatic juice of patients with pancreatic carcinomas or periampullary tumors. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2210-2216. [PMID: 27602165 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms is critical to improve their clinical outcome. The present authors previously demonstrated that DNA hypermethylation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), histamine receptor H2 (HRH2), cadherin 13 (CDH13), secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich (SPARC) and engrailed-1 (EN-1) promoters is frequently detected in pancreatic tumor cells. The aim of the present study was to assess their prevalence in pancreatic juice of carcinomas of the pancreas and periampullary area. A total of 135 pancreatic juices obtained from 85 pancreatic cancer (PC), 26 ampullary carcinoma (AC), 10 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and 14 chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients were analyzed. The methylation status of the APC, HRH2, CDH13, SPARC and EN-1 promoters was analyzed using methylation specific-melting curve analysis (MS-MCA). Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations were also tested with allele-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification. Out of the 5 promoters analyzed, APC (71%) and HRH2 (65%) were the most frequently methylated in PC juice. APC methylation was also detected at a high frequency in AC (76%) and IPMN (80%), but only occasionally observed in CP (7%). APC methylation had a high sensitivity (71-80%) for all types of cancer analyzed. The panel (where a sample scored as positive when ≥2 markers were methylated) did not outperform APC as a single marker. Finally, KRAS detection in pancreatic juice offered a lower sensitivity (50%) and specificity (71%) for detection of any cancer. APC hypermethylation in pancreatic juice, as assessed by MS-MCA, is a frequent event of potential clinical usefulness in the diagnosis of pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia M Ginesta
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Duran i Reynals Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zamira Vanessa Diaz-Riascos
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Duran i Reynals Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juli Busquets
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Pelaez
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Serrano
- Department of Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Àngel Peinado
- Department of Mechanism of Tumor Progression, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Cancer Medicine, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Jorba
- Department of Surgery, Joan XXIII Hospital, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Gabriel Capella
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Duran i Reynals Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Fabregat
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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Heiler S, Wang Z, Zöller M. Pancreatic cancer stem cell markers and exosomes - the incentive push. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5971-6007. [PMID: 27468191 PMCID: PMC4948278 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i26.5971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) has the highest death rate and incidence is increasing. Poor prognosis is due to late diagnosis and early metastatic spread, which is ascribed to a minor population of so called cancer stem cells (CSC) within the mass of the primary tumor. CSC are defined by biological features, which they share with adult stem cells like longevity, rare cell division, the capacity for self renewal, differentiation, drug resistance and the requirement for a niche. CSC can also be identified by sets of markers, which for pancreatic CSC (Pa-CSC) include CD44v6, c-Met, Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CXCR4, CD133, EpCAM and claudin7. The functional relevance of CSC markers is still disputed. We hypothesize that Pa-CSC markers play a decisive role in tumor progression. This is fostered by the location in glycolipid-enriched membrane domains, which function as signaling platform and support connectivity of the individual Pa-CSC markers. Outside-in signaling supports apoptosis resistance, stem cell gene expression and tumor suppressor gene repression as well as miRNA transcription and silencing. Pa-CSC markers also contribute to motility and invasiveness. By ligand binding host cells are triggered towards creating a milieu supporting Pa-CSC maintenance. Furthermore, CSC markers contribute to the generation, loading and delivery of exosomes, whereby CSC gain the capacity for a cell-cell contact independent crosstalk with the host and neighboring non-CSC. This allows Pa-CSC exosomes (TEX) to reprogram neighboring non-CSC towards epithelial mesenchymal transition and to stimulate host cells towards preparing a niche for metastasizing tumor cells. Finally, TEX communicate with the matrix to support tumor cell motility, invasion and homing. We will discuss the possibility that CSC markers are the initial trigger for these processes and what is the special contribution of CSC-TEX.
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Peters MLB, Tseng JF, Miksad RA. Genetic Testing in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Implications for Prevention and Treatment. Clin Ther 2016; 38:1622-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Erb U, Zöller M. Progress and potential of exosome analysis for early pancreatic cancer detection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:757-67. [PMID: 27206554 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1187563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is the most deadly malignancy, due to late diagnosis prohibiting surgery. Thus, strong efforts are taken improving early diagnosis via biomarkers recovered in the serum of PaCa patients. AREAS COVERED One promising option are PaCa-derived exosomes in patients' sera. Exosomes, small vesicles delivered by live cells and recovered in all body fluids, are a powerful diagnostic tool due to relative stability and composition covering the whole range of cancer-related biomarkers including proteins, metabolites, DNA, DNA modifications, coding and noncoding RNA. We discuss the mechanisms accounting for the condensed packaging of biomarkers, refer to studies using PaCa serum-exosomes for diagnosis. Based on an extensive literature search, we outline questions that answers may help establishing a serum-exosome-based screening for early PaCa detection. Expert commentary: Improved proteomic and genomic characterization and progress in the biogenesis of exosomes will allow for optimized and unified screening panels for PaCa diagnosis via TEX in body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Erb
- a Department of Tumor Cell Biology , University Hospital of Surgery , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- a Department of Tumor Cell Biology , University Hospital of Surgery , Heidelberg , Germany
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16
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Amacher DE. A 2015 survey of established or potential epigenetic biomarkers for the accurate detection of human cancers. Biomarkers 2016; 21:387-403. [PMID: 26983778 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1153724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Context The silencing or activation of cancer-associated genes by epigenetic mechanisms can ultimately lead to the clonal expansion of cancer cells. Objective The aim of this review is to summarize all relevant epigenetic biomarkers that have been proposed to date for the diagnosis of some prevalent human cancers. Methods A Medline search for the terms epigenetic biomarkers, human cancers, DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs was performed. Results One hundred fifty-seven relevant publications were found and reviewed. Conclusion To date, a significant number of potential epigenetic cancer biomarkers of human cancer have been investigated, and some have advanced to clinical implementation.
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Chijiiwa Y, Moriyama T, Ohuchida K, Nabae T, Ohtsuka T, Miyasaka Y, Fujita H, Maeyama R, Manabe T, Abe A, Mizuuchi Y, Oda Y, Mizumoto K, Nakamura M. Overexpression of microRNA-5100 decreases the aggressive phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells by targeting PODXL. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1688-700. [PMID: 26892887 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-associated death, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer remains difficult to treat because of its aggressiveness. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in the regulation of various human transcripts, and many miRNAs have been reported to correlate with cancer metastasis. We identified an anti-metastatic miRNA, miR-5100, by investigating differences in miRNA profiling between highly metastatic pancreatic cancer cells and their parental cells. Overexpression of miR-5100 inhibited colony formation (P<0.05), cell migration (P<0.0001) and invasion (P<0.0001) of pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, we identified a possible target of miR-5100, podocalyxin-like 1 (PODXL), and demonstrated miR-5100 directly binds to the 3' untranslated region of PODXL and post-transcriptionally regulates its expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Silencing PODXL resulted in diminished cell migration (P<0.0001) and invasion (P<0.05). We also clarified the close relationship between expression of PODXL in human pancreatic cancer specimens and liver metastasis (P=0.0003), and determined that post-operative survival was longer in the low-PODXL expression group than in the high-PODXL expression group (P<0.05). These results indicate that miR-5100 and PODXL have considerable therapeutic potential for anti-metastatic therapy and could be potential indicators for cancer metastases in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Chijiiwa
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taiki Moriyama
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenoki Ohuchida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshinaga Nabae
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyasaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hayato Fujita
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Maeyama
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Manabe
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Abe
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizuuchi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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18
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Rong Q, Feng F, Ma Z. Metal ions doped chitosan–poly(acrylic acid) nanospheres: Synthesis and their application in simultaneously electrochemical detection of four markers of pancreatic cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 75:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Paska AV, Hudler P. Aberrant methylation patterns in cancer: a clinical view. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2015; 25:161-76. [PMID: 26110029 PMCID: PMC4470106 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2015.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, DNA hydroxymethylation, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone proteins affecting nucleosome remodelling, and regulation by small and large non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) work in concert with cis and trans acting elements to drive appropriate gene expression. Advances in detection methods and development of dedicated platforms and methylation arrays resulted in an explosion of information on aberrantly methylated sequences linking deviations in epigenetic landscape with the initiation and progression of complex diseases. Here, we consider how DNA methylation changes in malignancies, such as breast, pancreatic, colorectal, and gastric cancer could be exploited for the purpose of developing specific diagnostic tools. DNA methylation changes can be applicable as biomarkers for detection of malignant disease in easily accessible tissues. Methylation signatures are already proving to be an important marker for determination of drug sensitivity. Even more, promoter methylation patterns of some genes, such as MGMT, SHOX2, and SEPT9, have already been translated into commercial clinical assays aiding in patient assessment as adjunct diagnostic tools. In conclusion, the changes in DNA methylation patterns in tumour cells are slowly gaining entrance into routine diagnostic tests as promising biomarkers and as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alja Videtic Paska
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Hudler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hudler P, Videtič Paska A, Komel R. Contemporary proteomic strategies for clinical epigenetic research and potential impact for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:197-212. [PMID: 25719543 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1019479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel proteomic methods are revealing the intricacy of the epigenetic landscape affecting gene regulation and improving our knowledge of the pathogenesis of complex diseases. Despite the enormous amount of data regarding epigenetic modifications present in DNA and histones, deciphering their biological relevance in the context of the disease and health is currently still an ongoing process. Here, we consider the relationship between epigenetic research in tumorigenesis and the prospect of knowledge transfer to clinical use, focusing primarily on the epigenetic histone post-translational modifications, which could be used as biomarkers. We additionally focus on the use of proteomic techniques in research and evaluate their usefulness in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hudler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Lu Q, Li J, Senkowski C, Tang Z, Wang J, Huang T, Wang X, Terry K, Brower S, Glasgow W, Chen H, Jiang SW. Promoter Hypermethylation and Decreased Expression of Syncytin-1 in Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134412. [PMID: 26230721 PMCID: PMC4521816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncytin-1 is a member of human endogenous retroviral W gene family (HERVW1). Known to be expressed in human placental trophoblast, syncytin-1 protein mediates the fusion of cytotrophoblasts for the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts, the terminally differentiated form of trophoblast lineage. In addition, in vitro studies indicate that syncytin-1 possessed nonfusogenic functions such as those for immune suppression, cell cycle regulation and anti-apoptotic activities. Overexpression of syncytin-1 has been observed in various malignant tissues including breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers. It was reported that syncytin-1 gene expression is associated with dynamic changes of DNA hypomethylation in the 5' LTR. In this study, applying the real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry methods, we demonstrate a constitutive expression of syncytin-1 in normal pancreas tissues as well as normal tissues adjacent to cancer lesions. Moreover, a reduced expression is found in the pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues. The expression levels of syncytin-1 are not correlated with the stage, historical grade and gender, but inversely correlated with patients' age. Furthermore, COBRA and bisulfite sequencing results indicated that the lower expression of syncytin-1 is correlated with the hypermethylation of two CpG dinucleotides in the 5' LTR of syncytin-1 gene. The nonfusogenic function of syncytin-1 in normal pancreas as well as its role(s) in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancers remains to be investigated. Identification of the two CpG dinucleotides around transcription start site as key epigenetic elements has provided valuable information for further studies on the epigenetic regulation of syncytin-1 in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinsheng Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, United States of America
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Senkowski
- Department of Surgery, Curtis and Elizabeth Anderson Cancer Institute, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA, United States of America
| | - Zuoqing Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tianhe Huang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, United States of America
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, United States of America
| | - Karen Terry
- Department of Surgery, Curtis and Elizabeth Anderson Cancer Institute, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA, United States of America
| | - Steven Brower
- Department of Surgery & Surgical Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Wayne Glasgow
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, United States of America
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (SWJ); (HC)
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SWJ); (HC)
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Petri V, Hayman GT, Tutaj M, Smith JR, Laulederkind SJ, Wang SJ, Nigam R, De Pons J, Shimoyama M, Dwinell MR, Worthey EA, Jacob HJ. Disease pathways at the Rat Genome Database Pathway Portal: genes in context-a network approach to understanding the molecular mechanisms of disease. Hum Genomics 2014; 8:17. [PMID: 25265995 PMCID: PMC4191248 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-014-0017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological systems are exquisitely poised to respond and adjust to challenges, including damage. However, sustained damage can overcome the ability of the system to adjust and result in a disease phenotype, its underpinnings many times elusive. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of systems biology, of how and why it falters, is essential for delineating the details of the path(s) leading to the diseased state and for designing strategies to revert its progression. An important aspect of this process is not only to define the function of a gene but to identify the context within which gene functions act. It is within the network, or pathway context, that the function of a gene fulfills its ultimate biological role. Resolving the extent to which defective function(s) affect the proceedings of pathway(s) and how altered pathways merge into overpowering the system's defense machinery are key to understanding the molecular aspects of disease and envisioning ways to counteract it. A network-centric approach to diseases is increasingly being considered in current research. It also underlies the deployment of disease pathways at the Rat Genome Database Pathway Portal. The portal is presented with an emphasis on disease and altered pathways, associated drug pathways, pathway suites, and suite networks. RESULTS The Pathway Portal at the Rat Genome Database (RGD) provides an ever-increasing collection of interactive pathway diagrams and associated annotations for metabolic, signaling, regulatory, and drug pathways, including disease and altered pathways. A disease pathway is viewed from the perspective of networks whose alterations are manifested in the affected phenotype. The Pathway Ontology (PW), built and maintained at RGD, facilitates the annotations of genes, the deployment of pathway diagrams, and provides an overall navigational tool. Pathways that revolve around a common concept and are globally connected are presented within pathway suites; a suite network combines two or more pathway suites. CONCLUSIONS The Pathway Portal is a rich resource that offers a range of pathway data and visualization, including disease pathways and related pathway suites. Viewing a disease pathway from the perspective of underlying altered pathways is an aid for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of disease.
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23
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DNA methylation biomarkers: cancer and beyond. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:821-64. [PMID: 25229548 PMCID: PMC4198933 DOI: 10.3390/genes5030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are naturally-occurring characteristics by which a particular pathological process or disease can be identified or monitored. They can reflect past environmental exposures, predict disease onset or course, or determine a patient's response to therapy. Epigenetic changes are such characteristics, with most epigenetic biomarkers discovered to date based on the epigenetic mark of DNA methylation. Many tissue types are suitable for the discovery of DNA methylation biomarkers including cell-based samples such as blood and tumor material and cell-free DNA samples such as plasma. DNA methylation biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic and predictive power are already in clinical trials or in a clinical setting for cancer. Outside cancer, strong evidence that complex disease originates in early life is opening up exciting new avenues for the detection of DNA methylation biomarkers for adverse early life environment and for estimation of future disease risk. However, there are a number of limitations to overcome before such biomarkers reach the clinic. Nevertheless, DNA methylation biomarkers have great potential to contribute to personalized medicine throughout life. We review the current state of play for DNA methylation biomarkers, discuss the barriers that must be crossed on the way to implementation in a clinical setting, and predict their future use for human disease.
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Neureiter D, Jäger T, Ocker M, Kiesslich T. Epigenetics and pancreatic cancer: Pathophysiology and novel treatment aspects. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7830-7848. [PMID: 24976721 PMCID: PMC4069312 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An improvement in pancreatic cancer treatment represents an urgent medical goal. Late diagnosis and high intrinsic resistance to conventional chemotherapy has led to a dismal overall prognosis that has remained unchanged during the past decades. Increasing knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of the disease has shown that genetic alterations, such as mutations of K-ras, and especially epigenetic dysregulation of tumor-associated genes, such as silencing of the tumor suppressor p16ink4a, are hallmarks of pancreatic cancer. Here, we describe genes that are commonly affected by epigenetic dysregulation in pancreatic cancer via DNA methylation, histone acetylation or miRNA (microRNA) expression, and review the implications on pancreatic cancer biology such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, morphological pattern formation, or cancer stem cell regulation during carcinogenesis from PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial lesions) to invasive cancer and resistance development. Epigenetic drugs, such as DNA methyltransferases or histone deactylase inhibitors, have shown promising preclinical results in pancreatic cancer and are currently in early phases of clinical development. Combinations of epigenetic drugs with established cytotoxic drugs or targeted therapies are promising approaches to improve the poor response and survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients.
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25
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Qin Y, Zhu W, Xu W, Zhang B, Shi S, Ji S, Liu J, Long J, Liu C, Liu L, Xu J, Yu X. LSD1 sustains pancreatic cancer growth via maintaining HIF1α-dependent glycolytic process. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:225-32. [PMID: 24561118 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The histone demethylase LSD1 (lysine specific demethylase 1) plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. Our study investigated the role of LSD1 in pancreatic cancer and demonstrated that LSD1 was significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer patient tissue samples, and elevated LSD1 protein levels positively correlated with overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrated that knock-down of LSD1 repressed proliferation and tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, our study demonstrated that LSD1 synergized with HIF1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1α) in maintaining glycolytic process, which fueled pancreatic cancer uncontrolled proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wenwei Zhu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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26
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Long J, Luo GP, Xiao ZW, Liu ZQ, Guo M, Liu L, Liu C, Xu J, Gao YT, Zheng Y, Wu C, Ni QX, Li M, Yu X. Cancer statistics: current diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer in Shanghai, China. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:273-7. [PMID: 24462819 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A multi-center population-based study in Shanghai, China was performed to explore the implications for the management of pancreatic cancer by comparing diagnosis and survival rates. Novel imaging modalities including MRI (13.9%), PET/CT (1.8%), and EUS (5.6%) were not widely used in our population. Only 39.7% of cases were histologically verified (surgery with histologic diagnosis 31.0%, cytological diagnosis 8.7%, surgery without histologic diagnosis 12.1%, and clinical diagnosis 48.2%). Overall, 30.0% of patients underwent curative-intent operation, and only 9.8% of patients received comprehensive treatment. The prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients was significantly better for patients who were treated in high-volume centers than in low-volume centers. We propose that more effort should be put on novel diagnostic modalities, histological confirmation, and comprehensive treatment in China. Multidisciplinary teams specialized in pancreatic cancer therapy in high-volume centers are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Guo-pei Luo
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zhi-wen Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zu-qiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yu-tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Quan-xing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Arlt A, Schäfer H, Kalthoff H. The 'N-factors' in pancreatic cancer: functional relevance of NF-κB, NFAT and Nrf2 in pancreatic cancer. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e35. [PMID: 23552468 PMCID: PMC3511680 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest malignancies, with an overall life expectancy of 6 months. Despite considerable advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the carcinogenesis of PDAC, the outcome of the disease was not significantly improved over the last 20 years. Although some achievements in molecular-targeted therapies have been made (that is, targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor by erlotinib), which already entered clinical settings, and despite the promising outcome of the FOLFIRINOX trial, there is an urgent need for improvement of the chemotherapy in this disease. A plethora of molecular alterations are thought to be responsible for the profound chemoresistance, including mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Besides these classical hallmarks of cancer, the constitutive or inducible activity of transcription factor pathways are characteristic changes in PDAC. Recently, three transcription factors-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-have been shown to be crucial for tumor development and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. These transcription factors are key regulators of a variety of genes involved in nearly all aspects of tumorigenesis and resistance against chemotherapeutics and death receptor ligands. Furthermore, the pathways of NF-κB, NFAT and Nrf2 are functional, interacting on several regulatory steps, and, especially, natural compounds such as curcumin interfere with more than one pathway. Thus, targeting these pathways by established inhibitors or new drugs might have great potential to improve the outcome of PDAC patients, most likely in combination with established anticancer drugs. In this article, we summarize recent progress in the characterization of these transcription-factor pathways and their role in PDAC and therapy resistance. We also discuss future concepts for the treatment of PDAC relying on these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arlt
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Kiel, Germany
| | - H Schäfer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Kiel, Germany
| | - H Kalthoff
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center North, Kiel, Germany
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