1
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Gu M, Liu Y, Xin P, Guo W, Zhao Z, Yang X, Ma R, Jiao T, Zheng W. Fundamental insights and molecular interactions in pancreatic cancer: Pathways to therapeutic approaches. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216738. [PMID: 38401887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract can be affected by a number of diseases that pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant manifestation of them. The prognosis of PC patients is unfavorable and because of their diagnosis at advanced stage, the treatment of this tumor is problematic. Owing to low survival rate, there is much interest towards understanding the molecular profile of PC in an attempt in developing more effective therapeutics. The conventional therapeutics for PC include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as emerging immunotherapy. However, PC is still incurable and more effort should be performed. The molecular landscape of PC is an underlying factor involved in increase in progression of tumor cells. In the presence review, the newest advances in understanding the molecular and biological events in PC are discussed. The dysregulation of molecular pathways including AMPK, MAPK, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin and non-coding RNA transcripts has been suggested as a factor in development of tumorigenesis in PC. Moreover, cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and necroptosis demonstrate abnormal levels. The EMT and glycolysis in PC cells enhance to ensure their metastasis and proliferation. Furthermore, such abnormal changes have been used to develop corresponding pharmacological and nanotechnological therapeutics for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Peng Xin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Zimo Zhao
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Taiwei Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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2
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Bakopoulos D, Golenkina S, Dark C, Christie EL, Sánchez-Sánchez BJ, Stramer BM, Cheng LY. Convergent insulin and TGF-β signalling drives cancer cachexia by promoting aberrant fat body ECM accumulation in a Drosophila tumour model. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57695. [PMID: 38014610 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we found that in the adipose tissue of wildtype animals, insulin and TGF-β signalling converge via a BMP antagonist short gastrulation (sog) to regulate ECM remodelling. In tumour bearing animals, Sog also modulates TGF-β signalling to regulate ECM accumulation in the fat body. TGF-β signalling causes ECM retention in the fat body and subsequently depletes muscles of fat body-derived ECM proteins. Activation of insulin signalling, inhibition of TGF-β signalling, or modulation of ECM levels via SPARC, Rab10 or Collagen IV in the fat body, is able to rescue tissue wasting in the presence of tumour. Together, our study highlights the importance of adipose ECM remodelling in the context of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bakopoulos
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Callum Dark
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Christie
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Brian M Stramer
- Kings College London, Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, London, UK
| | - Louise Y Cheng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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3
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Lu J, Tan J, Yu X. A prognostic model based on tumor microenvironment-related lncRNAs predicts therapy response in pancreatic cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:32. [PMID: 36625842 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignant tumor with high mortality and a low survival rate. The immune and stromal cells that infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly impact immunotherapy and drug responses. Therefore, we identify the TME-related lncRNAs to develop a prognostic model for predicting the therapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer patients. Firstly, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify the TME-related module eigengenes. According to the module eigengenes, the TME-related prognostic lncRNAs were screened through the univariate Cox, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox analyses to construct a prognostic risk score (RS) model. Next, the predictive power of this model was evaluated by the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier analyses. In addition, functional enrichment, immune cell infiltration, and somatic mutation analyses were performed. Finally, tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score and drug sensitivity analyses were applied to predict therapy response. In this study, 11 TME-related prognostic lncRNAs were identified to develop the prognostic RS model. According to the RS, the low-risk patients had a better prognosis, lower rates of somatic mutation, lower TIDE scores, and higher sensitivity to gemcitabine and paclitaxel compared to high-risk patients. The findings above suggested that low-risk patients may benefit more from immunotherapy, and high-risk patients may benefit more from chemotherapy. Within this study, we established a prognostic RS model based on 11 TME-related lncRNAs, which may help improve clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Lu
- School of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jinhua Tan
- School of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- School of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
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4
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Pang H, Lei D, Guo Y, Yu Y, Liu T, Liu Y, Chen T, Fan C. Three categories of similarities between the placenta and cancer that can aid cancer treatment: Cells, the microenvironment, and metabolites. Front Oncol 2022; 12:977618. [PMID: 36059660 PMCID: PMC9434275 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.977618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most harmful diseases, while pregnancy is a common condition of females. Placenta is the most important organ for fetal growth, which has not been fully understand. It’s well known that placenta and solid tumor have some similar biological behaviors. What’s more, decidua, the microenvironment of placenta, and metabolism all undergo adaptive shift for healthy pregnancy. Interestingly, decidua and the tumor microenvironment (TME); metabolism changes during pregnancy and cancer cachexia all have underlying links. However, whether the close link between pregnancy and cancer can bring some new ideas to treat cancer is still unclear. So, in this review we note that pregnancy may offer clues to treat cancer related to three categories: from cell perspective, through the shared development process of the placenta and cancer; from microenvironment perspective, though the shared features of the decidua and TME; and from metabolism perspective, through shared metabolites changes during pregnancy and cancer cachexia. Firstly, comparing gene mutations of both placenta and cancer, which is the underlying mechanism of many similar biological behaviors, helps us understand the origin of cancer and find the key factors to restore tumorigenesis. Secondly, exploring how decidua affect placenta development and similarities of decidua and TME is helpful to reshape TME, then to inhibit cancer. Thirdly, we also illustrate the possibility that the altered metabolites during pregnancy may reverse cancer cachexia. So, some key molecules changed in circulation of pregnancy may help relieve cachexia and make survival with cancer realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Lei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuping Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuifang Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Cuifang Fan,
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5
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Hegde M, Daimary UD, Girisa S, Kumar A, Kunnumakkara AB. Tumor cell anabolism and host tissue catabolism-energetic inefficiency during cancer cachexia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:713-733. [PMID: 35521962 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221087962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CC) is a pathological condition characterized by sarcopenia, adipose tissue depletion, and progressive weight loss. CC is driven by multiple factors such as anorexia, excessive catabolism, elevated energy expenditure by growing tumor mass, and inflammatory mediators released by cancer cells and surrounding tissues. In addition, endocrine system, systemic metabolism, and central nervous system (CNS) perturbations in combination with cachexia mediators elicit exponential elevation in catabolism and reduced anabolism in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and cardiac muscle. At the molecular level, mechanisms of CC include inflammation, reduced protein synthesis, and lipogenesis, elevated proteolysis and lipolysis along with aggravated toxicity and complications of chemotherapy. Furthermore, CC is remarkably associated with intolerance to anti-neoplastic therapy, poor prognosis, and increased mortality with no established standard therapy. In this context, we discuss the spatio-temporal changes occurring in the various stages of CC and highlight the imbalance of host metabolism. We provide how multiple factors such as proteasomal pathways, inflammatory mediators, lipid and protein catabolism, glucocorticoids, and in-depth mechanisms of interplay between inflammatory molecules and CNS can trigger and amplify the cachectic processes. Finally, we highlight current diagnostic approaches and promising therapeutic interventions for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Uzini Devi Daimary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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6
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Abstract
Tumours reprogram host physiology, metabolism and immune responses during cancer progression. The release of soluble factors, exosomes and metabolites from tumours leads to systemic changes in distant organs, where cancer cells metastasize and grow. These tumour-derived circulating factors also profoundly impact tissues that are rarely inhabited by metastatic cancer cells such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In fact, the majority of patients with metastatic cancer develop a debilitating muscle-wasting syndrome, known as cachexia, that is associated with decreased tolerance to antineoplastic therapy, poor prognosis and accelerated death, with no approved treatments. In this Perspective, we discuss the development of cachexia in the context of metastatic progression. We briefly discuss how circulating factors either directly or indirectly promote cachexia development and examine how signals from the metastatic process can trigger and amplify this process. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic opportunities for targeting cachexia in the context of metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup K Biswas
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swarnali Acharyya
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Shi H, Li H, Zhen T, Dong Y, Pei X, Zhang X. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Exosomal MicroRNA-520b Derived from Normal Fibroblasts in Pancreatic Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:373-384. [PMID: 32200272 PMCID: PMC7090279 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a major health concern, with conventional cancer treatments exerting little influence on the disease course. MicroRNA-520b (miR-520b) functions as a tumor suppressor in several types of human cancers, whereas its anti-tumor property in the context of PC is still fundamental. The aim of this study is to identify the potential therapeutic role of miR-520b, transferred by exosomes, derived from normal fibroblasts (NFs) in PC progression. A gain-of-function study was performed to examine the roles of miR-520b in PC cell line SW1990, which suggested that miR-520b served as a tumor suppressor in PC. In order to confirm the role of exosomal miR-520b, exosomes were isolated from NF culture medium and cocultured with SW1990 cells. During the coculture experiments, we disrupted exosome secretion and upregulated exosomal miR-520b. The in vitro coculture studies revealed that miR-520b was transferred from NF-derived exosomes to PC cells and thereby suppressed PC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and stimulated apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibited tumor growth and live metastasis upon elevated miR-520b in exosomes were observed in vivo. Conjointly, our study demonstrates that NF-derived exosomal miR-520b impedes the progression of PC, which contributes to a novel, therapeutic role of exosomal miR-520b for treating PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Zhen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Pei
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518110, P.R. China.
| | - Xiangliang Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, P.R. China.
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8
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Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Ni X, Zhang G, Cui X, Liu M, Xu C, Zhang Q, Zhu H, Yan J, Zhu VF, Luo Y, Hagan JP, Li Z, Fang J, Jatoi A, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Zheng L, Edil BH, Bronze MS, Houchen CW, Li YP, Li M. ZIP4 Promotes Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Mice With Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors by Stimulating RAB27B-Regulated Release of Extracellular Vesicles From Cancer Cells. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:722-734.e6. [PMID: 30342032 PMCID: PMC6878980 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cachexia, which includes muscle wasting, is a frequent complication of pancreatic cancer. There are no therapies that reduce cachexia and increase patient survival, so it is important to learn more about its mechanisms. The zinc transporter ZIP4 promotes growth and metastasis of pancreatic tumors. We investigated its effects on muscle catabolism via extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (p38 MAPK). METHODS We studied nude mice with orthotopic tumors grown from human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1 and BxPC-3); tumors were removed 8 days after cell injection and analyzed by histology. Mouse survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves. ZIP4 was knocked down in AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells with small hairpin RNAs; cells with empty vectors were used as controls. Muscle tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Conditioned media from cell lines and 3-dimensional spheroid/organoid cultures of cancer cells were applied to C2C12 myotubes. The myotubes and the media were analyzed by immunoblots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and immunofluorescence microscopy. EVs were isolated from conditioned media and analyzed by immunoblots. RESULTS Mice with orthotopic tumors grown from pancreatic cancer cells with knockdown of ZIP4 survived longer and lost less body weight and muscle mass than mice with control tumors. Conditioned media from cancer cells activated p38 MAPK, induced expression of F-box protein 32 and UBR2 in C2C12 myotubes, and also led to loss of myofibrillar protein myosin heavy chain and myotube thinning. Knockdown of ZIP4 in cancer cells reduced these effects. ZIP4 knockdown also reduced pancreatic cancer cell release of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP90, which are associated with EVs, by decreasing CREB-regulated expression of RAB27B. CONCLUSIONS ZIP4 promotes growth of orthotopic pancreatic tumors in mice and loss of muscle mass by activating CREB-regulated expression of RAB27B, required for release of EVs from pancreatic cancer cells. These EVs activate p38 MAPK and induce expression of F-box protein 32 and UBR2 in myotubes, leading to loss of myofibrillar myosin heavy chain and myotube thinning. Strategies to disrupt these pathways might be developed to reduce pancreatic cancer progression and accompanying cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zicheng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xiaoling Ni
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA,Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Can Xu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Huiyun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Vivian F. Zhu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yusheng Luo
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John P. Hagan
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Key Lab of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Lei Zheng
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Barish H. Edil
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael S. Bronze
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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9
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Welinsky S, Lucas AL. Familial Pancreatic Cancer and the Future of Directed Screening. Gut Liver 2018; 11:761-770. [PMID: 28609837 PMCID: PMC5669591 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States and the 12th most common worldwide. Mortality is high, largely due to late stage of presentation and suboptimal treatment regimens. Approximately 10% of PC cases have a familial basis. The major genetic defect has yet to be identified but may be inherited by an autosomal dominant pattern with reduced penetrance. Several known hereditary syndromes or genes are associated with an increased risk of developing PC and account for approximately 2% of PCs. These syndromes include the hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, familial atypical multiple mole melanoma, Lynch syndrome, familial polyposis, ataxia-telangiectasia, and hereditary pancreatitis. Appropriate screening using methods such as biomarkers or imaging, with endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, may assist in the early detection of neoplastic lesions in the high-risk population. If these lesions are detected and treated before the development of invasive carcinoma, PC disease morbidity and mortality may be improved. This review will focus on familial PC and other hereditary syndromes implicated in the increased risk of PC; it will also highlight current screening methods and the future of new screening modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Welinsky
- Samuel F. Bronfman Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aimee L Lucas
- Samuel F. Bronfman Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Orthotopic Xenograft Mouse Model of Cervical Cancer for Studying the Role of MicroRNA-21 in Promoting Lymph Node Metastasis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 27:1587-1595. [PMID: 28945212 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the most frequent cause of gynecologic cancer-associated death worldwide. Animal models that demonstrate metastatic patterns consistent with the clinical course of cervical cancer are urgently needed to conduct studies focused on understanding the mechanisms of the disease and identifying optimal treatments. To address this, we established an orthotopic xenograft model of cervical cancer in female NOD-SCID mice using SiHa and ME180 cell lines stably expressing green fluorescent protein to evaluate the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in spontaneous lymph node metastasis in vivo. In this case, SiHa and ME180 cells were transduced by lentivirus to stably express green fluorescent protein and miR-21. Overexpression of miR-21 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of SiHa and ME180 cells in vitro. Finally, an orthotopic xenograft model of human cervical cancer was successfully established in NOD-SCID mice. Using this model, we confirmed that overexpression of miR-21 resulted in an increase in the size of primary tumors and in the frequency of spontaneous lymph node metastasis at the time of excision. Therefore, the use of the orthotopic xenograft model should allow for the investigation of novel factors that affect metastasis of cervical cancer and presents an opportunity to evaluate potential therapeutic agents that may inhibit the spread of the disease.
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11
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Yang J, Zhou Y, Zhao B. Isolation of circulating tumor cells in pancreatic cancer patients by immunocytochemical assay. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32. [PMID: 28523756 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer have the possibilities of getting the cancer again even after resection. The tumor cells identified from blood can be related to different stages of tumor. METHODS In this study, we used an immunoassay to detect circulating tumor cells in blood and bone marrow samples. About 120 patients' blood and bone marrow samples were used in this study along with controls. The presence of tumor cells was evaluated with different stages of cancer classified by UICC. The survival rate at each stages of tumor was also analyzed. RESULTS The tumor cells were isolated both in blood (29%) and bone marrow samples (25%). The prevalence of tumor cells increased with increase in stages of tumor in blood samples. CONCLUSION The survival of the patients considerably related to different stages of tumor but it cannot be taken a parameter alone for the patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
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12
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Belfiore G, Belfiore MP, Reginelli A, Capasso R, Romano F, Ianniello GP, Cappabianca S, Brunese L. Concurrent chemotherapy alone versus irreversible electroporation followed by chemotherapy on survival in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Med Oncol 2017; 34:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Wu X, Cao Y, Xiao H, Li C, Lin J. Bazedoxifene as a Novel GP130 Inhibitor for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2609-2619. [PMID: 27535971 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The IL6/GP130/STAT3 pathway is crucial for tumorigenesis in multiple cancer types, including pancreatic cancer, and presents as a viable target for cancer therapy. We reported Bazedoxifene, which is approved as a selective estrogen modulator by FDA, as a novel inhibitor of IL6/GP130 protein-protein interactions using multiple ligand simultaneous docking and drug repositioning approaches. STAT3 is one of the major downstream effectors of IL6/GP130. Here, we observed Bazedoxifene inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 DNA binding, induced apoptosis, and suppressed tumor growth in pancreatic cancer cells with persistent IL6/GP130/STAT3 signaling in vitro and in vivo In addition, IL6, but not INFγ, rescued Bazedoxifene-mediated reduction of cell viability. Bazedoxifene also inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation induced by IL6 and IL11, but not by OSM or STAT1 phosphorylation induced by INFγ in pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting that Bazedoxifene inhibits the GP130/STAT3 pathway mediated by IL6 and IL11. Furthermore, Bazedoxifene combined with paclitaxel or gemcitabine synergistically inhibited cell viability and cell migration in pancreatic cancer cells. These results indicate that Bazedoxifene is a potential agent and can generate synergism when combined with conventional chemotherapy in human pancreatic cancer cells and tumor xenograft in mice. Therefore, our results support that Bazedoxifene as a novel inhibitor of GP130 signaling and may be a potential and safe therapeutic agent for human pancreatic cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2609-19. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chenglong Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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14
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Yang Y, Wang JF, Li P. Role of detection of circulating tumor cells in early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2838-2843. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i18.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a kind of highly malignant digestive system tumor. The early clinical symptoms of pancreatic cancer are insidious and atypical, so it is difficult to early diagnose pancreatic cancer, and most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Therefore, the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is of great clinical significance for improving prognosis. Circulating tumor cells are a group of tumor cells that are present in patient's peripheral blood, which mainly reflects tumor metastasis. However, studies have found that circulating tumor cells may have entered the blood before primary cancer is diagnosed. If circulating tumor cells could be early detected in patient's peripheral blood, this would increase the rate of early diagnosis of the tumor. This paper mainly introduces the detection of circulating tumor cells and its role in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Hawa Z, Haque I, Ghosh A, Banerjee S, Harris L, Banerjee SK. The miRacle in Pancreatic Cancer by miRNAs: Tiny Angels or Devils in Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E809. [PMID: 27240340 PMCID: PMC4926343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with increasing incidence and high mortality. Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment of patients with PDAC. Because of the late presentation of the disease, about 20 percent of patients are candidates for this treatment. The average survival of resected patients is between 12 and 20 months, with a high probability of relapse. Standard chemo and radiation therapies do not offer significant improvement of the survival of these patients. Furthermore, novel treatment options aimed at targeting oncogenes or growth factors in pancreatic cancer have proved unsuccessful. Thereby, identifying new biomarkers that can detect early stages of this disease is of critical importance. Among these biomarkers, microRNAs (miRNAs) have supplied a profitable recourse and become an attractive focus of research in PDAC. MiRNAs regulate many genes involved in the development of PDAC through mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. The possibility of intervention in the molecular mechanisms of miRNAs regulation could begin a new generation of PDAC therapies. This review summarizes the reports describing miRNAs involvement in cellular processes involving pancreatic carcinogenesis and their utility in diagnosis, survival and therapeutic potential in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair Hawa
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
| | - Inamul Haque
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
| | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
| | - LaCoiya Harris
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
| | - Sushanta K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
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16
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Luo H, England CG, Shi S, Graves SA, Hernandez R, Liu B, Theuer CP, Wong HC, Nickles RJ, Cai W. Dual Targeting of Tissue Factor and CD105 for Preclinical PET Imaging of Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3821-30. [PMID: 27026197 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive cancer, currently treated with limited success and dismal outcomes. New diagnostic and treatment strategies offer the potential to reduce cancer mortality. Developing highly specific noninvasive imaging probes for pancreatic cancer is essential to improving diagnostic accuracy and monitoring therapeutic intervention. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A bispecific heterodimer was synthesized by conjugating an anti-tissue factor (TF) Fab with an anti-CD105 Fab, via the bio-orthogonal "click" reaction between tetrazine (Tz) and trans-cyclooctene (TCO). The heterodimer was labeled with (64)Cu for PET imaging of nude mice bearing BXPC-3 xenograft and orthotopic pancreatic tumors. RESULTS PET imaging of BXPC-3 (TF/CD105(+/+)) xenograft tumors with (64)Cu-labeled heterodimer displayed significantly enhanced tumor uptake (28.8 ± 3.2 %ID/g; n = 4; SD) at 30 hours postinjection, as compared with each of their monospecific Fab tracers (12.5 ± 1.4 and 7.1 ± 2.6 %ID/g; n = 3; SD). In addition, the activity-concentration ratio allowed for effective tumor visualization (tumor/muscle ratio 75.2 ± 9.4 at 30 hours postinjection.; n = 4; SD). Furthermore, (64)Cu-NOTA-heterodimer enabled sensitive detection of orthotopic pancreatic tumor lesions with an uptake of 17.1 ± 4.9 %ID/g at 30 hours postinjection and tumor/muscle ratio of 72.3 ± 46.7. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that dual targeting of TF and CD105 provided synergistic improvements in binding affinity and tumor localization of the heterodimer. Dual-targeted imaging agents of pancreatic and other cancers may assist in diagnosing pancreatic malignancies as well as reliable monitoring of therapeutic response. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3821-30. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Luo
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Sixiang Shi
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephen A Graves
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bai Liu
- Altor BioSciences, Miramar, Florida
| | | | | | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin. Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin. Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin.
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17
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Baines A, Martin P, Rorie C. Current and Emerging Targeting Strategies for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:277-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Yu X, Li H, Fu D, Jin C, Li JI. Characterization of the role of the photosensitizer, deuteporfin, in the detection of lymphatic metastases in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1430-1436. [PMID: 26622685 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the use of photosensitizers as tracer agents to detect lymphatic metastases is a developing area of study in the field of pancreatic cancer treatment. In the present study, deuteporfin, a novel photosensitizer, was used as a tracer agent to detect lymphatic metastases in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of deuteporfin, following intravenous administration and injection of deuteporfin into the left rear footpad, were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The increased difference in deuteporfin concentration between the cancerous and normal tissues was directly observed through the application of a Wood's lamp. In addition, the highly lymphatic BxPC-3-LN5 human metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line was generated from BxPC-3 cells using a continuous screening and seeding method in vivo. A xenograft model of the BxPC-3-LN5 human pancreatic cancer cell line transplanted into the left rear footpad of nude mice, was established. The effects of deuteporfin as a tracer agent in the detection of lymphatic metastases were then characterized in the pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Following intravenous administration, deuteporfin was rapidly enriched in the pancreas and popliteal fossa lymph nodes compared with that of the left rear footpad administration group. In addition, deuteporfin appeared to be selectively enriched in the cancerous pancreatic lymph nodes of the pancreatic cancer xenograft model. These results indicated that deuteporfin may be developed as a novel photosensitizer tracer agent for the detection of lymphatic metastases in pancreatic cancer. The advantages of deuteporfin are that it has a selective tumor-targeting effect due to high tissue uptake, and that it may be administered intravenously and is therefore suitable for surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Hengchao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Deliang Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - J I Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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19
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Chieh JJ, Huang KW, Lee YY, Wei WC. Dual-imaging model of SQUID biosusceptometry for locating tumors targeted using magnetic nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:11. [PMID: 25889863 PMCID: PMC4329206 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For intraoperative imaging in operating theaters or preoperative imaging in clinics, compact and economic integration rather than large and expensive equipment is required to coregister structural and functional imaging. However, current technologies, such as those integrating optical and gamma cameras or infrared and fluorescence imaging, involve certain drawbacks, including the radioactive biorisks of nuclear medicine indicators and the inconvenience of conducting measurements in dark environments. METHODS To specifically and magnetically label liver tumors, an anti-alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) reagent was synthesized from biosafe iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with anti-AFP antibody and solved in a phosphate buffered saline solution. In addition, a novel dual-imaging model system integrating an optical camera and magnetic scanning superconducting-quantum-interference device (SQUID) biosusceptometry (SSB) was proposed. The simultaneous coregistration of low-field magnetic images of MNP distributions and optical images of anatomical regions enabled the tumor distribution to be determined easily and in real time. To simulate targeted MNPs within animals, fewer reagents than the injected dose were contained in a microtube as a sample for the phantom test. The phantom test was conducted to examine the system characteristics and the analysis method of dual images. Furthermore, the animal tests were classified into two types, with liver tumors implanted either on the backs or livers of rats. The tumors on the backs were to visually confirm the imaging results of the phantom test, and the tumors on the livers were to simulate real cases in hepatocellular carcinoma people. RESULTS A phantom test was conducted using the proposed analysis method; favorable contour agreement was shown between the MNP distribution in optical and magnetic images. Consequently, the positioning and discrimination of liver tumors implanted on the backs and livers of rats were verified by conducting in vivo and ex vivo tests. The results of tissue staining verified the feasibility of using this method to determine the distribution of liver tumors. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate the clinical potential of using anti-AFP-mediated MNPs and the dual-imaging model SSB for discriminating and locating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jie Chieh
- Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Wen Huang
- Department of Surgery and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Yan Lee
- Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chun Wei
- Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan.
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20
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Fokas E, O'Neill E, Gordon-Weeks A, Mukherjee S, McKenna WG, Muschel RJ. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: From genetics to biology to radiobiology to oncoimmunology and all the way back to the clinic. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1855:61-82. [PMID: 25489989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death. Despite improvements in the clinical management, the prognosis of PDAC remains dismal. In the present comprehensive review, we will examine the knowledge of PDAC genetics and the new insights into human genome sequencing and clonal evolution. Additionally, the biology and the role of the stroma in tumour progression and response to treatment will be presented. Furthermore, we will describe the evidence on tumour chemoresistance and radioresistance and will provide an overview on the recent advances in PDAC metabolism and circulating tumour cells. Next, we will explore the characteristics and merits of the different mouse models of PDAC. The inflammatory milieu and the immunosuppressive microenvironment mediate tumour initiation and treatment failure. Hence, we will also review the inflammatory and immune escaping mechanisms and the new immunotherapies tested in PDAC. A better understanding of the different mechanisms of tumour formation and progression will help us to identify the best targets for testing in future clinical studies of PDAC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/therapy
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Inflammation/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/immunology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Fokas
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Eric O'Neill
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Gordon-Weeks
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - W Gillies McKenna
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Lin Q, Aihara A, Chung W, Li Y, Chen X, Huang Z, Weng S, Carlson RI, Nadolny C, Wands JR, Dong X. LRH1 promotes pancreatic cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett 2014; 350:15-24. [PMID: 24769073 PMCID: PMC10068836 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional factor liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1) regulates pancreatic development, and may participate in pancreatic oncogenesis through activation of growth factor signaling transduction cascades. We measured transcriptional activity of β-catenin in response to LRH1 stimulation by a Topflash reporter assay. The pancreatic cancer (PC) phenotype was then characterized by cell migration, wound healing, invasion, and sphere formation in vitro, as well as tumor formation and distant metastatic spread in vivo. We compared results between vector control and LRH1-overexpressing stable PC cell lines. In addition, tumor burden, angiogenesis, histologic characteristics, and hepatic spread were assessed in orthotopic and experimental liver metastatic murine models. Expression of downstream LRH1 related genes was evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry in PC cell lines and human tumor specimens. Specific inhibition of LRH1 expression and function was accomplished by shRNAs "knockdown" experiments. It was found that LRH1 enhanced transcriptional activity of β-catenin and the expression of downstream target genes (c-Myc, MMP2/9), as well as promoted migration, wound healing, invasion, and sphere formation of PC cell lines. Specific inhibition of LRH1 by shRNAs reduced cell migration, invasion, sphere formation and expression of c-Myc and MMP2/9 target genes. Mice injected with LRH1 overexpressing stable PC cells developed tumors with increased size and exhibited striking hepatic metastatic spread. More important, LRH1 was overexpressed in PC tumors compared to adjacent normal pancreas. Our findings demonstrate that LRH1 overexpression is associated with increased PC growth and metastatic spread, indicating that LRH1-targeted therapy could inhibit tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Lin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Arihiro Aihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, United States
| | - Waihong Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, United States
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Bacteriologic Laboratory, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150056, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zheping Huang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Shaofan Weng
- Department of Occupational Health Assessment, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen 518001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rolf I Carlson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, United States
| | - Christina Nadolny
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Jack R Wands
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, United States
| | - Xiaoqun Dong
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
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Lesina M, Wörmann SM, Neuhöfer P, Song L, Algül H. Interleukin-6 in inflammatory and malignant diseases of the pancreas. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Long J, Luo GP, Xiao ZW, Liu ZQ, Guo M, Liu L, Liu C, Xu J, Gao YT, Zheng Y, Wu C, Ni QX, Li M, Yu X. Cancer statistics: current diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer in Shanghai, China. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:273-7. [PMID: 24462819 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A multi-center population-based study in Shanghai, China was performed to explore the implications for the management of pancreatic cancer by comparing diagnosis and survival rates. Novel imaging modalities including MRI (13.9%), PET/CT (1.8%), and EUS (5.6%) were not widely used in our population. Only 39.7% of cases were histologically verified (surgery with histologic diagnosis 31.0%, cytological diagnosis 8.7%, surgery without histologic diagnosis 12.1%, and clinical diagnosis 48.2%). Overall, 30.0% of patients underwent curative-intent operation, and only 9.8% of patients received comprehensive treatment. The prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients was significantly better for patients who were treated in high-volume centers than in low-volume centers. We propose that more effort should be put on novel diagnostic modalities, histological confirmation, and comprehensive treatment in China. Multidisciplinary teams specialized in pancreatic cancer therapy in high-volume centers are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Guo-pei Luo
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zhi-wen Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zu-qiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yu-tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Quan-xing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Knockdown of Oct4 and Nanog expression inhibits the stemness of pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 340:113-23. [PMID: 23872274 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is notorious for its difficult diagnosis at early stage and poor recurrence-free prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of Oct4 and Nanog in pancreatic cancer. The high expressions of Oct4 and Nanog in human pancreatic cancer tissues were found to indicate a worse prognostic value of patients. The pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSCs) that isolated from PANC-1 cell line by flow cytometry exhibited high expressions of Oct4 and Nanog. To investigate whether Oct4 and Nanog play crucial role in maintaining the stemness of PCSCs, double knockdown of Oct4 and Nanog demonstrated that Oct4 and Nanog significantly reduced proliferation, migration, invasion, chemoresistance, and tumorigenesis of PCSCs in vitro and in vivo. The altered expression of the genes related to pancreatic carcinogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) might affect the biological characteristics of PCSCs. Our results suggest that Oct4 and Nanog may serve as a potential marker of prognosis and a novel target of therapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Luo G, Long J, Cui X, Xiao Z, Liu Z, Shi S, Liu L, Liu C, Xu J, Li M, Yu X. Highly lymphatic metastatic pancreatic cancer cells possess stem cell-like properties. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:979-84. [PMID: 23338123 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are thought to be the origin of tumor metastasis. However, evidence of cancer stem cells as the source of lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic cancer is not clear. In this study, we examined the stem cell-like properties of the highly lymphatic metastatic pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3-LN. Compared with the parental BxPC-3 cells, the BxPC-3-LN cells showed stem cell-like properties, including high lymphatic metastasis potential, self-renewal ability and chemoresistance. In addition, the BxPC-3-LN cells also expressed higher levels of sonic hedgehog and migrating cancer stem cell surface markers (CD133 and CXCR4) compared to the parental BxPC-3 cells. The growth of BxPC-3-LN cells was significantly inhibited by gemcitabine combined with the sonic hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine. The BxPC-3-LN cells expressed lower levels of let-7, miR-34, miR-107, miR-125, miR-128, miR-130, miR-132 and miR-141 than the parental BxPC-3 cells detected by microRNA PCR array, which were reported to have close relation to stem cell factors. This study provides evidence that cancer stem cells are the major sources of pancreatic cancer lymphatic metastasis, and microRNAs may regulate lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic cancer through modulating cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopei Luo
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Wörmann SM, Algül H. Risk Factors and Therapeutic Targets in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:282. [PMID: 24303367 PMCID: PMC3831165 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Maria Wörmann
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Hana Algül, II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany e-mail:
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Zhang Y, Chen L, Yang J, Fleming JB, Chiao PJ, Logsdon CD, Li M. Study human pancreatic cancer in mice: how close are they? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:110-8. [PMID: 23147198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths and is characterized by dismal prognosis. Xenograft and genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models have recapitulated critical elements of human pancreatic cancer, providing useful tools to probe the underlying cause of cancer etiology. In this review, we provide a brief description of the common genetic lesions that occur during the development of pancreatic cancer. Next, we describe the strengths and weaknesses of these two models and highlight key discoveries each has made. Although the relative merits of GEM and xenograft pancreatic cancer mouse models are subject to debate, both systems have and will continue to yield essential insights in understanding pancreatic cancer etiology. This information is critical for the development of new methods to screen, treat, and prevent pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
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28
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Long J, Luo G, Liu C, Cui X, Satoh K, Xiao Z, Zhang B, Xu J, Ni Q, Li M, Yu X. Development of a unique mouse model for pancreatic cancer lymphatic metastasis. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1662-8. [PMID: 22941445 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis of pancreatic cancer is a predictor of poor prognosis. However, the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown, thus, making the development of appropriate cell lines and experimental models critically important for future investigations. The purpose of the present study was to establish a 'pancreatic cancer cell and mouse model with high lymphatic metastasis potential' for in-depth study of the underlying mechanisms. The BxPC-3-LN subline, derived from the BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cell line, was established through serial passages in nude mice via footpad injections. The subline was able to develop notable lymphatic metastases in 100% of the recipient mice 8 weeks after tumor cell implantation. Compared with the parental BxPC-3 cells, BxPC-3-LN cells were more aggressive, displaying invasive ultrastructure, increased migration and invasion ability, and chemoresistance. Metastasis-related gene alteration including upregulation of MMP14, MMP24, MIF and ADRM1, and downregulation of TGFB2 and ROBO1 were also observed in BxPC-3-LN cells by cDNA microarrays. Thus, the newly selected BxPC-3-LN subline can serve as a unique model for further study of lymphatic metastasis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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29
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Cen P, Ni X, Yang J, Graham DY, Li M. Circulating tumor cells in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:350-6. [PMID: 22683404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancers are typically resistant to chemo and radiation therapy and are predisposed to distant metastases. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells disseminated from primary and metastatic sites and can be isolated from peripheral blood. CTC may overcome the limitation of the current available tumor markers, CA19-9. As a surrogate for 'real-time biopsy', CTCs allow recurrent assessment of a tumor's biological activity. We review the current methodologies for CTC extraction and characterization including antibody-based immunological assays, PCR-based assays, and novel technologies based on the physical or biological characteristics of CTCs. CTCs also provide an accessible link to the existence of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, tumor stem cell markers, and ongoing clonal mutations and epigenetic changes in the tumor. We also explore the potential of using CTC profiling in diagnosis, selection of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, detection of recurrent disease, examination of pharmacodynamic biomarkers, as well as in gene therapy and immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Ongoing CTC characterization not only has the potential to represent all cells shed from primary pancreatic tumor and each metastatic site, but also allows dynamic sampling at multiple time points during the clinical course to identify the subpopulations of CTCs and the specific molecules driving metastasis and chemo resistance. We predict that CTC genotyping and phenotyping will play an increasing role in personalized therapy and in identification of novel therapeutic targets as well as monitoring the course and status of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putao Cen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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