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Cai C, Liu Q, Shan H, Zhong C, Chen G, Cai Z, Zheng Y, Lu J, Tang J, Lin Z. Aberrant Super-Enhancer Landscape in Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2024; 28:243-256. [PMID: 38722048 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2023.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which has developed resistance to next-generation antiandrogens, such as enzalutamide (Enz), is a lethal disease. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation by super enhancers (SEs) is crucial for the growth and spread of prostate cancer, as well as drug resistance. The functions of SEs, a significant class of noncoding DNA cis-regulatory elements, have been the subject of numerous recent studies in the field of cancer research. Materials and Methods: The goal of this research was to identify SEs associated with Enz resistance in C4-2B cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&Tag). Using HOMER analysis to predict protein/gene-binding motifs, we identified master transcription factors (TFs) that may bind to SE sites. Using small interfering RNA, WST-1 assays, and qRT-PCR, we then confirmed the associations between TFs of SEs and Enz resistance. Results: A total of 999 SEs were screened from C4-2B EnzR cells in total. Incorporating analysis with RNA-seq data revealed 41 SEs to be strongly associated with the promotion of Enz resistance. In addition, we finally predicted that master TFs bind to SE-binding regions. Subsequently, we selected zinc finger protein 467 (ZFP467) and SMAD family member 3 to confirm the functional connections of master TFs with Enz resistance through SEs (ZNF467). Conclusions: In this study, SMAD3 and ZNF467 were found to be closely related to Enz-resistant CRPC. Our research uncovered a sizable group of SEs linked to Enz resistance in prostate cancer, dissected the mechanisms underlying SE Enz resistance, and shed light on potential clinical uses for SEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cai
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinwei Liu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Shan
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanfan Zhong
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guidong Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouda Cai
- Department of Andrology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Andrology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Lin
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Bao Y, Yan Z, Shi N, Tian X, Li J, Li T, Cheng X, Lv J. LCN2: Versatile players in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116091. [PMID: 38171248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein that is produced by immune cells, including neutrophils and macrophages. It serves various functions such as transporting hydrophobic ligands across the cellular membrane, regulating immune responses, keeping iron balance, and fostering epithelial cell differentiation. LCN2 plays a crucial role in several physiological processes. LCN2 expression is upregulated in a variety of human diseases and cancers. High levels of LCN2 are specifically linked to breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, immune regulation, chemotherapy resistance, and prognosis. As a result, LCN2 has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target for BC. This article offered an in-depth review of the advancement of LCN2 in the context of BC occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Bao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Zhongliang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Nianmei Shi
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China.
| | - Junyuan Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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3
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Zheng Y, Wang Y, Lu Z, Wan J, Jiang L, Song D, Wei C, Gao C, Shi G, Zhou J, Fan J, Ke A, Zhou L, Cai J. PGAM1 Inhibition Promotes HCC Ferroptosis and Synergizes with Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301928. [PMID: 37705495 PMCID: PMC10582428 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The combination of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy exhibits promising therapeutic efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here, phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) is identified as a novel immunometabolic target by using a bioinformatic algorithm based on multiple HCC datasets. PGAM1 is highly expressed in HCC and associated with a poor prognosis and a poor response to immunotherapy. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that targeting PGAM1 inhibited HCC cell growth and promoted the infiltration of CD8+ T-cells due to decreased enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, inhibition of PGAM1 promotes HCC cell ferroptosis by downregulating Lipocalin (LCN2) by inducing energy stress and ROS-dependent AKT inhibition, which can also downregulate Programmed death 1-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Moreover, an allosteric PGAM1 inhibitor (KH3) exhibits good antitumor effects in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and enhanced the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC models. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that PGAM1 inhibition exerts an antitumor effect by promoting ferroptosis and CD8+ T-cell infiltration and can synergize with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in HCC. Targeting PGAM1 can be a promising new strategy of "killing two birds with one stone" for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zheng
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Jinkai Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical EpigeneticsInternational Co‐laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and MetabolismMinistry of Science and TechnologyInstitutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Lulu Jiang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyFudan UniversityShanghai201203P. R. China
| | - Danjun Song
- Department of Interventional TherapyThe Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC)Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouZhejiang310022P. R. China
| | - Chuanyuan Wei
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Guoming Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Aiwu Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyFudan UniversityShanghai201203P. R. China
| | - Jiabin Cai
- Department of Liver Surgery and TransplantationLiver Cancer InstituteZhongshan HospitalFudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer InvasionShanghai Key Laboratory of Organ TransplantationZhongshan HospitalShanghai200032P. R. China
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4
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Xu D, Liu Z, Liang MX, Fei YJ, Zhang W, Wu Y, Tang JH. Endoplasmic reticulum stress targeted therapy for breast cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:174. [PMCID: PMC9639265 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance are still big challenges in breast cancer therapy. Internal and external stresses have been proven to substantially facilitate breast cancer progression through molecular and systemic mechanisms. For example, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) results in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which are considered an important cellular stress response. More and more reports indicate its key role in protein homeostasis and other diverse functions involved in the process of breast cancer progression. Therefore, therapies targeting the activation of ERS and its downstream signaling pathways are potentially helpful and novel tools to counteract and fight breast cancer. However, recent advances in our understanding of ERS are focused on characterizing and modulating ERS between healthy and disease states, and so little attention has been paid to studying the role and clinical application of targeting ERS in a certain cancer. In this review, we summarize the function and main mechanisms of ERS in different molecular types of breast cancer, and focus on the development of agents targeting ERS to provide new treatment strategies for breast cancer.
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5
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Yu M, Lun J, Zhang H, Wang L, Zhang G, Zhang H, Fang J. Targeting UPR branches, a potential strategy for enhancing efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1417-1427. [PMID: 34664059 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are often exposed to cell intrinsic stresses and environmental perturbations that may lead to accumulation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a cellular condition known as ER stress. In response to ER stress, the cells elicit an adaptive process called unfolded protein response (UPR) to cope with the stress, supporting cellular homeostasis and survival. The ER stress sensors inositol requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3, also called PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) constitute the three branches of UPR to resolve ER stress. IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6 play an important role in tumor cell growth and survival. They are also involved in chemotherapy resistance of cancers. These have generated widespread interest in targeting these UPR branches for cancer treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6 in cancer progression and drug resistance and we summarize the research advances in targeting these UPR branches to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Yu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jie Lun
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Oncology Department, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Haisheng Zhang
- Center for Cancer Targeted Therapies, Signet Therapeutics Inc., Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
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6
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Chern YJ, Tai IT. Adaptive response of resistant cancer cells to chemotherapy. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:842-863. [PMID: 33299639 PMCID: PMC7721100 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer therapeutics and the integration of personalized medicine, the development of chemoresistance in many patients remains a significant contributing factor to cancer mortality. Upon treatment with chemotherapeutics, the disruption of homeostasis in cancer cells triggers the adaptive response which has emerged as a key resistance mechanism. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic studies investigating the three major components of the adaptive response, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, and senescence, in response to cancer chemotherapy. We will discuss the development of potential cancer therapeutic strategies in the context of these adaptive resistance mechanisms, with the goal of stimulating research that may facilitate the development of effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jye Chern
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada.,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Isabella T Tai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada.,Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1L3, Canada
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7
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Sisinni L, Pietrafesa M, Lepore S, Maddalena F, Condelli V, Esposito F, Landriscina M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Breast Cancer: The Balance between Apoptosis and Autophagy and Its Role in Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040857. [PMID: 30781465 PMCID: PMC6412864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response activated by the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its uncontrolled activation is mechanistically responsible for several human pathologies, including metabolic, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Indeed, ER stress and the downstream UPR activation lead to changes in the levels and activities of key regulators of cell survival and autophagy and this is physiologically finalized to restore metabolic homeostasis with the integration of pro-death or/and pro-survival signals. By contrast, the chronic activation of UPR in cancer cells is widely considered a mechanism of tumor progression. In this review, we focus on the relationship between ER stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in human breast cancer and the interplay between the activation of UPR and resistance to anticancer therapies with the aim to disclose novel therapeutic scenarios. The hypothesis that autophagy and UPR may provide novel molecular targets in human malignancies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Michele Pietrafesa
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Silvia Lepore
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Francesca Maddalena
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Valentina Condelli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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8
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Pfeifhofer-Obermair C, Tymoszuk P, Petzer V, Weiss G, Nairz M. Iron in the Tumor Microenvironment-Connecting the Dots. Front Oncol 2018; 8:549. [PMID: 30534534 PMCID: PMC6275298 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism and tumor biology are intimately linked. Iron facilitates the production of oxygen radicals, which may either result in iron-induced cell death, ferroptosis, or contribute to mutagenicity and malignant transformation. Once transformed, malignant cells require high amounts of iron for proliferation. In addition, iron has multiple regulatory effects on the immune system, thus affecting tumor surveillance by immune cells. For these reasons, inconsiderate iron supplementation in cancer patients has the potential of worsening disease course and outcome. On the other hand, chronic immune activation in the setting of malignancy alters systemic iron homeostasis and directs iron fluxes into myeloid cells. While this response aims at withdrawing iron from tumor cells, it may impair the effector functions of tumor-associated macrophages and will result in iron-restricted erythropoiesis and the development of anemia, subsequently. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the interconnections of iron homeostasis with cancer biology, discusses current clinical controversies in the treatment of anemia of cancer and focuses on the potential roles of iron in the solid tumor microenvironment, also speculating on yet unknown molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Pfeifhofer-Obermair
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Hu C, Yang K, Li M, Huang W, Zhang F, Wang H. Lipocalin 2: a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8099-8106. [PMID: 30519052 PMCID: PMC6239117 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s181223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although systematic therapeutic approaches have reduced cancer-associated mortality, metastatic breast cancer can still evade therapy, particularly triple-negative breast cancer, which remains associated with high rates of cancer metastasis and has the worst clinical prognosis. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein that transports small lipophilic ligands. Its abnormal expression serves critical roles in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process, angiogenesis, and cell migration and invasion in breast cancer. Notably, LCN2 functions as an initiator of carcinogenesis and metastasis by involving multiple signaling pathways. The present review aims to summarize research findings on the abnormal expression of LCN2 in breast cancer progression. Furthermore, the review highlights the latest developments of potential LCN2-targeting agents and proposed LCN2-associated molecular mechanisms with regard to breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiping Huang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
| | - Fengxue Zhang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
| | - Hongqi Wang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
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10
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Chung IH, Wu TI, Liao CJ, Hu JY, Lin YH, Tai PJ, Lai CH, Lin KH. Overexpression of lipocalin 2 in human cervical cancer enhances tumor invasion. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11113-26. [PMID: 26840566 PMCID: PMC4905461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma is the third-most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the metastasis of cervical cancer are still unclear. Oligonucleotide microarrays coupled with bioinformatics analysis show that cytoskeletal remodeling and epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition (EMT) are significant pathways in clinical specimens of cervical cancer. In accord with clinical observations demonstrating ectopic expression of lipocalin 2 (LCN2), an oncogenic protein associated with EMT, in malignant tumors, was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer and correlated with lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of LCN2 enhanced tumor cell migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, knockdown or neutralization of LCN2 reduced tumor cell migration and invasion. LCN2-induced migration was stimulated by activation of the EMT-associated proteins, Snail, Twist, N-cadherin, fibronectin, and MMP-9. Our findings collectively support a potential role of LCN2 in cancer cell invasion through the EMT pathway and suggest that LCN2 could be effectively utilized as a lymph node metastasis marker in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsiao Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333
| | - Tzu-I Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan 116
| | - Chia-Jung Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333
| | - Jin-Yo Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333
| | - Pei-Ju Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333
| | - Chyong-Huey Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333.,Gynecologic Cancer Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung University and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333
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Avril T, Vauléon E, Chevet E. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and chemotherapy resistance in solid cancers. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e373. [PMID: 28846078 PMCID: PMC5608920 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive cellular program used by eukaryotic cells to cope with protein misfolding stress. During tumor development, cancer cells are facing intrinsic (oncogene activation) and extrinsic (limiting nutrient or oxygen supply) challenges, with which they must cope to survive. Moreover, chemotherapy represents an additional extrinsic challenge that cancer cells are facing and to which they adapt in the case of resistance. As of today, resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapies is one of the important issues that oncologists have to deal with for treating cancer patients. In this review, we first describe the key molecular mechanisms controlling the UPR and their implication in solid cancers. Then, we review the literature that connects cancer chemotherapy resistance mechanisms and activation of the UPR. Finally, we discuss the possible applications of targeting the UPR to bypass drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Avril
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling', Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - E Vauléon
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling', Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - E Chevet
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling', Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
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Yamada Y, Miyamoto T, Kashima H, Kobara H, Asaka R, Ando H, Higuchi S, Ida K, Shiozawa T. Lipocalin 2 attenuates iron-related oxidative stress and prolongs the survival of ovarian clear cell carcinoma cells by up-regulating the CD44 variant. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:414-25. [PMID: 26729415 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1134795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) arises from ovarian endometriosis. Intra-cystic fluid contains abundant amounts of free iron, which causes persistent oxidative stress, a factor that has been suggested to induce malignant transformation. However, the mechanisms linking oxidative stress and carcinogenesis in CCC currently remain unclear. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a multifunctional secretory protein, functions as an iron transporter as well as an antioxidant. Therefore, we herein examined the roles of LCN2 in the regulation of intracellular iron concentrations, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and antioxidative functions using LCN2-overexpressing (ES2), and LCN2-silenced (RMG-1) CCC cell lines. The results of calcein staining indicated that the up-regulated expression of LCN2 correlated with increases in intracellular iron concentrations. However, a DCFH-DA assay and 8OHdG staining revealed that LCN2 reduced intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Furthermore, the expression of LCN2 suppressed hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis and prolonged cell survival, suggesting an antioxidative role for LCN2. The expression of mRNAs and proteins for various oxidative stress-catalyzing enzymes, such as heme oxygenase (HO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase, was not affected by LCN2, whereas the intracellular concentration of the potent antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), was increased by LCN2. Furthermore, the expression of xCT, a cystine transporter protein, and CD44 variant 8-10 (CD44v), a stem cell marker, was up-regulated by LCN2. Although LCN2 increased intracellular iron concentrations, LCN2-induced GSH may catalyze and override oxidative stress via CD44v and xCT, and subsequently enhance the survival of CCC cells in oxidative stress-rich endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yamada
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miyamoto
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kashima
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Hisanori Kobara
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Ryoichi Asaka
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ando
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Shotaro Higuchi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Koichi Ida
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Tanri Shiozawa
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
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Abstract
Over 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed annually within the USA. Recurrent breast cancer remains a mostly incurable disease with drug resistance, tumor latency and distant metastases driving breast tumor recurrence and morbidity. Understanding drug resistance is a critical component of combating breast cancer. Recently, the protein chaperone GRP78 and the unfolded protein response were implicated as drivers of drug resistance. Preclinical studies show inhibiting GRP78 can reverse drug resistance. Furthermore, drugs developed to target GRP78 show clinical promise in several ongoing clinical trials.
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14
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Liang X, Sun S, Zhang X, Wu H, Tao W, Liu T, Wei W, Geng J, Pang D. Expression of ribosome-binding protein 1 correlates with shorter survival in Her-2 positive breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:740-746. [PMID: 25845758 PMCID: PMC4471791 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of ribosome-binding protein 1 (RRBP1) in invasive breast cancer and to analyze its relationship to clinical features and prognosis. RRBP1 expression was studied using real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting using pair-matched breast samples and immunohistochemical staining using a tissue microarray. Then the correlation between RRBP1 expression and clinicopathologic features was analyzed. RRBP1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased in breast cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. The protein level of RRBP1 is proved to be positively related to histological grade (P = 0.02), molecular subtype (P = 0.048) and status of Her-2 (P = 0.026) and P53 (P = 0.015). We performed a grade-stratified analysis of all patients according to the level of RRBP1 expression and found that RRBP1 overexpression highly affected overall survival in patients with early-stage (I and II) tumors (P = 0.042). Furthermore, Her-2 positive patients with negative RRBP1 expression had longer overall survival rates than those with positive RRBP1 expression (P = 0.031). Using multivariate analysis, it was determined that lymph node metastasis (LNM, P = 0.002) and RRBP1 expression (P = 0.005) were independent prognosis factors for overall survival. RRBP1 is a valuable prognostic factor in Her-2-positive breast cancer patients, indicating that RRBP1 is a potentially important target for the prediction of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuan Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xianyu Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Weiyang Tao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jingshu Geng
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.,North (China) Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
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mRNA profiling reveals determinants of trastuzumab efficiency in HER2-positive breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117818. [PMID: 25710561 PMCID: PMC4339844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired resistance to the monoclonal antibody drug trastuzumab is a major problem in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms could help to develop new agents. Our intention was to detect genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting trastuzumab efficiency in cell culture. Three HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines with different resistance phenotypes were analyzed. We chose BT474 as model of trastuzumab sensitivity, HCC1954 as model of intrinsic resistance, and BTR50, derived from BT474, as model of acquired resistance. Based on RNA-Seq data, we performed differential expression analyses on these cell lines with and without trastuzumab treatment. Differentially expressed genes between the resistant cell lines and BT474 are expected to contribute to resistance. Differentially expressed genes between untreated and trastuzumab treated BT474 are expected to contribute to drug efficacy. To exclude false positives from the candidate gene set, we removed genes that were also differentially expressed between untreated and trastuzumab treated BTR50. We further searched for SNPs in the untreated cell lines which could contribute to trastuzumab resistance. The analysis resulted in 54 differentially expressed candidate genes that might be connected to trastuzumab efficiency. 90% of 40 selected candidates were validated by RT-qPCR. ALPP, CALCOCO1, CAV1, CYP1A2 and IGFBP3 were significantly higher expressed in the trastuzumab treated than in the untreated BT474 cell line. GDF15, IL8, LCN2, PTGS2 and 20 other genes were significantly higher expressed in HCC1954 than in BT474, while NCAM2, COLEC12, AFF3, TFF3, NRCAM, GREB1 and TFF1 were significantly lower expressed. Additionally, we inferred SNPs in HCC1954 for CAV1, PTGS2, IL8 and IGFBP3. The latter also had a variation in BTR50. 20% of the validated subset have already been mentioned in literature. For half of them we called and analyzed SNPs. These results contribute to a better understanding of trastuzumab action and resistance mechanisms.
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Notte A, Rebucci M, Fransolet M, Roegiers E, Genin M, Tellier C, Watillon K, Fattaccioli A, Arnould T, Michiels C. Taxol-induced unfolded protein response activation in breast cancer cells exposed to hypoxia: ATF4 activation regulates autophagy and inhibits apoptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:1-14. [PMID: 25724736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the resistance against chemotherapy-induced cell death is still of great interest since the number of patients with cancer increases and relapse is commonly observed. Indeed, the development of hypoxic regions as well as UPR (unfolded protein response) activation is known to promote cancer cell adaptive responses to the stressful tumor microenvironment and resistance against anticancer therapies. Therefore, the impact of UPR combined to hypoxia on autophagy and apoptosis activation during taxol exposure was investigated in MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cells. The results showed that taxol rapidly induced UPR activation and that hypoxia modulated taxol-induced UPR activation differently according to the different UPR pathways (PERK, ATF6, and IRE1α). The putative involvement of these signaling pathways in autophagy or in apoptosis regulation in response to taxol exposure was investigated. However, while no link between the activation of these three ER stress sensors and autophagy or apoptosis regulation could be evidenced, results showed that ATF4 activation, which occurs independently of UPR activation, was involved in taxol-induced autophagy completion. In addition, an ATF4-dependent mechanism leading to cancer cell adaptation and resistance against taxol-induced cell death was evidenced. Finally, our results demonstrate that expression of ATF4, in association with hypoxia-induced genes, can be used as a biomarker of a poor prognosis for human breast cancer patients supporting the conclusion that ATF4 might play an important role in adaptation and resistance of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy in hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Notte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Magali Rebucci
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Maude Fransolet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Edith Roegiers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Marie Genin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Celine Tellier
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Kassandra Watillon
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Antoine Fattaccioli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Carine Michiels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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