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Nguyen A, Sung Y, Lee SH, Martin CE, Srikanth S, Chen W, Kang MK, Kim RH, Park NH, Gwack Y, Kim Y, Shin KH. Orai3 Calcium Channel Contributes to Oral/Oropharyngeal Cancer Stemness through the Elevation of ID1 Expression. Cells 2023; 12:2225. [PMID: 37759448 PMCID: PMC10527097 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels and their regulatory proteins play essential roles in normal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of cancer cells that retain characteristics similar to stem cells and play an essential role in cancer progression. Recent studies have reported that the Orai3 calcium channel plays an oncogenic role in human cancer. However, its role in CSCs remains underexplored. In this study, we explored the effects of Orai3 in the progression and stemness of oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). During the course of OSCC progression, the expression of Orai3 exhibited a stepwise augmentation. Notably, Orai3 was highly enriched in CSC populations of OSCC. Ectopic Orai3 expression in non-tumorigenic immortalized oral epithelial cells increased the intracellular Ca2+ levels, acquiring malignant growth and CSC properties. Conversely, silencing of the endogenous Orai3 in OSCC cells suppressed the CSC phenotype, indicating a pivotal role of Orai3 in CSC regulation. Moreover, Orai3 markedly increased the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1), a stemness transcription factor. Orai3 and ID1 exhibited elevated expression within CSCs compared to their non-CSC counterparts, implying the functional importance of the Orai3/ID1 axis in CSC regulation. Furthermore, suppression of ID1 abrogated the CSC phenotype in the cell with ectopic Orai3 overexpression and OSCC. Our study reveals that Orai3 is a novel functional CSC regulator in OSCC and further suggests that Orai3 plays an oncogenic role in OSCC by promoting cancer stemness via ID1 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nguyen
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Youngjae Sung
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Sung Hee Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Charlotte Ellen Martin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Sonal Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.N.)
| | - Mo K. Kang
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.N.)
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reuben H. Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.N.)
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.N.)
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yong Kim
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cancer Epigenetics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ki-Hyuk Shin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.N.)
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Richard V, Nair MG, Jaikumar VS, Jones S, Prabhu JS, Kerin MJ. Cell State Transitions and Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Luminal Breast Cancer Implicating MicroRNAs as Potential Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043497. [PMID: 36834918 PMCID: PMC9967449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Luminal breast cancer subtypes respond poorly to endocrine and trastuzumab treatments due to cellular heterogeneity arising from the phenotype transitions, accounted for mainly by the loss of receptor expression. The origins of basal-like and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-overexpressing breast cancer subtypes have been attributed to genetic and protein modifications in stem-like cells and luminal progenitor cell populations, respectively. The post-transcriptional regulation of protein expression is known to be influenced by microRNAs (miRNAs) that are deemed to be master regulators of several biological processes in breast tumorigenesis and progression. Our objective was to identify the fractions of luminal breast cancer cells that share stemness potentials and marker profiles and to elucidate the molecular regulatory mechanism that drives transitions between fractions, leading to receptor discordances. Established breast cancer cell lines of all prominent subtypes were screened for the expression of putative cancer stem cell (CSC) markers and drug transporter proteins using a side population (SP) assay. Flow-cytometry-sorted fractions of luminal cancer cells implanted in immunocompromised mice generated a pre-clinical estrogen receptor alpha (ERα+) animal model with multiple tumorigenic fractions displaying differential expression of drug transporters and hormone receptors. Despite an abundance of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene transcripts, few fractions transitioned to the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) phenotype with a visible loss of ER protein expression and a distinct microRNA expression profile that is reportedly enriched in breast CSCs. The translation of this study has the potential to provide novel therapeutic miRNA-based targets to counter the dreaded subtype transitions and the failure of antihormonal therapies in the luminal breast cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Richard
- Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, University of Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Madhumathy G. Nair
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore 560034, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishnu S. Jaikumar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695585, Kerala, India
| | - Sara Jones
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695585, Kerala, India
| | - Jyothi S. Prabhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore 560034, Karnataka, India
| | - Michael J. Kerin
- Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, University of Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (M.J.K.)
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Yuan SSF, Hung AC, Hsu CW, Lan TH, Su CW, Chi TC, Chang YC, Chen YK, Wang YY. CD44 Mediates Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Promoting Activity of MRE11 via AKT Signaling. J Pers Med 2022; 12:841. [PMID: 35629265 PMCID: PMC9144890 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the highest-incidence malignancies worldwide, with the occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) being the most frequently diagnosed form. A barrier for oral cancer management may arise from tumor cells that possess properties of cancer stemness, which has been recognized as a crucial factor in tumor recurrence and metastasis. As such, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these tumor cells may provide insights for improving cancer treatment. MRE11 is the core protein of the RAD50/MRE11/NBS1 complex with a primary role in DNA damage repair, and it has been diversely associated with tumor development including OSCC. In this study, we aimed to investigate the engagement of CD44, a cancer stemness marker functioning in the control of cell growth and motility, in OSCC malignancy under the influence of MRE11. We found that overexpression of MRE11 enhanced CD44 expression and tumorsphere formation in OSCC cells, whereas knockdown of MRE11 reduced these phenomena. In addition, the MRE11-promoted tumorsphere formation or cell migration ability was compromised in OSCC cells carrying siRNA that targets CD44, as was the MRE11-promoted AKT phosphorylation. These were further supported by analyzing clinical samples, where higher CD44 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis. Additionally, a positive correlation between the expression of MRE11 and CD44, or that of CD44 and phosphorylated AKT, was observed in OSCC tumor tissues. Finally, the expression of CD44 was found to be higher in the metastatic lung nodules from mice receiving tail vein-injection with MRE11-overexpressing OSCC cells compared with control mice, and a positive correlation between CD44 and phosphorylated AKT was also observed in these metastatic lung nodules. Altogether, our current study revealed a previously unidentified mechanism linking CD44 and AKT in MRE11-promoted OSCC malignancy, which may shed light to the development of novel therapeutic strategies in consideration of this new pathway in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyng-Shiou F. Yuan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (S.-S.F.Y.); (A.C.H.); (T.-C.C.)
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-W.H.); (C.-W.S.); (Y.-K.C.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Amos C. Hung
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (S.-S.F.Y.); (A.C.H.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Ching-Wei Hsu
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-W.H.); (C.-W.S.); (Y.-K.C.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsun Lan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Su
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-W.H.); (C.-W.S.); (Y.-K.C.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chen Chi
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (S.-S.F.Y.); (A.C.H.); (T.-C.C.)
| | - Yu-Chiuan Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-W.H.); (C.-W.S.); (Y.-K.C.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-W.H.); (C.-W.S.); (Y.-K.C.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
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Joshi J, Patel H, Bhavnagari H, Tarapara B, Pandit A, Shah F. Eliminating Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Oral Cancer by Targeting Elementary Signaling Pathways. Crit Rev Oncog 2022; 27:65-82. [PMID: 37199303 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2022047207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a heterogeneous, aggressive, and complex entity. Current major treatment options for the disease are surgery, chemo, and/or radiotherapy either alone or in combination with each other. Each treatment method has its own limitations such as a significant journey with deformities and a protracted rehabilitation process leading to loss of self-esteem, loss of tolerance, and therapeutic side effects. Conventional therapies are frequently experienced with regimen resistance and recurrence attributed to the cancer stem cells (CSCs). Given that CSCs exert their tumorigenesis by affecting several cellular and molecular targets and pathways an improved understanding of CSCs' actions is required. Hence, more research is recommended to fully understand the fundamental mechanisms driving CSC-mediated treatment resistance. Despite the difficulties and disagreements surrounding the removal of CSCs from solid tumors, a great amount of knowledge has been derived from the characterization of CSCs. Various efforts have been made to identify the CSCs using several cell surface markers. In the current review, we will discuss numerous cell surface markers such as CD44, ALDH1, EPCAM, CD24, CD133, CD271, CD90, and Cripto-1 for identifying and isolating CSCs from primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Further, a spectrum of embryonic signaling pathways has been thought to be the main culprit of CSCs' active state in cancers, resulting in conventional therapeutic resistance. Hence, we discuss the functional and molecular bases of several signaling pathways such as the Wnt/beta;-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, and Hippo pathways and their associations with disease aggressiveness. Moreover, numerous inhibitors targeting the above mentioned signaling pathways have already been identified and some of them are already undergoing clinical trials. Hence, the present review encapsulates the characterization and effectiveness of the prospective potential targeted therapies for eradicating CSCs in oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna Joshi
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-III, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitarth Patel
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-III, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hunayna Bhavnagari
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-III, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhoomi Tarapara
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-III, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Apexa Pandit
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-III, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Franky Shah
- Molecular Diagnostic and Research Lab-III, Department of Cancer Biology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Martin CE, Nguyen A, Kang MK, Kim RH, Park NH, Shin KH. DYRK1A is required for maintenance of cancer stemness, contributing to tumorigenic potential in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112656. [PMID: 34033760 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
DYRK1A, one of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRKs), plays an important role in various biological processes by regulating downstream targets via kinase-dependent and independent mechanisms. Here, we report a novel role of DYRK1A in maintaining tumor growth and stemness of oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Deletion of DYRK1A from OSCC cells abrogated their in vivo tumorigenicity and self-renewal capacity, the key features of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs; also referred to as tumor-initiating cells). The DYRK1A deletion also induced the suppression of CSC populations and properties, such as migration ability and chemoresistance. Conversely, ectopic expression of DYRK1A in OSCC cells augmented their CSC phenotype. Among five DYRK members (DYRK1A, 1B, 2, 3, and 4), DYRK1A is the most dominantly expressed kinase, and its expression is upregulated in OSCC compared to normal oral epithelial cells. More importantly, DYRK1A was highly enriched in various CSC-enriched OSCC populations compared to their corresponding non-CSC populations, indicating its pivotal role in cancer progression and stemness. Further, our study revealed that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a key regulator in the DYRK1A-mediated CSC regulation. Functional studies demonstrated that the loss of DYRK1A inhibits CSC phenotype via reduction of FGF2. Overexpression of DYRK1A promotes CSC phenotype via upregulation of FGF2. Our study delineates a novel mechanism of cancer stemness regulation by DYRK1A-FGF2 axis in OSCC. Thus, inhibition of DYRK1A would lead to a potential novel therapeutic option for targeting CSCs in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ellen Martin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anthony Nguyen
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mo K Kang
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Reuben H Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ki-Hyuk Shin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Richard V, Kumar TRS, Pillai RM. Transitional dynamics of cancer stem cells in invasion and metastasis. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100909. [PMID: 33049522 PMCID: PMC7557893 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At the onset, few cancer cells amidst the tumor bulk, identified as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or early disseminated cancer cells (eDCCs) are capable of survival post conventional therapy and persist as minimal residual disease (MRD). Metastatic subclones emerge both early and late in the life of primary tumor ensuing an ongoing regional clonal evolution of progenitor cells in metastatic and primary tumors. In the last decade, multiple studies proposed various identities of stem-like cells that undergo transitions to adapt to the changing microenvironment as the disease progresses. This review advocates with substantial evidence the dynamic model of tumor propagation by exploring the specific cell types, reversible phenotypic plasticity between the tumorigenic leader seeds and the supporting follower cancer cells both in circulation and in solid tissue to accurately decipher tumor promoting clones and its role in metastatic dissemination and tumor re-growth. (142 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Richard
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala State, India
| | - T R Santhosh Kumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala State, India
| | - Radhakrishna M Pillai
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala State, India.
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The Combination of CD147 and MMP-9 Serum Levels Is Identified as Novel Chemotherapy Response Markers of Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8085053. [PMID: 32377273 PMCID: PMC7196144 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8085053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the correlation between the changes in serum concentrations of cluster of differentiation-147 (scCD147) and chemotherapy outcome in patients with NSCLC and evaluate the combination of scCD147 with serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (scMMP-9) levels in the prediction of chemotherapy response, eighty-two patients with advanced LC were enrolled. Newly diagnosed cases were treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. We measured scCD147 protein levels in LC cases by ELISA and used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to analyze the results. Four time points were chosen to examine the association between the changes in scCD147 and chemotherapy outcome: before chemotherapy and 21 days after the start of the first, second, and fourth chemotherapy cycles. We assessed the combination of scCD147 and scMMP-9 serum levels in predicting the chemotherapy response. scCD147 was higher in LC cases than that in healthy volunteers (HVs). scCD147 was associated with distant metastases and TNM stage. scCD147 and scMMP-9 appeared to be independent predictive factors for chemotherapy outcomes after the first and second chemotherapy cycles for patients with NSCLC. Multivariable analysis also demonstrated that variations in scCD147 and scMMP-9 could be independent factors for monitoring chemotherapy outcome for patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, when scCD147 and scMMP-9 are combined into a new risk model, it has a markedly better prediction of chemotherapy outcomes than each protein alone. scCD147 and MMP-9 are potential predictive biomarkers for efficacy, and their combination significantly improves the predictive power for chemotherapy response in patients with NSCLC.
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Cancer stem cells and oral cancer: insights into molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:113. [PMID: 32280305 PMCID: PMC7137421 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified as a little population of cancer cells, which have features as the same as the cells normal stem cells. There is enough knowledge of the CSCs responsibility for metastasis, medicine resistance, and cancer outbreak. Therefore, CSCs control possibly provides an efficient treatment intervention inhibiting tumor growth and invasion. In spite of the significance of targeting CSCs in treating cancer, few study comprehensively explored the nature of oral CSCs. It has been showed that oral CSCs are able to contribute to oral cancer progression though activation/inhibition a sequences of cellular and molecular pathways (microRNA network, histone modifications and calcium regulation). Hence, more understanding about the properties of oral cancers and their behaviors will help us to develop new therapeutic platforms. Head and neck CSCs remain a viable and intriguing option for targeted therapy. Multiple investigations suggested the major contribution of the CSCs to the metastasis, tumorigenesis, and resistance to the new therapeutic regimes. Therefore, experts in the field are examining the encouraging targeted therapeutic choices. In spite of the advancements, there are not enough information in this area and thus a magic bullet for targeting and eliminating the CSCs deviated us. Hence, additional investigations on the combined therapies against the head and neck CSCs could offer considerable achievements. The present research is a review of the recent information on oral CSCs, and focused on current advancements in new signaling pathways contributed to their stemness regulation. Moreover, we highlighted various therapeutic approaches against oral CSCs.
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Shin KH, Kim RH. An Updated Review of Oral Cancer Stem Cells and Their Stemness Regulation. Crit Rev Oncog 2019; 23:189-200. [PMID: 30311574 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2018027501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs; also known as tumor-initiating cells) are a small population of cancer cells that retain characteristics similar to those of normal stem cells. CSCs are known to be responsible for metastasis, drug resistance, and cancer recurrence. Thus, controlling CSCs may provide an effective therapeutic intervention that inhibits tumor growth and aggressiveness. Despite the importance of targeting CSCs in cancer therapy, the detailed nature of oral CSCs remains underexplored. This article reviews the current understanding of oral CSCs, with emphasis on recent advances in novel signaling pathways involved in their stemness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyuk Shin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Reuben H Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Lee SH, Kieu C, Martin CE, Han J, Chen W, Kim JS, Kang MK, Kim RH, Park NH, Kim Y, Shin KH. NFATc3 plays an oncogenic role in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas by promoting cancer stemness via expression of OCT4. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2306-2319. [PMID: 31040921 PMCID: PMC6481346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1-c4), a family of transcription factors, is involved in many biological processes by regulating various downstream target genes. However, their role in cancer progression remains controversial. We here report that NFATc3 is the dominant isoform of NFAT in human oral epithelial cells, and its expression was increased in a stepwise manner during the progression of oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). More importantly, NFATc3 was highly enriched in self-renewing cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) of OSCC. Increased expression of NFATc3 was required for the maintenance of CSC self-renewal, as NFATc3 inhibition suppressed tumor sphere formation in OSCC cells. Conversely, ectopic NFATc3 expression in non-tumorigenic immortalized oral epithelial cells resulted in the acquisition of self-renewal and increase in CSC phenotype, such as enhanced ALDH1HIGH cell population, mobility and drug resistance, indicating the functional role of NFATc3 in the maintenance of CSC phenotype. NFATc3 expression also converted the non-tumorigenic oral epithelial cells to malignant phenotypes. Mechanistic investigations further reveal that NFATc3 binds to the promoter of OCT4, a stemness transcription factor, for its activation, thereby promoting CSC phenotype. Moreover, suppression of OCT4 abrogated CSC phenotype in the cell with ectopic NFATc3 overexpression and OSCC, and ectopic OCT4 expression sufficiently induced CSC phenotype. Our study indicates that NFATc3 plays an important role in the maintenance of cancer stemness and OSCC progression via novel NFATc3-OCT4 axis, suggesting that this axis may be a potential therapeutic target for OSCC CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Kieu
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Charlotte Ellen Martin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Jiho Han
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cancer Epigenetics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Mo K Kang
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Reuben H Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cancer Epigenetics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA.,UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Box 957357, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
| | - Ki-Hyuk Shin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
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11
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Fathi N, Ahmadian E, Shahi S, Roshangar L, Khan H, Kouhsoltani M, Maleki Dizaj S, Sharifi S. Role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in oral cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:391-401. [PMID: 30399574 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is known as one of the most common cancers, with a poor prognosis, related to delayed clinical diagnosis, either due to the lack of particular biomarkers related to the disease or costly therapeutic alternatives. Vitamin D executes its functions by interacting with the vitamin D receptor (VDR), both in healthy and diseased individuals, including oral cancer. This review discusses the role of vitamin D and VDR on tumorigenesis, emphasizing on oral cancer. Furthermore, regulation of VDR expression, mechanisms of anticancer effects of calcitriol, oral cancer chemoresistance and its relation with VDR and polymorphisms of VDR gene will be discussed. The manuscript is prepared mainly using the information collected from PubMed and MEDLINE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Fathi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cells Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Elham Ahmadian
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Shahi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cells Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali khan university, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Kouhsoltani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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12
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Shi J, Liu W, Fu Y, Yin N, Zhang H, Chang J, Zhang Z. “US-detonated nano bombs” facilitate targeting treatment of resistant breast cancer. J Control Release 2018; 274:9-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Lee SH, Rigas NK, Lee CR, Bang A, Srikanth S, Gwack Y, Kang MK, Kim RH, Park NH, Shin KH. Orai1 promotes tumor progression by enhancing cancer stemness via NFAT signaling in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:43239-43255. [PMID: 27259269 PMCID: PMC5190020 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that Orai1, a key calcium channel for store-operated Ca2+ entry, is associated with human cancer. However, the underlying mechanism by which Orai1 regulates cancer progression remains unknown. Here we report that intracellular level of Orai1 is increased in a stepwise manner during oral/oropharyngeal carcinogenesis and highly expressed in cancer stem-like cell (CSC)-enriched populations of human oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Ectopic Orai1 expression converted non-tumorigenic immortalized oral epithelial cells to malignant cells that showed CSC properties, e.g., self-renewal capacity, increased ALDH1HIGH cell population, increased key stemness transcription factors, and enhanced mobility. Conversely, inhibition of Orai1 suppressed tumorigenicity and CSC phenotype of OSCC, indicating that Orai1 could be an important element for tumorigenicity and stemness of OSCC. Mechanistically, Orai1 activates its major downstream effector molecule, NFATc3. Knockdown of NFATc3 in the Orai1-overexpressing oral epithelial cells abrogates the effect of Orai1 on CSC phenotype. Moreover, antagonist of NFAT signaling also decreases CSC phenotype, implying the functional importance of Orai1/NFAT axis in OSCC CSC regulation. Our study identifies Orai1 as a novel molecular determinant for OSCC progression by enhancing cancer stemness, suggesting that inhibition of Orai1 signaling may offer an effective therapeutic modality against OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Kristina Rigas
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Ryul Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - April Bang
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonal Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mo K Kang
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reuben H Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ki-Hyuk Shin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Qin H, Rasul A, Li X, Masood M, Yang G, Wang N, Wei W, He X, Watanabe N, Li J, Li X. CD147-induced cell proliferation is associated with Smad4 signal inhibition. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:279-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Mohanta S, Siddappa G, Valiyaveedan SG, Dodda Thimmasandra Ramanjanappa R, Das D, Pandian R, Khora SS, Kuriakose MA, Suresh A. Cancer stem cell markers in patterning differentiation and in prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28631562 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317703656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation is a major histological parameter determining tumor aggressiveness and prognosis of the patient; cancer stem cells with their slow dividing and undifferentiated nature might be one of the factors determining the same. This study aims to correlate cancer stem cell markers (CD44 and CD147) with tumor differentiation and evaluate their subsequent effect on prognosis. Immunohistochemical analysis in treatment naïve oral cancer patients (n = 53) indicated that the expression of CD147 was associated with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (p < 0.01). Furthermore, co-expression analysis showed that 45% each of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma patients were CD44high/CD147high as compared to only 10% of patients with well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. A three-way analysis indicated that differentiation correlated with recurrence and survival (p < 0.05) in only the patients with CD44high/CD147high cohort. Subsequently, relevance of these cancer stem cell markers in patterning the differentiation characteristics was evaluated in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines originating from different grades of oral cancer. Flowcytometry-based analysis indicated an increase in CD44+/CD147+ cells in cell lines of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (94.35 ± 1.14%, p < 0.001) and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma origin (93.49 ± 0.47%, p < 0.001) as compared to cell line of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma origin (23.12% ± 0.49%). Expression profiling indicated higher expression of cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in SCC029B (poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma originated; p ≤ 0.001), which was further translated into increased spheroid formation, migration, and invasion (p < 0.001) as compared to cell line of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma origin. This study suggests that CD44 and CD147 together improve the prognostic efficacy of tumor differentiation; in vitro results further point out that these markers might be determinant of differentiation characteristics, imparting properties of increased self-renewal, migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simple Mohanta
- 1 Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Program, DSRG-5, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India.,2 School of Bio Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University, Vellore, India.,3 Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Gangotri Siddappa
- 1 Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Program, DSRG-5, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Sindhu Govindan Valiyaveedan
- 1 Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Program, DSRG-5, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravindra Dodda Thimmasandra Ramanjanappa
- 1 Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Program, DSRG-5, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India.,3 Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Debashish Das
- 4 Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramanan Pandian
- 5 GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Samanta Sekhar Khora
- 2 School of Bio Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) University, Vellore, India
| | - Moni Abraham Kuriakose
- 3 Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India.,6 Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre-Roswell Park Collaboration Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Amritha Suresh
- 1 Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Program, DSRG-5, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India.,6 Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre-Roswell Park Collaboration Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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16
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Richard V, Raju R, Paul AM, Girijadevi R, Santhosh Kumar TR, Pillai MR. Analysis of MicroRNA-mRNA Interactions in Stem Cell-Enriched Fraction of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Oncol Res 2017; 26:17-26. [PMID: 28276309 PMCID: PMC7844552 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14881490607028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is an integrated analysis of the transcriptome profile microRNA (miRNA) and its experimentally validated mRNA targets differentially expressed in the tumorigenic stem-like fraction of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We had previously reported the coexistence of multiple drug-resistant tumorigenic fractions, termed side population (SP1, SP2, and MP2), and a nontumorigenic fraction, termed main population (MP1), in oral cancer. These fractions displayed a self-renewal, regenerative potential and expressed known stemness-related cell surface markers despite functional differences. Flow cytometrically sorted pure fractions of SP1 and MP1 cells were subjected to differential expression analysis of both mRNAs and miRNAs. A significant upregulation of genes associated with inflammation, cell survival, cell proliferation, drug transporters, and antiapoptotic pathways, in addition to enhanced transcriptome reprogramming mediated by DNA-histone binding proteins and pattern recognition receptor-mediated signaling, was found to play a crucial role in the transformation of the nontumorigenic MP1 fraction to the tumorigenic SP1 fraction. We also identified several differentially expressed miRNAs that specifically target genes distinctive of tumorigenic SP1 fraction. miRNA-mediated downregulation of stemness-associated markers CD44 and CD147 and upregulation of CD151 may also account for the emergence and persistence of multiple tumorigenic stem cell fractions with varying degrees of malignancy. The phenotypic switch of cancer cells to stem-like OSCC cells mediated by transcriptomal regulation is effectual in addressing biological tumor heterogeneity and subsequent therapeutic resistance leading to a minimal residual disease (MRD) condition in oral cancer. A detailed study of the interplay of miRNAs, mRNA, and the cellular phases involved in the gradual transition of nontumorigenic cancer cells to tumorigenic stem-like cells in solid tumors would enable detection and development of a treatment regimen that targets and successfully eliminates multiple, drug-resistant fractions of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Richard
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, India
| | - Aswathy Mary Paul
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, India
| | - Reshmi Girijadevi
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, India
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Sasahira T, Kurihara M, Nishiguchi Y, Nakashima C, Kirita T, Kuniyasu H. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor has oncogenic functions in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2016; 70:539-548. [PMID: 27706833 DOI: 10.1111/his.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) is a novel secretory protein which promotes tumour progression, metastasis and poor prognosis in pancreatic, cervical and colorectal carcinoma. It is also associated with gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. However, the expression and function of PAUF in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of PAUF in 222 clinicopathologically characterized cases of OSCC. We also investigated the growth, invasion, apoptosis induction and cisplatin resistance of OSCC cells under PAUF knockdown treatment. PAUF was localized in normal salivary glands. In OSCC, immunostaining for PAUF was found in 52 of 222 patients (23.4%), and correlated with nodal metastasis (P < 0.0001) and poor prognosis (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model identified that PAUF expression was an independent predictor of disease-free survival in OSCC (P < 0.0001). The down-regulation of PAUF in OSCC cells suppressed cell growth and invasion and induced apoptosis and cisplatin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PAUF has tumour-promoting functions in OSCC. It may thus be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic marker for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Sasahira
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Miyako Kurihara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Chie Nakashima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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18
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Naik PP, Das DN, Panda PK, Mukhopadhyay S, Sinha N, Praharaj PP, Agarwal R, Bhutia SK. Implications of cancer stem cells in developing therapeutic resistance in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2016; 62:122-135. [PMID: 27865365 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional therapeutics are often frequented with recurrences, refraction and regimen resistance in oral cavity cancers which are predominantly manifested by cancer stem cells (CSCs). During oncoevolution, cancer cells may undergo structural and functional reprogramming wherein they evolve as highly tolerant CSC phenotypes with greater survival advantages. The CSCs possess inherent and exclusive properties including self-renewal, hierarchical differentiation, and tumorigenicity that serve as the basis of chemo-radio-resistance in oral cancer. However, the key mechanisms underlying the CSC-mediated therapy resistance need to be further elucidated. A spectrum of dysfunctional cellular pathways including the developmental signaling, apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage responses and epigenetic regulations protect the CSCs from conventional therapies. Moreover, tumor niche shelters CSCs and creates an immunosuppressive environment favoring the survival of CSCs. Maintenance of lower redox status, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metabolic reprogramming and altered drug responses are the accessory features that aid in the process of chemo-radio-resistance in oral CSCs. This review deals with the functional and molecular basis of cancer cell pluripotency-associated resistance highlighting the abrupt fundamental cellular processes; targeting these events may hold a great promise in the successful treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Paramita Naik
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Durgesh Nandini Das
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Prashanta Kumar Panda
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Subhadip Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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19
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PKCε inhibits isolation and stemness of side population cells via the suppression of ABCB1 transporter and PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK signaling in renal cell carcinoma cell line 769P. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:148-54. [PMID: 27037060 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), a member of the novel PKC family, is known to be a transforming oncogene and tumor biomarker for many human solid cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We isolated side population (SP) cells from the RCC 769P cell line, and proved that those cells possess cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics. In this study, to identify the function of PKCε in cancer stemness of 769P SP cells, we reduced the expression of PKCε in those cells, following the results demonstrated that PKCε depletion had a negative correlation with the existence of SP cells in 769P cell line. Down-regulation of PKCε also suppresses the CSC potential of sorted 769P SP cells in several ways: proliferation potential, resistance to chemotherapeutics and in vivo tumor formation ability. Our study also reveals that PKCε is associated with ABCB1 and this association probably contributed to the SP cells isolation from 769P cell line. Furthermore, the expression of ABCB1 is directly regulated by PKCε. Additionally, after the depletion of PKCε, the phosphorylation of pAkt, pStat3 and pERK was apparently suppressed in 769P SP cells, whereas PKCε overexpression could promote the phosphorylation of AKT, STAT3 and ERK in 769P Non-SP cells. Overall, PKCε down-regulation suppresses sorting and the cancer stem-like phenotype of RCC 769P SP cells through the regulation of ABCB1 transporter and the PI3K/Akt, Stat3 and MAPK/ERK pathways that are dependent on the phosphorylation effects. Thus, PKCε may work as an important mediator in cancer stem cell pathogenesis of renal cell cancer.
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20
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Lee CR, Lee SH, Rigas NK, Kim RH, Kang MK, Park NH, Shin KH. Elevated expression of JMJD6 is associated with oral carcinogenesis and maintains cancer stemness properties. Carcinogenesis 2015; 37:119-128. [PMID: 26645717 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a small subpopulation of cancer cells within a tumor and responsible for initiation and maintenance of tumor growth. Thus, understanding of molecular regulators of CSCs is of paramount importance for the development of effective cancer therapies. Here, we identified jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) as a novel molecular regulator of oral CSCs. JMJD6 is highly expressed in CSC-enriched populations of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining revealed significantly high level of JMJD6 in OSCC tissues compared to normal human oral epithelia, suggesting that expression of JMJD6 positively correlates with oral carcinogenesis. Subsequent functional analysis showed that knockdown of endogenous JMJD6 in OSCC strongly suppressed self-renewal capacity, a key characteristic of CSCs, and anchorage-independent growth. Conversely, ectopic expression of JMJD6 enhanced CSC characteristics including self-renewal, ALDH1 activity, migration/invasion and drug resistance. Expression of CSC-related genes was also markedly affected by modulating JMJD6 expression. Mechanistically, JMJD6 induces interleukin 4 (IL4) transcription by binding to its promoter region. IL4 rescues self-renewal capacity in JMJD6- knocked down OSCC cells, suggesting the importance of JMJD6-IL4 axis in oral CSCs. Our studies identify JMJD6 as a molecular determinant of CSC phenotype, suggesting that inhibition of JMJD6 may offer an effective therapeutic modality against oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ryul Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research , UCLA School of Dentistry , Los Angeles, CA 90095 , USA
| | - Sung Hee Lee
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research , UCLA School of Dentistry , Los Angeles, CA 90095 , USA
| | - Nicole Kristina Rigas
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research , UCLA School of Dentistry , Los Angeles, CA 90095 , USA
| | - Reuben H Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Room 43-003, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and
| | - Mo K Kang
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Room 43-003, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Room 43-003, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ki-Hyuk Shin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Room 43-003, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and
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Grimm M, Cetindis M, Lehmann M, Biegner T, Munz A, Teriete P, Reinert S. Apoptosis resistance-related ABCB5 and DNaseX (Apo10) expression in oral carcinogenesis. Acta Odontol Scand 2015; 73:336-42. [PMID: 25234444 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2014.961029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis resistance is a crucial factor for the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Expression of apoptosis resistance-related ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB5 [subfamily B (MDR/TAP) member 5] and DNaseX (Apo10) were analyzed in normal oral mucosa (n = 5), oral precursor lesions (simple hyperplasia, n = 11; squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, SIN I-III, n = 35), and OSCC specimen (n = 42) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Expression of ABCB5 and Apo10 were significantly increased in the carcinogenesis of OSCC compared with normal tissue. Compared with SIN I-III, ABCB5 expression was significantly decreased in OSCC. Apo10 expression did not significantly differ from OSCC compared with SIN I-III. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence of the expression of ABCB5 and Apo10 in the multi-step carcinogenesis of OSCC. Overcoming drug resistance of ABCB5+ and Apo10+ cells in precursor lesions and tumors by natural compounds may act as sensitizers for apoptosis or could be useful for chemoprevention.
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22
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Yang Y, Fan Y, Qi Y, Liu D, Wu K, Wen F, Zhao S. Side population cells separated from A549 lung cancer cell line possess cancer stem cell-like properties and inhibition of autophagy potentiates the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:929-35. [PMID: 26081992 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be responsible for tumorigenesis and contribute to resistance to chemotherapy. Side population (SP) cells are thought to be enriched for CSCs in most types of human tumors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to sort SP cells using an A549 lung cancer cell line, identify the cancer stem cell-like properties of SP and determine the role of autophagy in the survival of SP cells of lung cancer. SP cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) from A549 lung cancer cells, and the CSC-like properties were verified through confocal fluorescence imaging, sphere formation assays, cell proliferation and colony formation assay, gene expression in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. The role of autophagy in the survival of SP cells was assessed by western blotting and flow cytometric analysis. A549 lung cancer cells contained 1.10% SP cells. SP cells showed higher abilities of sphere and colony formation, cell proliferation and self-renewal. Moreover, compared to non-SP, SP cells demonstrated a higher mRNA expression of stem cell markers (MDR1, ABCG2 and OCT-4). The clone formation efficiency of SP cells was significantly higher than that non-SP cells under the same conditions. Expression of autophagosomes in SP cells was markedly lower than that in non-SP cells. However, the level of autophagy in SP cells was found to be markedly increased in the presence of cisplatin. In addition, inhibition of autophagy enhanced the effects of apoptosis induced by cisplatin. SP cells from the A549 lung cancer cell line possessed the properties of CSCs and were used to investigate the further characteristics of lung CSCs. SP cells were more resistant to chemotherapy and inhibition of autophagy enhanced the effects of apoptosis induced by the chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin. These results may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Fan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Donglei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Fengbiao Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Grimm M, Cetindis M, Biegner T, Lehman M, Munz A, Teriete P, Reinert S. Serum vitamin D levels of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and expression of vitamin D receptor in oral precancerous lesions and OSCC. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20:e188-95. [PMID: 25662556 PMCID: PMC4393981 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Resistance to programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a crucial factor for the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Vitamin D (calcitriol) may overcome apoptosis resistance in tumor cells of OSCC. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in oral precancerous lesions of OSCC has not been analyzed and serum vitamin D level seems to be a predictor of cancer development.
Material and Methods: Expression of VDR was analyzed in normal oral mucosa (n=5), oral precursor lesions (simple hyperplasia, n=11; squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, SIN I-III, n=35), and OSCC specimen (n=42) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Moreover, serum vitamin D levels were measured by 25(OH)D3 (calcidiol) in patients with OSCC (n=42) and correlated with IHC results.
Results: Expression of VDR was significantly increased in precancerous and OSCC compared with normal tissue. Compared with SIN I-III lesions VDR expression significantly decreased in OSCC. Severe vitamin D deficiency was detected in our OSCC patient cohort but there was no significant correlation analyzed between serum vitamin D levels and corresponding immunohistochemically detected VDR expression in OSCC.
Conclusions: Our survey provides the first evidence of VDR expression in precancerous lesions of OSCC. Apoptosis induction of VDR+ cells in oral precancerous lesions and OSCC by natural vitamin D or synthetic vitamin D compounds could be useful for chemoprevention. Moreover, systemically and/or locally applied, these compounds may act as sensitizers for apoptosis mediated by radio-, and chemotherapy treatment in OSCC.
Key words:Oral cancer, oral precancer, lichen planus, leukoplakia, apoptosis, serum 25(OH)D3, vitamin D receptor, chemoprevention, multistep carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grimm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany,
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Xiong L, Edwards CK, Zhou L. The biological function and clinical utilization of CD147 in human diseases: a review of the current scientific literature. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17411-41. [PMID: 25268615 PMCID: PMC4227170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD147 or EMMPRIN is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily in humans. It is widely expressed in human tumors and plays a central role in the progression of many cancers by stimulating the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines. CD147 regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor cell migration, metastasis and differentiation, especially under hypoxic conditions. CD147 is also important to many organ systems. This review will provide a detailed overview of the discovery, characterization, molecular structure, diverse biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of CD147 in human physiological and pathological processes. In particular, recent studies have demonstrated the potential application of CD147 not only as a phenotypic marker of activated regulatory T cells but also as a potential diagnostic marker for early-stage disease. Moreover, CD147 is recognized as an effective therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other cancers, and exciting clinical progress has been made in HCC treatment using CD147-directed monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Carl K Edwards
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Research (NKLB), West China Hospital and Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
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