Activation of GPER suppresses migration and angiogenesis of triple negative breast cancer via inhibition of NF-κB/IL-6 signals

circUQCRC2 promotes asthma progression in children by activating the VEGFA/NF-κB pathway by targeting miR-381-3p

This study targeted to explore circUQCRC2's role and mechanism in childhood asthma. A mouse model of ovalbumin-induced asthma was established to evaluate the effects of circUQCRC2 on childhood asthma in terms of oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen deposition. The effects of circUQCRC2 on platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were evaluated, the downstream mRNA of miRNA and its associated pathways were predicted and validated, and their effects on asthmatic mice were evaluated. circUQCRC2 levels were upregulated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic mice and PDGF-BB-treated SMCs. Depleting circUQCRC2 alleviated tissue damage in asthmatic mice, improved inflammatory levels and oxidative stress in asthmatic mice and PDGF-BB-treated SMC, inhibited malignant proliferation and migration of SMCs, and improved airway remodeling. Mechanistically, circUQCRC2 regulated VEGFA expression through miR-381-3p and activated the NF-κB cascade. circUQCRC2 knockdown inactivated the NF-κB cascade by modulating the miR-381-3p/VEGFA axis. Promoting circUQCRC2 stimulates asthma development by activating the miR-381-3p/VEGFA/NF-κB cascade. Therefore, knocking down circUQCRC2 or overexpressing miR-381-3p offers a new approach to treating childhood asthma.

Advances in immune regulation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor

Estrogen and related receptors have been shown to have a significant impact on human development, reproduction, metabolism and immune regulation and to play a critical role in tumor development and treatment. Traditionally, the nuclear estrogen receptors (nERs) ERα and ERβ have been thought to be involved in mediating the estrogenic effects. However, our group and others have previously demonstrated that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is the third independent ER, and estrogen signaling mediated by GPER is known to play an important role in normal physiology and a variety of abnormal diseases. Interestingly, recent studies have progressively revealed GPER involvement in the maintenance of the normal immune system, abnormal immune diseases, and inflammatory lesions, which may be of significant clinical value primarily in the immunotherapy of tumors. In this article, we review current advances in GPER-related immunomodulators and provide a theoretical basis and potential clinical targets to ameliorate immune-related diseases and immunotherapy for tumors.

Comprehensive understanding of the role of GPER in estrogen receptor-alpha negative breast cancer

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) plays a prominent role in facilitating the rapid, non-genomic signaling of estrogens in breast cancer cells. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the role of GPER in ER-ɑ-negative breast cancer is provided. Activation of GPER affected proliferation, metastasis and epithelial mesenchymal transition in ER-ɑ negative breast cancer cells. Clinical studies have demonstrated that GPER positivity was strongly correlated with larger tumor size and advanced clinical stage, suggesting that GPER/ERK signaling may play a role in promoting tumor progression. Strong evidence existed that environmental contaminants like bisphenol A have a carcinogenic potential mediated by GPER activation. The complexity of the cross talk between GPER and other receptors including ER-β, ER-α36, Estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) and androgen receptor has been discussed. The potential utility of small molecules and phytoestrogens targeting GPER, adds valuable insights into its therapeutic potential. This review holds promises in advancing our understanding of GPER role in ER-ɑ-negative breast cancer. Overall, the consequences of GPER activation are still an area of active research and the implication are not entirely clear.

Hypoxia-inducible factor in breast cancer: role and target for breast cancer treatment

Globally, breast cancer stands as the most prevalent form of cancer among women. The tumor microenvironment of breast cancer often exhibits hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, a transcription factor, is found to be overexpressed and activated in breast cancer, playing a pivotal role in the anoxic microenvironment by mediating a series of reactions. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha is involved in regulating downstream pathways and target genes, which are crucial in hypoxic conditions, including glycolysis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. These processes significantly contribute to breast cancer progression by managing cancer-related activities linked to tumor invasion, metastasis, immune evasion, and drug resistance, resulting in poor prognosis for patients. Consequently, there is a significant interest in Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha as a potential target for cancer therapy. Presently, research on drugs targeting Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha is predominantly in the preclinical phase, highlighting the need for an in-depth understanding of HIF-1α and its regulatory pathway. It is anticipated that the future will see the introduction of effective HIF-1α inhibitors into clinical trials, offering new hope for breast cancer patients. Therefore, this review focuses on the structure and function of HIF-1α, its role in advancing breast cancer, and strategies to combat HIF-1α-dependent drug resistance, underlining its therapeutic potential.

NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications

NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with extensive and in-depth investigations, researchers have discovered that its role can be expanded to a variety of signaling mechanisms, biological processes, human diseases, and treatment options. In this review, we first scrutinize the research process of NF-κB signaling, and summarize the composition, activation, and regulatory mechanism of NF-κB signaling. We investigate the interaction of NF-κB signaling with other important pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TLR signaling. The physiological and pathological states of NF-κB signaling, as well as its intricate involvement in inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment, are also explicated. Additionally, we illustrate how NF-κB signaling is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases, and COVID-19. Further, we discuss the therapeutic approaches targeting NF-κB signaling, including IKK inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, nuclear translocation inhibitors, DNA binding inhibitors, TKIs, non-coding RNAs, immunotherapy, and CAR-T. Finally, we provide an outlook for research in the field of NF-κB signaling. We hope to present a stereoscopic, comprehensive NF-κB signaling that will inform future research and clinical practice.

Current progress and prospects for G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) plays a crucial role in mediating the effect of estrogen and estrogen-like compounds in TNBC cells. Compared with other subtypes, GPER has a higher expression in TNBC. The GPER mechanisms have been thoroughly characterized and analyzed in estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive breast cancer, but not in TNBC. Our previous work revealed that a higher expression of GPER mRNA indicates a better prognosis for ERα-positive breast cancer; however, its effects in TNBC differ. Whether GPER could serve as a predictive prognostic marker or therapeutic target for TNBC remains unclear. In this review, we provide a detailed introduction to the subcellular localization of GPER, the different effects of various ligands, and the interactions between GPER and closely associated factors in TNBC. We focused on the internal molecular mechanisms specific to TNBC and thoroughly explored the role of GPER in promoting tumor development. We also discussed the interaction of GPER with specific cytokines and chemokines, and the relationship between GPER and immune evasion. Additionally, we discussed the feasibility of using GPER as a therapeutic target in the context of existing studies. This comprehensive review highlights the effects of GPER on TNBC, providing a framework and directions for future research.

Analysis of Interleukin-6 Gene Variants (rs1800795, rs1800796, rs1554606, rs1800797, rs2069840, rs12700386, and rs2069861) as Prognostic Markers in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Network Analysis

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has obviously tumor-promoting and tumor-inhibitory effects and can induce an epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype in human breast cancer (BC) cells and implicate its potential to promote BC metastasis. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the association of IL-6 variants (rs1800795, rs1800796, rs1554606, rs1800797, rs2069840, rs12700386, and rs2069861) with the susceptibility to BC. The databases of PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched until December 19, 2022, without any restrictions. The quality assessment of each study was performed based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale tool. The Review Manager 5.3 software presented the effect sizes including odds ratio (OR) along with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Both publication bias and sensitivity analyses were carried out by the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2.0 software. A total of 2,508 records were identified among databases and at last, 27 articles were entered into the meta-analysis. Seven polymorphisms of IL-6 were entered into the analyses. Just rs1800797 polymorphism in the dominant model (OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.15-2.00; P = 0.003) and rs2069840 polymorphism in heterozygous (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.81-0.97; P = 0.008) and dominant (OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.84-0.99; P = 0.02) models had a significant association with the BC risk. In conclusion, among 7 polymorphisms and despite a few included cases, the present meta-analysis recommended that the AA+GA genotype of rs1800797 polymorphism had a significantly elevated risk and the GC and the CC+GC genotypes of rs2069840 polymorphism had a protective role in the BC patients.

Utility of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 as a biomarker for pan-cancer diagnosis, prognosis and immune infiltration: a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis

BACKGROUND

The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) 1 mediates non-genomic oestrogen-related signalling and plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth and programmed cell death through multiple downstream pathways. Despite the increasing interest in the role of GPER1 in cancer development, no pan-cancer analysis has been available for GPER1.

METHODS

In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of the role of GPER1 in pan-cancer via Human Protein Atlas (HPA), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), University of California, Santa Cruz Xena (UCSC XENA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), MethSurv, The University of Alabama at Birmingham CANcer data analysis Portal (UALCAN), cBioPortal, STRING and TISIDB detabases, followed by enrichment analysis using R software.

RESULTS

GPER1 was widely expressed in tissues and organs and differed in expression from normal tissue in a variety of cancers. In diagnostic assessment, it's Area Under the Curve (AUC) surpassed 0.9 in nine cancer types. Survival analysis showed that GPER1 was correlated with the prognosis of 11 cancer types. Moreover, GPER1 expression was associated with immune infiltration in multiple cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, GPER1 has good diagnostic or prognostic value across various malignancies. Together with its extensive correlation with immune components, the aforementioned results suggests that GPER1 shows promise in tumour diagnosis and prognosis, providing new ideas for precise and personalised anti-tumour strategies.

The G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER): A Critical Therapeutic Target for Cancer

Estrogens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers, with increasing concern regarding the overall rising incidence of disease and exposure to environmental estrogens. Estrogens, both endogenous and environmental, manifest their actions through intracellular and plasma membrane receptors, named ERα, ERβ, and GPER. Collectively, they act to promote a broad transcriptional response that is mediated through multiple regulatory enhancers, including estrogen response elements (EREs), serum response elements (SREs), and cyclic AMP response elements (CREs). Yet, the design and rational assignment of antiestrogen therapy for breast cancer has strictly relied upon an endogenous estrogen-ER binary rubric that does not account for environmental estrogens or GPER. New endocrine therapies have focused on the development of drugs that degrade ER via ER complex destabilization or direct enzymatic ubiquitination. However, these new approaches do not broadly treat all cancer-involved receptors, including GPER. The latter is concerning since GPER is directly associated with tumor size, distant metastases, cancer stem cell activity, and endocrine resistance, indicating the importance of targeting this receptor to achieve a more complete therapeutic response. This review focuses on the critical importance and value of GPER-targeted therapeutics as part of a more holistic approach to the treatment of estrogen-driven malignancies.

Modulation of JAK-STAT Signaling by LNK: A Forgotten Oncogenic Pathway in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer

Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Tumors that express hormone receptors account for 75% of all cases. Understanding alternative signaling cascades is important for finding new therapeutic targets for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients. JAK-STAT signaling is commonly activated in hormone receptor-positive breast tumors, inducing inflammation, proliferation, migration, and treatment resistance in cancer cells. In hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, the JAK-STAT cascade is stimulated by hormones and cytokines, such as prolactin and IL-6. In normal cells, JAK-STAT is inhibited by the action of the adaptor protein, LNK. However, the role of LNK in breast tumors is not fully understood. This review compiles published reports on the expression and activation of the JAK-STAT pathway by IL-6 and prolactin and potential inhibition of the cascade by LNK in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Additionally, it includes analyses of available datasets to determine the level of expression of LNK and various members of the JAK-STAT family for the purpose of establishing associations between expression and clinical outcomes. Together, experimental evidence and in silico studies provide a better understanding of the potential implications of the JAK-STAT-LNK loop in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer progression.

GPER deletion triggers inhibitory effects in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells through the JNK/c-Jun/p53/Noxa transduction pathway

The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates estrogen action in different pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. GPER expression and signaling have been found to join in the progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), even though controversial data have been reported. In present study, we aimed at providing new mechanistic and biological discoveries knocking out (KO) GPER expression by CRISPR/Cas9 technology in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. GPER KO whole transcriptome respect to wild type (WT) MDA-MB-231 cells was determined through total RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. We ascertained that anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic gene signatures characterize GPER KO MDA-MB-231 cells. Thereafter, we determined that these cells exhibit a reduced proliferative, clonogenic and self-renewal potential along with an increased mitochondria-dependent apoptosis phenotype. In addition, we recognized that decreased cAMP levels trigger the JNK/c-Jun/p53/Noxa axis, which in turn orchestrates the pro-apoptotic effects observed in GPER KO cells. In accordance with these data, survival analyses in TNBC patients of the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) dataset indicated that high Noxa expression correlates with improved outcomes in TNBC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GPER KO in TNBC cells impairs the expression and secretion of the well-acknowledged GPER target gene named CTGF, thus resulting in the inhibition of migratory effects in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Overall, the present study provides novel mechanistic and biological insights on GPER KO in TNBC cells suggesting that GPER may be considered as a valuable target in comprehensive therapeutic approaches halting TNBC progression.

The Role of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) in Vascular Pathology and Physiology

OBJECTIVE

Estrogen is indispensable in health and disease and mainly functions through its receptors. The protection of the cardiovascular system by estrogen and its receptors has been recognized for decades. Numerous studies with a focus on estrogen and its receptor system have been conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Although nuclear estrogen receptors, including estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β, have been shown to be classical receptors that mediate genomic effects, studies now show that GPER mainly mediates rapid signaling events as well as transcriptional regulation via binding to estrogen as a membrane receptor. With the discovery of selective synthetic ligands for GPER and the utilization of GPER knockout mice, significant progress has been made in understanding the function of GPER. In this review, the tissue and cellular localizations, endogenous and exogenous ligands, and signaling pathways of GPER are systematically summarized in diverse physiological and diseased conditions. This article further emphasizes the role of GPER in vascular pathology and physiology, focusing on the latest research progress and evidence of GPER as a promising therapeutic target in hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Thus, selective regulation of GPER by its agonists and antagonists have the potential to be used in clinical practice for treating such diseases.

Erianin: A phytoestrogen with therapeutic potential

Erianin, a phytoestrogen with therapeutic potential, is one of the major active components of Dendrobll caulis. Erianin has a variety of pharmacological effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic retinopathy, anti-psoriasis, and antibacterial effects. Especially, in regard to the anti-tumor effect of erianin, the underlying molecular mechanism has been partly clarified. In fact, the numerous pharmacological actions of erianin are complex and interrelated, mainly including ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, JAK2/STAT3, HIF-1α/PD-L1, PPT1/mTOR, JNK/c-Jun, and p38 MAPK signal pathway. However, on account of the poor water solubility and the low bioavailability of erianin, greatly affected and limited its further development and application. And it is worthwhile and meaningful to explore more extensive pharmacological effects and mechanisms, clarify pharmacokinetics, and synthesize the derivatives of erianin. Conclusively, in this paper, the pharmacological effects of erianin and its mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and derivatives studies were reviewed, in order to provide a reference for the development and application of erianin.

Identification of Genes Associated with Prognosis and Immunotherapy Prediction in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via M1/M2 Macrophage Ratio

Background and Objectives: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive and heterogeneous subtype of breast cancer, accounts for ap-proximately 10-15% of all breast cancer cases. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic target for TNBC. Tu-mor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which can be phenotypically classified into M1 and M2 subtypes, have been shown to influence the prognosis of various cancers, including ovarian cancer. This study aimed to investigate the role of M1/M2 macrophages in the TNBC tumor microenvironment (TME), with a focus on identifying prognostic genes and predicting immunotherapy response. Materials and Methods: The study employed the CIBERSORT algorithm to analyze immune cell expression in the TME. Genes associated with the M1/M2 macrophage ratio were identified using Pearson correlation analysis and used to classify patients into dis-tinct clusters. Dimensionality reduction techniques, including univariate Cox regression and Lasso, were applied to these genes. The expression of prognostic genes was validated through immunohistochemistry. Results: The study found a high prevalence of TAMs in the TME. Among the patient clusters, 109 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Three significant DEGs (LAMP3, GZMB, and CXCL13) were used to construct the riskScores. The riskScore model effectively stratified patients based on mortality risk. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) associated the riskScore with several significant pathways, including mismatch repair, JAK/STAT3 signaling, VEGF signaling, antigen processing presentation, ERBB signaling, and P53 signaling. The study also predicted patient sensitivity to im-munotherapy using the riskScores. The expression of the three significant DEGs was validated through immunohisto-chemistry. Conclusions: The study concluded that the riskScore model, based on the M1/M2 macrophage ratio, is a valid prognostic tool for TNBC. The findings underscore the importance of the TME in TNBC progression and prognosis and highlight the po-tential of the riskScore model in predicting immunotherapy response in TNBC patients.

The role of NF-κB in breast cancer initiation, growth, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy

Breast cancer (BC) is the second most fatal disease and is the prime cause of cancer allied female deaths. BC is caused by aberrant tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes regulated by transcription factors (TFs) like NF-κB. NF-κB is a pro-inflammatory TF that crucially alters the expressions of various genes associated with inflammation, cell progression, metastasis, and apoptosis and modulates a network of genes that underlie tumorigenesis. Herein, we focus on NF-κB signaling pathways, its regulators, and the rationale for targeting NF-κB. This review also includes TFs that maintain NF-κB crosstalk and their roles in promoting angiogenesis and metastasis. In addition, we discuss the importance of combination therapies, resistance to treatment, and potential novel therapeutic strategies including nanomedicine that targets NF-κB.

The NF-κB Transcriptional Network Is a High-Dose Vitamin C-Targetable Vulnerability in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type among women with a distinct clinical presentation, but the survival rate remains moderate despite advances in multimodal therapy. Consequently, a deeper understanding of the molecular etiology is required for the development of more effective treatments for BC. The relationship between inflammation and tumorigenesis is well established, and the activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is frequently identified in BC. Constitutive NF-κB activation is linked to cell survival, metastasis, proliferation, and hormonal, chemo-, and radiotherapy resistance. Moreover, the crosstalk between NF-κB and other transcription factors is well documented. It is reported that vitamin C plays a key role in preventing and treating a number of pathological conditions, including cancer, when administered at remarkably high doses. Indeed, vitamin C can regulate the activation of NF-κB by inhibiting specific NF-κB-dependent genes and multiple stimuli. In this review, we examine the various NF-κB impacts on BC development. We also provide some insight into how the NF-κB network may be targeted as a potential vulnerability by using natural pro-oxidant therapies such as vitamin C.

Roles of tumor-associated macrophages in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for solid cancers

In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors), benefits only a tiny proportion of patients in solid cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) acts a significant role in tumor immunotherapy. Studies reported that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as one of the main components of TME, seriously affected the therapeutic effect of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. In this review, we analyzed TAMs from epigenetic and single-cell perspectives and introduced the role and mechanisms of TAMs in anti-programmed death protein 1(anti-PD-1) therapy. In addition, we summarized combination regimens that enhance the efficacy of tumor PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and elaborated on the role of the TAMs in different solid cancers. Eventually, the clinical value of TAMs by influencing the therapeutic effect of tumor PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors was discussed. These above are beneficial to elucidate poor therapeutic effect of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in solid tumors from the point of view of TAMs and explore the strategies to improve its objective remission rate of solid cancers.

Sinomenine ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis by inhibiting the autophagy/NETosis/inflammation axis

Studies have found that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) which are the specific dying form of neutrophil upon activation have fundamental role in the rheumatoid arthritis onset and progression. The purpose of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of Sinomenine on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice, and the neutrophil activities regulated by Sinomenine. The rheumatoid arthritis model was established by local injection of adjuvant and the Sinomenine treatment was administered orally for 30 days, during which, arthritic scores were evaluated and the joint diameter was measured to determine disease progression. The joint tissues and serum were acquired for further tests after sacrifice. Cytometric beads assay was performed to measure the concentration of cytokines. For paraffin-embedded ankle tissues, hematoxylin and erosin staining and Safranin O-fast staining were adopted to monitor the tissue changes of joint. In order to analyze the inflammation, NETs and autophagy of neutrophils in vivo, immunohistochemistry assays were applied to detect the protein expression levels in the local joints. To describe the effect brought by Sinomenine on inflammation, autophagy and NETs in vitro, the western blotting and the immunofluorescence assays were performed. The joint symptoms of the adjuvant induced arthritis were alleviated by the Sinomenine treatment significantly in terms of the ankle diameter and scores. The improvement of local histopathology changes and decrease of inflammatory cytokines in the serum also confirmed the efficacy. The expression levels of interleukin-6, P65 and p-P65 in the ankle areas of mice were remarkably reduced by Sinomenine. Compared with the model group, the decreased expression levels of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex and myeloperoxidase in the Sinomenine treating group showed the inhibitory effect of Sinomenine on the neutrophil migration. The expression of protein arginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4), ctrullinated histone H3 (CitH3) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) had the similar tendency. Upon activation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro, Sinomenine suppressed the phosphorylation of P65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and P38 of neutrophil. Meanwhile, Sinomenine inhibited NETs formation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which were demonstrated by the decreased expression of neutrophil elastase (NE), PAD4 and CitH3. Sinomenine also inhibited PMA-induced autophagy in vitro based on the changes of Beclin-1 and LC3B. Sinomenine has good efficacy in treating adjuvant induced arthritis via regulating neutrophil activities. Apart from inhibiting activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, the mechanism includes suppression of NETs formation via autophagy inhibition.

Revisiting the hallmarks of cancer: A new look at long noncoding RNAs in breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide. The increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying its heterogeneity favors a better understanding of tumor biology and consequently the development of better diagnostic and treatment techniques. The advent of tumor genome sequencing techniques has highlighted more participants in the process, in addition to protein-coding genes. Thus, it is now known that long noncoding RNAs, previously described as transcriptional noise with no biological function, are intimately associated with tumor development. In breast cancer, they are abnormally expressed and closely associated with tumor progression, which makes them attractive diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic and specific therapeutic targets. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs in breast cancer is essential for the search for new treatment strategies. In this review, we summarize the major long noncoding RNAs and their association with the cancer characteristics of the ability to sustain proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, replicative immortality, activation of invasion and metastasis, induction of angiogenesis, resistance to cell death, reprogramming of energy metabolism, genomic instability and sustained mutations, promotion of tumor inflammation, and evasion of the immune system. In addition, we report and suggest how they can be used as prognostic biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets.

Implications of estrogen and its receptors in colorectal carcinoma

Estrogens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancer types, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Estrogen receptors such as ERα and ERβ activate intracellular signaling cascades followed by binding to estrogen, resulting in important changes in cellular behaviors. The nuclear estrogen receptors, i.e. ERβ and ERα are responsible for the genomic actions of estrogens, whereas the other receptor, such as G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) regulates rapid non-genomic actions, which lead to secondary gene expression changes in cells. ERβ, the predominant estrogen receptor expressed in both normal and non-malignant colonic epithelium, has protective roles in colon carcinogenesis. ERβ may exert the anti-tumor effect through selective activation of pro-apoptotic signaling, increasing DNA repair, inhibiting expression of oncogenes, regulating cell cycle progression, and also by changing the micro-RNA pool and DNA-methylation. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of estrogen and its receptors in CRC pathogenesis could provide a new horizon for effective therapeutic development. Furthermore, using synthetic or natural compounds as ER agonists may induce estrogen-mediated anti-cancer activities against colon cancer. In this study, we report the most recent pre-clinical and experimental evidences related to ERs in CRC development. Also, we reviewed the actions of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds, which have a protective role against CRC development by acting as ER agonist.

Afatinib Reverses EMT via Inhibiting CD44-Stat3 Axis to Promote Radiosensitivity in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Afatinib, a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), exerts its radiosensitive effects in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the detailed mechanism of afatinib-mediated sensitivity to radiation is still obscure in NPC.

METHODS

Quantitative phosphorylated proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were performed to illustrate the global phosphoprotein changes. The activity of the CD44-Stat3 axis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)-linked markers were evaluated by Western blotting. Wound healing and transwell assays were used to determine the levels of cell migration upon afatinib combined IR treatment. Cell proliferation was tested by CCK-8 assay. A pharmacological agonist by IL-6 was applied to activate Stat3. The xenograft mouse model was treated with afatinib, radiation or a combination of afatinib and radiation to detect the radiosensitivity of afatinib in vivo.

RESULTS

In the present study, we discovered that afatinib triggered global protein phosphorylation alterations in NPC cells. Further, bioinformatics analysis indicated that afatinib inhibited the CD44-Stat3 signaling and subsequent EMT process. Moreover, functional assays demonstrated that afatinib combined radiation treatment remarkably impeded cell viability, migration, EMT process and CD44-Stat3 activity in vitro and in vivo. In addition, pharmacological stimulation of Stat3 rescued radiosensitivity and biological functions induced by afatinib in NPC cells. This suggested that afatinib reversed the EMT process by blocking the activity of the CD44-Stat3 axis.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, this work identifies the molecular mechanism of afatinib as a radiation sensitizer, thus providing a potentially useful combination treatment and drug target for NPC radiosensitization. Our findings describe a new function of afatinib in radiosensitivity and cancer treatment.

Comparative G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) Systems in Diabetic and Cancer Conditions: A Review

For many patients, diabetes Mellitus and Malignancy are frequently encountered comorbidities. Diabetes affects approximately 10.5% of the global population, while malignancy accounts for 29.4 million cases each year. These troubling statistics indicate that current treatment approaches for these diseases are insufficient. Alternative therapeutic strategies that consider unique signaling pathways in diabetic and malignancy patients could provide improved therapeutic outcomes. The G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is receiving attention for its role in disease pathogenesis and treatment outcomes. This review aims to critically examine GPER' s comparative role in diabetes mellitus and malignancy, identify research gaps that need to be filled, and highlight GPER's potential as a therapeutic target for diabetes and malignancy management. There is a scarcity of data on GPER expression patterns in diabetic models; however, for diabetes mellitus, altered expression of transport and signaling proteins has been linked to GPER signaling. In contrast, GPER expression in various malignancy types appears to be complex and debatable at the moment. Current data show inconclusive patterns of GPER expression in various malignancies, with some indicating upregulation and others demonstrating downregulation. Further research should be conducted to investigate GPER expression patterns and their relationship with signaling pathways in diabetes mellitus and various malignancies. We conclude that GPER has therapeutic potential for chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and malignancy.

Nogo-B receptor increases glycolysis and the paclitaxel resistance of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer via the HIF-1α-dependent pathway

Chemotherapy can improve the prognosis and overall survival of breast cancer patients, but chemoresistance continues a major problem in clinical. Most breast cancer is estrogen receptor (ER) positive but responds less to neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy than ER-negative breast cancer. The Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) increases the chemoresistance of ER-positive breast cancer by facilitating oncogene signaling pathways. Here, we further investigated the potential role of NgBR as a novel target to overcome glycolysis-dependent paclitaxel resistance in ER-positive breast cancer. NgBR knockdown inhibited glycolysis and promoted paclitaxel-induced apoptosis by attenuating HIF-1α expression in ER-positive breast cancer cells via NgBR-mediated estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)/hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and nuclear factor-kappa B subunit (NF-κB)/HIF-1α signaling pathways. A ChIP assay further confirmed that NgBR overexpression not only facilitates ERα binding to HIF-1α and GLUT1 genes but also promotes HIF-1α binding to GLUT1, HK2, and LDHA genes, which further promotes glycolysis and induces paclitaxel resistance. In conclusion, our study suggests that NgBR expression is essential for maintaining the metabolism and paclitaxel resistance of ER-positive breast cancer, and the NgBR can be a new therapeutic target for improving chemoresistance in ER-positive breast cancer.

Dibutyl phthalate promotes angiogenesis in EA.hy926 cells through estrogen receptor-dependent activation of ERK1/2, PI3K-Akt, and NO signaling pathways

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is an endocrine disruptor that has been widely used in various products of human use. DBP exposure has been associated with reproductive and cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Although dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is responsible for many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, little is known about the effects of DBP on human endothelium. In this study, we investigated the effect of three concentrations of DBP (10^-6, 10^-5, and 10^-4 M) on angiogenesis in human endothelial cell (EC) line EA.hy926 after acute exposure. Tube formation assay was used to investigate in vitro angiogenesis, whereas qRT-PCR was employed to measure mRNA expression. The effect of DBP on extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt), and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) activation was examined using Western blotting, whereas the Griess method was used to assess NO production. Results show that the 24-h-long exposure to 10^-4 M DBP increased endothelial tube formation, which was prevented by addition of U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3K-Akt inhibitor), and l-NAME (NOS inhibitor). Short exposure to 10^-4 M DBP (from 15 to 120 min) phosphorylated ERK1/2, Akt, and eNOS in different time points and increased NO production after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Application of nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) and G protein-coupled ER (GPER) inhibitors ICI 182,780 and G-15, respectively, abolished the DBP-mediated ERK1/2, Akt, and eNOS phosphorylation and increase in NO production. In this study, we report for the first time that DBP exerts a pro-angiogenic effect on human vascular ECs and describe the molecular mechanism involving ER- and GPER-dependent activation of ERK1/2, PI3K-Akt, and NO signaling pathways.

IL-6: The Link Between Inflammation, Immunity and Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in females. Over the past decades, intensive efforts have been made to uncover the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic factor which has a vital role in host defense immunity and acute stress. Moreover, a wide range of studies have identified the physiological and pathological roles of IL-6 in inflammation, immune and cancer. Recently, several IL-6 signaling pathway-targeted monoclonal antibodies have been developed for cancer and immune therapy. Combination of IL-6 inhibitory antibody with other pathways blockage drugs have demonstrated promising outcome in both preclinical and clinical trials. This review focuses on emerging studies on the strong linkages of IL-6/IL-6R mediated regulation of inflammation and immunity in cancer, especially in breast cancer.

Rewiring of the Endocrine Network in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

The immunohistochemical definition of estrogen/progesterone receptors dictates endocrine feasibility in the treatment course of breast cancer. Characterized by the deficiency of estrogen receptor α, ERα-negative breast cancers are dissociated from any endocrine regimens in the routine clinical setting, triple-negative breast cancer in particular. However, the stereotype was challenged by triple-negative breast cancers’ retained sensitivity and vulnerability to endocrine agents. The interplay of hormone action and the carcinogenic signaling program previously underscored was gradually recognized along with the increasing investigation. In parallel, the overlooked endocrine-responsiveness in ERα-negative breast cancers attracted attention and supplied fresh insight into the therapeutic strategy in an ERα-independent manner. This review elaborates on the genomic and non-genomic steroid hormone actions and endocrine-related signals in triple-negative breast cancers attached to the hormone insensitivity label. We also shed light on the non-canonical mechanism detected in common hormone agents to showcase their pleiotropic effects.

PRMT5-activated c-Myc promote bladder cancer proliferation and invasion through up-regulating NF-κB pathway

AIM

PRMT5 and c-Myc were considered as oncogene of bladder cancer. Nevertheless, whether the interaction between of PRMT5 and c-Myc affect bladder cancer progress is unknown. Herein, we explore the above points and discuss deeply its' potential mechanism.

METHOD

5637 and T24 cells were study subjects in vitro. Western blot was used to examined the protein expression. CCK8 and transwell assay were used to analyze proliferation and invasion ability. Additionally, xenograft tumor model was established. Mice imaging experiment, Immunochemistry assay and western blot were carried out.

RESULT

Western blot result showed successful transfection of PRMT5-siRNA and c-Myc-siRNA. PRMT5-siRNA could inhibit c-Myc expression, and decrease the proliferation and invasion of bladder cells. And c-Myc overexpression could reverse inhibitory action caused by PRMT5 silence. And in vitro studies found low-expression of c-Myc reduced proliferation and invasion of tumor cells and make the NF-κB pathway inactivation. In vivo studies also demonstrated that inhibiting PRMT5 could downregulate c-Myc expression and inhibit the bladder cancer progress, and the potential mechanism was likely to be related to NF-κB signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

In a word, low-expression of PRMT5 suppressed c-Myc, and thus inhibited proliferation and invasion ability of 5637 and T24 cells through NF-κB pathway.

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Cells (BMSCs) on Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis by Regulating Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog 12

Among the newly diagnosed cancers in women, breast cancer metastasis is a key factor contributing to the poor prognosis. BMSCs are critical components for the malignant microenvironment. Studies have shown that the interaction between tumor cells and BMSCs support breast cancer progression. However, BMSCs’ effect on breast cancer cells is not yet clear. BMSCs and breast cancer cell MCF-7 were co-cultured to analyze tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis along with analysis of E-cadherin and Vimentin expression by real-time PCR, interleukin-6 and matrix protease-2 and PTEN12 expression. Co-culture of BMSCs promoted breast cancer cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis-related Caspase 3 activity and downregulated the expression of EMT related factors, upregulated IL-6 secretion and MMP-2, and downregulated PTEN12 expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BMSCs can promote breast cancer cell proliferation and survival and affect breast cancer transformation possibly through inhibiting the expression of PTEN12.

CYP1B1-catalyzed 4-OHE2 promotes the castration resistance of prostate cancer stem cells by estrogen receptor α-mediated IL6 activation

Background

Resistance to androgen deprivation therapy remains a major challenge for the clinical treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CYP1B1, a critical enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of estradiol to 4-Hydroxy-17β-estradiol (4-OHE2), has been reported to promote the development and progression of hormone-related cancer, but its role in CRPC is unclear.

Methods

To explore the underlying mechanism which CYP1B1 promotes the prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) characteristics, bioinformatics analyses of human clinical prostate cancer (PCa) datasets were performed. CYP1B1, IL6, and estrogen receptor-α (ERα) expression levels were evaluated in PCa and CRPC tissues via immunohistochemistry. The high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was carried out to examine intracellular 4-OHE2 levels. Serum-free suspension culture and flow cytometry assays were performed to evaluate PCSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to validate that 4-OHE2 recruited ERα to the IL6 promoter.

Results

CYP1B1 expression was significantly increased in CRPC tissues and androgen-independent PCa cell lines. CYP1B1⁺ PCa cells were significantly enriched in bicalutamide-treated LNCaP cells, and CYP1B1 knockdown reduced the cell viability under bicalutamide treatment. In addition, CYP1B1 knockdown decreased the intracellular 4-OHE2 concentration, accompanied by reduced PCSC characteristics. In PCa cells, 4-OHE2 stimulated ERα transcriptional activity and upregulated the expression of IL6 and downstream genes of the IL6-STAT3 signaling. 4-OHE2 increased cell viability under bicalutamide treatment and promoted PCSC characteristics, while IL6 neutralizing antibody reversed these effects. Mechanistically, siERα and the ER antagonist ICI182780 significantly attenuated 4-OHE2-induced IL6 expression, and 4-OHE2 promoted the binding of ERα to the estrogen response element of the IL6 promoter.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that CYP1B1-catalyzed 4-OHE2 enhanced PCSC characteristics and attenuated bicalutamide sensitivity by ERα-mediated the IL6-STAT3 pathway activation. Our study further emphasizes the role of CYP1B1 in castration resistance and illustrates a novel mechanism of CRPC development.

Graphical Abstract

Melatonin Signaling Pathways Implicated in Metabolic Processes in Human Granulosa Cells (KGN)

Female reproduction depends on the metabolic status, especially during the period of folliculogenesis. Even though it is believed that melatonin can improve oocyte competence, there is still limited knowledge of how it can modulate metabolic processes during folliculogenesis and which signaling pathways are involved in regulating gene expression. To investigate the effects of melatonin on metabolic signals during the antral stage of follicular development, human granulosa-like tumor cells (KGN) were treated with melatonin or forskolin, and gene expression was analyzed with RNA-seq technology. Following appropriate normalization and the application of a fold change cut-off of 1.5 (FC 1.5, p ≤ 0.05), 1009 and 922 genes were identified as differentially expressed in response to melatonin and forskolin, respectively. Analysis of major upstream regulators suggested that melatonin may activate PKB/mTOR signaling pathways to program the metabolism of KGN cells to support slower growth and differentiation and to prevent follicular atresia. Similarly, PKA activation through stimulation of cAMP synthesis with FSK seemed to exert the same effects as melatonin in reducing follicular growth and regulating differentiation. This study suggests that melatonin may act through PKA and PKB simultaneously in human granulosa cells to prevent follicular atresia and early luteinization at the antral stage.

Discovering the Triad between Nav1.5, Breast Cancer, and the Immune System: A Fundamental Review and Future Perspectives

Nav1.5 is one of the nine voltage-gated sodium channel-alpha subunit (VGSC-α) family members. The Nav1.5 channel typically carries an inward sodium ion current that depolarises the membrane potential during the upstroke of the cardiac action potential. The neonatal isoform of Nav1.5, nNav1.5, is produced via VGSC-α alternative splicing. nNav1.5 is known to potentiate breast cancer metastasis. Despite their well-known biological functions, the immunological perspectives of these channels are poorly explored. The current review has attempted to summarise the triad between Nav1.5 (nNav1.5), breast cancer, and the immune system. To date, there is no such review available that encompasses these three components as most reviews focus on the molecular and pharmacological prospects of Nav1.5. This review is divided into three major subsections: (1) the review highlights the roles of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 in potentiating the progression of breast cancer, (2) focuses on the general connection between breast cancer and the immune system, and finally (3) the review emphasises the involvements of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 in the functionality of the immune system and the immunogenicity. Compared to the other subsections, section three is pretty unexploited; it would be interesting to study this subsection as it completes the triad.

IL-6 Cytokine Family: A Putative Target for Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment

The IL-6 cytokine family is a group of signaling molecules with wide expression and function across vertebrates. Each member of the family signals by binding to its specific receptor and at least one molecule of gp130, which is the common transmembrane receptor subunit for the whole group. Signal transduction upon stimulation of the receptor complex results in the activation of multiple downstream cascades, among which, in mammary cells, the JAK-STAT3 pathway plays a central role. In this review, we summarize the role of the IL-6 cytokine family—specifically IL-6 itself, LIF, OSM, and IL-11—as relevant players during breast cancer progression. We have compiled evidence indicating that this group of soluble factors may be used for early and more precise breast cancer diagnosis and to design targeted therapy to treat or even prevent metastasis development, particularly to the bone. Expression profiles and possible therapeutic use of their specific receptors in the different breast cancer subtypes are also described. In addition, participation of these cytokines in pathologies of the breast linked to lactation and involution of the gland, as post-partum breast cancer and mastitis, is discussed.

Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease

Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans. Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system-related disorders (endometriosis, and breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer), bone-related abnormalities, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, urogenital tract disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cutaneous melanoma. ER alpha (ERα), ER beta (ERβ), and novel G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) have been identified as the most prominent ERs. This review provides an overview of ERα, ERβ, and GPER1, as well as their functions in health and disease. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications and challenges are discussed.

DNMT1-induced miR-378a-3p silencing promotes angiogenesis via the NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting TRAF1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Angiogenesis plays an important role in the occurrence, development and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to previous studies, miR-378a participates in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis, but its exact role in HCC angiogenesis remains poorly understood.

METHODS

qRT-PCR was used to investigate the expression of miR-378a-3p in HCC tissues and cell lines. The effects of miR-378a-3p on HCC in vitro and in vivo were examined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell, tube formation and Matrigel plug assays, RNA sequencing, bioinformatics, luciferase reporter, immunofluorescence and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to detect the molecular mechanism by which miR-378a-3p inhibits angiogenesis.

RESULTS

We confirmed that miR-378a-3p expression was significantly downregulated and associated with higher microvascular density (MVD) in HCC; miR-378a-3p downregulation indicated a short survival time in HCC patients. miR-378a-3p knockdown led to a significant increase in angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. We found that miR-378a-3p directly targeted TNF receptor associated factor 1 (TRAF1) to attenuate NF-κB signaling, and then downregulated secreted vascular endothelial growth factor. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)-mediated hypermethylation of miR-378a-3p was responsible for downregulating miR-378a-3p. Moreover, a series of investigations indicated that p65 initiated a positive feedback loop that could upregulate DNMT1 to promote hypermethylation of the miR-378a-3p promoter.

CONCLUSION

Our study indicates a novel DNMT1/miR-378a-3p/TRAF1/NF-κB positive feedback loop in HCC cells, which may become a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

Berberine Inhibits MDA-MB-231 Cells as an Agonist of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) is a potential therapeutic target for treating triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). However, modulators for GPER1 that can be used to treat TNBC have not appeared. Berberine (BBR) is a bioactive isoquinoline alkaloid with high oral safety. In recent years, BBR has shown an inhibitory effect on TNBC tumors such as MDA-MB-231, but the molecular target remains unclear, which hinders related clinical research. Our work proved that BBR is a modulator of GPER1 that can inhibit cell viability, migration, and autophagy of MDA-MB-231 cells. The inhibitory effect of BBR on MDA-MB-231 cells has a dependence on estrogen levels. Although BBR promoted the proteasome, which is a major factor in the degradation of GPER1, it could still induce the protein level of GPER1. Correspondingly, the transcription of cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2) was promoted. BBR could bind to GPER1 directly and change the secondary structure of GPER1, as in the case of 17β-estradiol (E2). In addition, BBR induced not only a high degree of co-localization of GPER1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3), but also the accumulation of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) by the inhibition of the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) subunit (RELA/p65), which indicates NF-κB inhibition and anti-cancer effects. This result proved that the promotional effect of BBR on the GPER1/NF-κB pathway was closely related to its inhibitory effect on autophagy, which may serve as a new mechanism by which to explain the inhibitory effect of BBR on MDA-MB-231 cells and expand our understanding of the function of both BBR and GPER1.

OGT upregulates myogenic IL-6 by mediating O-GlcNAcylation of p65 in mouse skeletal muscle under cold exposure

Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. Furthermore, global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels peaked 3 h after induction of mild hypothermia. Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway was also observed in response to mild hypothermia. Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significantly increased glucose metabolism, and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65. We generated skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice and exposed them to cold at 4°C for 3 h per day for 1 week. OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure.

Tackling of Renal Carcinogenesis in Wistar Rats by Silybum marianum Total Extract, Silymarin, and Silibinin via Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Nrf2, PPARγ, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways

The present work was designed to assess the efficacy of Silybum marianum total extract (STE), silymarin (Sm), and silibinin (Sb) against experimentally induced renal carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats and their roles in regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. The diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-administered rats were orally treated with STE (200 mg/kg b.w.), Sm (150 mg/kg b.w.), and Sb (5 mg/kg b.w.) every other day either from the 1st week or from the 16th week of carcinogen administration to the end of 25th week. The treatments with STE, Sm, and Sb attenuated markers of toxicity in serum, decreased kidney lipid peroxidation (LPO), and significantly reinforced the renal antioxidant armory. The biochemical results were further confirmed by the histopathological alterations. The treatments also led to suppression of proinflammatory mediators such as NF-κβ, p65, Iκβα, and IL-6 in association with inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, they activated the expressions of PPARs, Nrf2, and IL-4 in addition to downregulation of apoptotic proteins p53 and caspase-3 and upregulation of antiapoptotic mediator Bcl-2. The obtained data supply potent proof for the efficacy of STE, Sm, and Sb to counteract renal carcinogenesis via alteration of varied molecular pathways.

ERα36-GPER1 Collaboration Inhibits TLR4/NFκB-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Activity in Breast Cancer Cells

Inflammation is important for the initiation and progression of breast cancer. We have previously reported that in monocytes, estrogen regulates TLR4/NFκB-mediated inflammation via the interaction of the Erα isoform ERα36 with GPER1. We therefore investigated whether a similar mechanism is present in breast cancer epithelial cells, and the effect of ERα36 expression on the classic 66 kD ERα isoform (ERα66) functions. We report that estrogen inhibits LPS-induced NFκB activity and the expression of downstream molecules TNFα and IL-6. In the absence of ERα66, ERα36 and GPER1 are both indispensable for this effect. In the presence of ERα66, ERα36 or GPER1 knock-down partially inhibits NFκB-mediated inflammation. In both cases, ERα36 overexpression enhances the inhibitory effect of estrogen on inflammation. We also verify that ERα36 and GPER1 physically interact, especially after LPS treatment, and that GPER1 interacts directly with NFκB. When both ERα66 and ERα36 are expressed, the latter acts as an inhibitor of ERα66 via its binding to estrogen response elements. We also report that the activation of ERα36 leads to the inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation. Our data support that ERα36 is an inhibitory estrogen receptor that, in collaboration with GPER1, inhibits NFκB-mediated inflammation and ERα66 actions in breast cancer cells.

G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Agonist G-1 Inhibits Mantle Cell Lymphoma Growth in Preclinical Models

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive form of non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphoma with poor prognosis. Despite recent advances, resistance to therapy and relapse remain significant clinical problems. G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)-mediated estrogenic rapid signaling is implicated in the development of many cancers. However, its role in MCL is unknown. Here we report that GPER activation with selective agonist G-1 induced cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, mitochondria membrane potential abnormality, and eventually apoptosis of MCL cell lines. We found that G-1 induced DNA damage and apoptosis of MCL cells by promoting the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and the generation of reactive oxygen species. In addition, G-1 inhibited MCL cell proliferation by inactivation of NF-κB signaling and exhibited anti-tumor functions in MCL xenografted mice. Most significantly, G-1 showed synergistic effect with ibrutinib making it a potential candidate for chemotherapy-free therapies against MCL.

Estrogen/ER in anti-tumor immunity regulation to tumor cell and tumor microenvironment

As the essential sexual hormone, estrogen and its receptor has been proved to participate in the regulation of autoimmunity diseases and anti-tumor immunity. The adjustment of tumor immunity is related to the interaction between cancer cells, immune cells and tumor microenvironment, all of which is considered as the potential target in estrogen-induced immune system regulation. However, the specific mechanism of estrogen-induced immunity is poorly understood. Typically, estrogen causes the nuclear localization of estrogen/estrogen receptor complex and alternates the transcription pattern of target genes, leading to the reprogramming of tumor cells and differentiation of immune cells. However, the estrogen-induced non-canonical signal pathway activation is also crucial to the rapid function of estrogen, such as NF-κB, MAPK-ERK, and β-catenin pathway activation, which has not been totally illuminated. So, the investigation of estrogen modulatory mechanisms in these two manners is vital for the tumor immunity and can provide the potential for endocrine hormone targeted cancer immunotherapy. Here, this review summarized the estrogen-induced canonical and non-canonical signal transduction pathway and aimed to focus on the relationship among estrogen and cancer immunity as well as immune-related tumor microenvironment regulation. Results from these preclinical researches elucidated that the estrogen-target therapy has the application prospect of cancer immunotherapy, which requires the further translational research of these treatment strategies.

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of goat mammary epithelial cells via NF-κB signalling pathway

Mastitis is one of the most frequent clinical diseases in dairy animals. Epithelial cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promote the process of mastitis. Oestrogen deficiency is disadvantaged of many tissue inflammation and regeneration, while exogenous oestrogen treatment can reverse these effects. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) is a membrane estrogen receptor. However, the potential effects of oestrogen via GPER1 on EMT in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) are still unclear. Here, this study discovered that the activation of GPER1 by oestrogen could inhibit the EMT in GMECs via NF-κB signalling pathway. The activation of GPER1 by oestrogen inhibited the EMT accompanied by upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin. Meanwhile, mRNA expression of transcription factors including Snail1 and ZEB1 was decreased. Further, like to oestrogen, GPER1 agonist G1 repressed the EMT progression. Conversely, GPER1 antagonist G15 reversed all these features induced by oestrogen. What's more, GPER1 silencing with shRNA promoted GMECs undergoing EMT. Additionally, oestrogen increased the phosphorylation of Erk1/2, which then decreased the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, inhibiting the NF-κB signalling pathway activity. Taken, GPER1 may act as a suppressor through the regulation of EMT to prevent the development of mastitis.

Carcinogenesis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Sex Steroid Hormones

Simple Summary

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks all of three treatment targets (estrogen receptor-α, ER-α; progesterone receptor, PgR; and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2) and is usually associated with a poor clinical outcome; however, several sex steroid receptors, such as androgen receptor (AR), ER-β, and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor, are frequently expressed and their biological and clinical importance has been suggested. Despite the structural similarity between sex steroid hormones (androgens and estrogens) or receptors (AR and ER-β), similar signaling mechanisms of these hormones, and the coexistence of these hormones and their receptors in TNBC in a clinical setting, most studies or reviews focused on only one of these receptors, and rarely reviewed them in a comprehensive way. In this review, the carcinogenic or pathobiological role of sex steroid hormones in TNBC is considered, focusing on common and differing features of hormone actions.

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks an effective treatment target and is usually associated with a poor clinical outcome; however, hormone unresponsiveness, which is the most important biological characteristic of TNBC, only means the lack of nuclear estrogenic signaling through the classical estrogen receptor (ER), ER-α. Several sex steroid receptors other than ER-α: androgen receptor (AR), second ER, ER-β, and non-nuclear receptors represented by G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), are frequently expressed in TNBC and their biological and clinical importance has been suggested by a large number of studies. Despite the structural similarity between each sex steroid hormone (androgens and estrogens) or each receptor (AR and ER-β), and similarity in the signaling mechanisms of these hormones, most studies or reviews focused on one of these receptors, and rarely reviewed them in a comprehensive way. Considering the coexistence of these hormones and their receptors in TNBC in a clinical setting, a comprehensive viewpoint would be important to correctly understand the association between the carcinogenic mechanism or pathobiology of TNBC and sex steroid hormones. In this review, the carcinogenic or pathobiological role of sex steroid hormones in TNBC is considered, focusing on the common and divergent features of the action of these hormones.

Geniposide alleviates choroidal neovascularization by downregulating HB-EGF release from RPE cells by downregulating the miR-145-5p/NF-κB axis

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), mainly wet AMD, is the major reason for nonreversible vision loss worldwide. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a characteristic pathological manifestation of wet AMD. Stress or injury to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) induces proangiogenic factors that drive CNV. An iridoid glycoside extracted from the fruit of gardenia, geniposide (GEN) plays an antiangiogenic role. In this study, GEN inhibited the transcription and expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), a proangiogenic factor, in hypoxic RPE cells and a mouse laser-induced CNV model. Inhibition of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a GEN receptor blocker, eliminated the protective effect of GEN. Additionally, GEN decreased the transcription and expression of HB-EGF in hypoxia-exposed RPE cells by downregulating the miR-145-5p/NF-κB axis. Therefore, our research provides a promising novel strategy for wet AMD therapy.

Activation of GPER by E2 promotes proliferation, invasion and migration of breast cancer cells by regulating the miR-124/CD151 pathway

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and is responsible for a high mortality rate. However, the underlying pathological mechanism of breast cancer remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) play critical roles in the progression of breast cancer. Recent studies have reported that miR-124/CD151 participates in the development of breast cancer. However, the exact molecular mechanism of miR-124/CD151 action in 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated breast cancer cells remains unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate miR-124 and CD151 expression levels in MCF-7 cells treated with E2 via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to predict and identify whether CD151 is a potential target of miR-124. The Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were performed to detect proliferation of MCF-7 cells. In addition, the invasive and migratory abilities of MCF-7 cells were assessed via the Transwell and wound healing assays, respectively. The results demonstrated that E2 downregulated miR-124 expression, while upregulating G protein -coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) expression in MCF-7 cells. Following treatment with the GPER antagonist, G15, miR-124 expression was significantly enhanced and E2-induced proliferation, invasion and migration of MCF-7 cells were notably inhibited. In addition, CD151 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-124. CD151 silencing remarkably suppressed the proliferation, invasion and migration of E2-induced MCF-7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that upregulation of GPER expression induced by E2 promotes proliferation, invasion and migration of breast cancer cells by regulating the miR-124/CD151 pathway. Thus, the results of the present study provide a potential novel method for the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer.

Contribution of the tumor and obese microenvironment to triple negative breast cancer

The growing burden of obesity and incidence of the aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a challenge, especially amongst vulnerable populations with unmet medical needs and higher mortality from breast cancer. While some mechanisms linking obesity and TNBC have been identified, the complex nature of pathogenesis, in both obesity as well as TNBC poses a real challenge in establishing a causative role of obesity in risk of TNBC. In this review article, we discuss pathological mechanisms identified in the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as the obese microenvironment (OME), such as inflammation, insulin resistance and survival pathways that contribute to the development and progression of TNBC. Insights into the cross-talk between TME and OME, and their contribution to TNBC development and progression, may pave the way for personalized therapies against TNBC progression, relapse and metastasis.

G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Cancer and Stromal Cells: Functions and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives

Estrogen is involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological systems. Its role in driving estrogen receptor-expressing breast cancers is well established, but it also has important roles in a number of other cancers, acting both on tumor cells directly as well as in the function of multiple cells of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and adipocytes, which can greatly impact carcinogenesis. One of its receptors, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), has gained much interest over the last decade in both health and disease. Increasing evidence shows that GPER contributes to clinically observed endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer while also playing a complex role in a number of other cancers. Recent discoveries regarding the targeting of GPER in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition, particularly in melanoma, have led to the initiation of the first Phase I clinical trial for the GPER-selective agonist G-1. Furthermore, its functions in metabolism and corresponding pathophysiological states, such as obesity and diabetes, are becoming more evident and suggest additional therapeutic value in targeting GPER for both cancer and other diseases. Here, we highlight the roles of GPER in several cancers, as well as in metabolism and immune regulation, and discuss the therapeutic value of targeting this estrogen receptor as a potential treatment for cancer as well as contributing metabolic and inflammatory diseases and conditions.

Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Promotes Angiogenesis of Glioblastoma Through Interacting With ITGB4 and Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Background

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system (CNS), causing the extremely poor prognosis. Combining the role of angiogenesis in tumor progression and the role of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in angiogenesis, this study aims to explore the functions of PSMA in GBM.

Methods

Clinical GBM specimens were collected from 60 patients who accepted surgical treatment in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between January 2018 and June 2019. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect PSMA and CD31 expression in GBM tissues. Prognostic significance of PSMA was evaluated by bioinformatics. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) transfected with PSMA overexpression plasmids or cultured with conditioned medium collected based on GBM cells, were used for CCK8, Transwell and tube formation assays. High-throughput sequencing and immunoprecipitation were used to explore the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, the in vivo experiment had been also conducted.

Results

We demonstrated that PSMA was abundantly expressed in endothelium of vessels of GBM tissues but not in vessels of normal tissues, which was significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Overexpression of PSMA could promotes proliferation, invasion and tube formation ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, U87 or U251 conditioned medium could upregulated PSMA expression and induce similar effects on phenotypes of HUVECs, all of which could be partially attenuated by 2-PMPA treatment. The mechanistic study revealed that PSMA might promote angiogenesis of GBM through interacting with Integrin β4 (ITGB4) and activating NF-κB signaling pathway. The in vivo growth of GBM could be alleviated by the treatment of 2-PMPA.

Conclusion

This study identified PSMA as a critical regulator in angiogenesis and progression of GBM, which might be a promising therapeutic target for GBM treatment.

Estrogen Receptor Beta Prevents Signet Ring Cell Gastric Carcinoma Progression in Young Patients by Inhibiting Pseudopodia Formation via the mTOR-Arpc1b/EVL Signaling Pathway

Signet ring cell gastric carcinoma (SRCGC) is a poorly differentiated malignancy, and can be highly dangerous in the progression stage. There is a higher male to female ratio among patients with signet ring cell carcinoma as compared to patients with non-SRCGC. ERβ has been found to express in stomach adenocarcinoma, but how it affects tumor progression remains unclear. Here, we studied estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) to explore the role of sex-associated factors in SRCGC. We analyzed the clinicopathological statistics of patients with SRCGC, and conducted a series of in vitro experiments. Immunohistochemistry showed that patients with low ERβ expression were at risk of poor prognosis and higher T stage. In vitro assays indicated that ERβ might prevent SRCGC progression by inhibiting cell proliferation and invasiveness and by promoting anoikis. Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR proved that the mTOR-Arpc1b/EVL signaling pathway might participate in the negative regulatory role of ERβ. In conclusion, our findings show that ERβ might inhibit the malignancy of signet ring cells in patients with SRCGC, indicating that ERβ might be a potential target in adjuvant treatment.