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Kemeter LM, Birzer A, Heym S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of Mammalian Retroviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1777. [PMID: 37512949 PMCID: PMC10386362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of viruses from one host to another typically occurs through horizontal or vertical pathways. The horizontal pathways include transmission amongst individuals, usually through bodily fluids or excretions, while vertical transmission transpires from mother to their offspring, either during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. While there are more than 200 human pathogenic viruses to date, only a small number of them are known to be transmitted via breast milk, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the latter two belonging to the family Retroviridae. Breast milk transmission is a common characteristic among mammalian retroviruses, but there is a lack of reports summarizing our knowledge regarding this route of transmission of mammalian retroviruses. Here, we provide an overview of the transmission of mammalian exogenous retroviruses with a focus on Orthoretrovirinae, and we highlight whether they have been described or suspected to be transmitted through breast milk, covering various species. We also elaborate on the production and composition of breast milk and discuss potential entry sites of exogenous mammalian retroviruses during oral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Kemeter
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Birzer
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heym
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Murata M, Yasunaga JI, Washizaki A, Seki Y, Kuramitsu M, Tan WK, Hu A, Okuma K, Hamaguchi I, Mizukami T, Matsuoka M, Akari H. Frequent horizontal and mother-to-child transmission may contribute to high prevalence of STLV-1 infection in Japanese macaques. Retrovirology 2020; 17:15. [PMID: 32576215 PMCID: PMC7310504 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) is disseminated among various non-human primate species and is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Notably, the prevalence of STLV-1 infection in Japanese macaques (JMs) is estimated to be > 60%, much greater than that in other non-human primates; however, the mechanism and mode of STLV-1 transmission remain unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the epidemiological background by which STLV-1 infection is highly prevalent in JMs. Results The prevalence of STLV-1 in the JMs rearing in our free-range facility reached up to 64% (180/280 JMs) with variation from 55 to 77% among five independent troops. Anti-STLV-1 antibody titers (ABTs) and STLV-1 proviral loads (PVLs) were normally distributed with mean values of 4076 and 0.62%, respectively, which were mostly comparable to those of HTLV-1-infected humans. Our initial hypothesis that some of the macaques might contribute to frequent horizontal STLV-1 transmission as viral super-spreaders was unlikely because of the absence of the macaques exhibiting abnormally high PVLs but poor ABTs. Rather, ABTs and PVLs were statistically correlated (p < 0.0001), indicating that the increasing PVLs led to the greater humoral immune response. Further analyses demonstrated that the STLV-1 prevalence as determined by detection of the proviral DNA was dramatically increased with age; 11%, 31%, and 58% at 0, 1, and 2 years of age, respectively, which was generally consistent with the result of seroprevalence and suggested the frequent incidence of mother-to-child transmission. Moreover, our longitudinal follow-up study indicated that 24 of 28 seronegative JMs during the periods from 2011 to 2012 converted to seropositive (86%) 4 years later; among them, the seroconversion rates of sexually matured (4 years of age and older) macaques and immature macaques (3 years of age and younger) at the beginning of study were comparably high (80% and 89%, respectively), suggesting the frequent incidence of horizontal transmission. Conclusions Together with the fact that almost all of the full-adult JMs older than 9 years old were infected with STLV-1, our results of this study demonstrated for the first time that frequent horizontal and mother-to-child transmission may contribute to high prevalence of STLV-1 infection in JMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Murata
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ayaka Washizaki
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Yohei Seki
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Wei Keat Tan
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Anna Hu
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akari
- Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Japan. .,Laboratory of Infectious Disease Model, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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3
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El Hajj H, Tsukasaki K, Cheminant M, Bazarbachi A, Watanabe T, Hermine O. Novel Treatments of Adult T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1062. [PMID: 32547515 PMCID: PMC7270167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy secondary to chronic infection with the human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) retrovirus. ATL carries a dismal prognosis. ATL classifies into four subtypes (acute, lymphoma, chronic, and smoldering) which display different clinical features, prognosis and response to therapy, hence requiring different clinical management. Smoldering and chronic subtypes respond well to antiretroviral therapy using the combination of zidovudine (AZT) and interferon-alpha (IFN) with a significant prolongation of survival. Conversely, the watch and wait strategy or chemotherapy for these indolent subtypes allies with a poor long-term outcome. Acute ATL is associated with chemo-resistance and dismal prognosis. Lymphoma subtypes respond better to intensive chemotherapy but survival remains poor. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) results in long-term survival in roughly one third of transplanted patients but only a small percentage of patients can make it to transplant. Overall, current treatments of aggressive ATL are not satisfactory. Prognosis of refractory or relapsed patients is dismal with some encouraging results when using lenalidomide or mogamulizumab. To overcome resistance and prevent relapse, preclinical or pilot clinical studies using targeted therapies such as arsenic/IFN, monoclonal antibodies, epigenetic therapies are promising but warrant further clinical investigation. Anti-ATL vaccines including Tax peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, induced Tax-specific CTL responses in ATL patients. Finally, based on the progress in understanding the pathophysiology of ATL, and the risk-adapted treatment approaches to different ATL subtypes, treatment strategies of ATL should take into account the host immune responses and the host microenvironment including HTLV-1 infected non-malignant cells. Herein, we will provide a summary of novel treatments of ATL in vitro, in vivo, and in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kunihiro Tsukasaki
- Department of Hematology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Morgane Cheminant
- INSERM UMR 1163 and CNRS URL 8254, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Hematology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Olivier Hermine
- INSERM UMR 1163 and CNRS URL 8254, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Hematology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
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4
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Jégado B, Kashanchi F, Dutartre H, Mahieux R. STLV-1 as a model for studying HTLV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2019; 16:41. [PMID: 31843020 PMCID: PMC6915939 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Few years after HTLV-1 identification and isolation in humans, STLV-1, its simian counterpart, was discovered. It then became clear that STLV-1 is present almost in all simian species. Subsequent molecular epidemiology studies demonstrated that, apart from HTLV-1 subtype A, all human subtypes have a simian homolog. As HTLV-1, STLV-1 is the etiological agent of ATL, while no case of TSP/HAM has been described. Given its similarities with HTLV-1, STLV-1 represents a unique tool used for performing clinical studies, vaccine studies as well as basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Jégado
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France.
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5
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Afonso PV, Cassar O, Gessain A. Molecular epidemiology, genetic variability and evolution of HTLV-1 with special emphasis on African genotypes. Retrovirology 2019; 16:39. [PMID: 31842895 PMCID: PMC6916231 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) is an oncoretrovirus that infects at least 10 million people worldwide. HTLV-1 exhibits a remarkable genetic stability, however, viral strains have been classified in several genotypes and subgroups, which often mirror the geographic origin of the viral strain. The Cosmopolitan genotype HTLV-1a, can be subdivided into geographically related subgroups, e.g. Transcontinental (a-TC), Japanese (a-Jpn), West-African (a-WA), North-African (a-NA), and Senegalese (a-Sen). Within each subgroup, the genetic diversity is low. Genotype HTLV-1b is found in Central Africa; it is the major genotype in Gabon, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. While strains from the HTLV-1d genotype represent only a few percent of the strains present in Central African countries, genotypes -e, -f, and -g have been only reported sporadically in particular in Cameroon Gabon, and Central African Republic. HTLV-1c genotype, which is found exclusively in Australo-Melanesia, is the most divergent genotype. This reflects an ancient speciation, with a long period of isolation of the infected populations in the different islands of this region (Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu archipelago). Until now, no viral genotype or subgroup is associated with a specific HTLV-1-associated disease. HTLV-1 originates from a simian reservoir (STLV-1); it derives from interspecies zoonotic transmission from non-human primates to humans (ancient or recent). In this review, we describe the genetic diversity of HTLV-1, and analyze the molecular mechanisms that are at play in HTLV-1 evolution. Similar to other retroviruses, HTLV-1 evolves either through accumulation of point mutations or recombination. Molecular studies point to a fairly low evolution rate of HTLV-1 (between 5.6E−7 and 1.5E−6 substitutions/site/year), supposedly because the virus persists within the host via clonal expansion (instead of new infectious cycles that use reverse transcriptase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V Afonso
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
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6
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Abstract
It has been nearly 40 years since human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), the first oncogenic retrovirus in humans and the first demonstrable cause of cancer by an infectious agent, was discovered. Studies indicate that HTLV-1 is arguably one of the most carcinogenic agents to humans. In addition, HTLV-1 causes a diverse array of diseases, including myelopathy and immunodeficiency, which cause morbidity and mortality to many people in the world, including the indigenous population in Australia, a fact that was emphasized only recently. HTLV-1 can be transmitted by infected lymphocytes, from mother to child via breast feeding, by sex, by blood transfusion, and by organ transplant. Therefore, the prevention of HTLV-1 infection is possible but such action has been taken in only a limited part of the world. However, until now it has not been listed by the World Health Organization as a sexually transmitted organism nor, oddly, recognized as an oncogenic virus by the recent list of the National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health. Such underestimation of HTLV-1 by health agencies has led to a remarkable lack of funding supporting research and development of treatments and vaccines, causing HTLV-1 to remain a global threat. Nonetheless, there are emerging novel therapeutic and prevention strategies which will help people who have diseases caused by HTLV-1. In this review, we present a brief historic overview of the key events in HTLV-1 research, including its pivotal role in generating ideas of a retrovirus cause of AIDS and in several essential technologies applicable to the discovery of HIV and the unraveling of its genes and their function. This is followed by the status of HTLV-1 research and the preventive and therapeutic developments of today. We also discuss pending issues and remaining challenges to enable the eradication of HTLV-1 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Robert Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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7
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Farmanbar A, Firouzi S, Makałowski W, Kneller R, Iwanaga M, Utsunomiya A, Nakai K, Watanabe T. Mutational Intratumor Heterogeneity is a Complex and Early Event in the Development of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Neoplasia 2018; 20:883-893. [PMID: 30032036 PMCID: PMC6074008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The clonal architecture of tumors plays a vital role in their pathogenesis and invasiveness; however, it is not yet clear how this clonality contributes to different malignancies. In this study we sought to address mutational intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). ATL is a malignancy with an incompletely understood molecular pathogenesis caused by infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). To determine the clonal structure through tumor genetic diversity profiles, we investigated 142 whole-exome sequencing data of tumor and matched normal samples from 71 ATL patients. Based on SciClone analysis, the ATL samples showed a wide spectrum of modes over clonal/subclonal frequencies ranging from one to nine clusters. The average number of clusters was six across samples, but the number of clusters differed among different samples. Of these ATL samples, 94% had more than two clusters. Aggressive ATL cases had slightly more clonal clusters than indolent types, indicating the presence of ITH during earlier stages of disease. The known significantly mutated genes in ATL were frequently clustered together and possibly coexisted in the same clone. IRF4, CCR4, TP53, and PLCG1 mutations were almost clustered in subclones with a moderate variant allele frequency (VAF), whereas HLA-B, CARD11, and NOTCH1 mutations were clustered in subclones with lower VAFs. Taken together, these results show that ATL displays a high degree of ITH and a complex subclonal structure. Our findings suggest that clonal/subclonal architecture might be a useful measure for prognostic purposes and personalized assessment of the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Farmanbar
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sanaz Firouzi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Wojciech Makałowski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Germany.
| | - Robert Kneller
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masako Iwanaga
- Department of Frontier Life Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Advanced Medical Innovation St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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8
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Pasquier A, Alais S, Roux L, Thoulouze MI, Alvarez K, Journo C, Dutartre H, Mahieux R. How to Control HTLV-1-Associated Diseases: Preventing de Novo Cellular Infection Using Antiviral Therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:278. [PMID: 29593659 PMCID: PMC5859376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five to ten million individuals are infected by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is transmitted through prolonged breast-feeding, by sexual contacts and by transmission of infected T lymphocytes through blood transfusion. One to ten percent of infected carriers will develop a severe HTLV-1-associated disease: Adult-T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), or a neurological disorder named Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM). In vivo, HTLV-1 is mostly detected in CD4+ T-cells, and to a lesser extent in CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells. There is a strong correlation between HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) and clinical status of infected individuals. Thus, reducing PVL could be part of a strategy to prevent or treat HTLV-1-associated diseases among carriers. Treatment of ATLL patients using conventional chemotherapy has very limited benefit. Some chronic and acute ATLL patients are, however, efficiently treated with a combination of interferon α and zidovudine (IFN-α/AZT), to which arsenic trioxide is added in some cases. On the other hand, no efficient treatment for TSP/HAM patients has been described yet. It is therefore crucial to develop therapies that could either prevent the occurrence of HTLV-1-associated diseases or at least block the evolution of the disease in the early stages. In vivo, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity is low in infected cells, which is correlated with a clonal mode of viral replication. This renders infected cells resistant to nucleoside RT inhibitors such as AZT. However, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) associated to AZT efficiently induces viral expression and prevent de novo cellular infection. In asymptomatic STLV-1 infected non-human primates, HDACi/AZT combination allows a strong decrease in the PVL. Unfortunately, rebound in the PVL occurs when the treatment is stopped, highlighting the need for better antiviral compounds. Here, we review previously used strategies targeting HTLV-1 replication. We also tested a series of HIV-1 RT inhibitors in an in vitro anti-HTLV-1 screen, and report that bis-POM-PMEA (adefovir dipivoxil) and bis-POC-PMPA (tenofovir disoproxil) are much more efficient compared to AZT to decrease HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission in vitro. Our results suggest that revisiting already established antiviral drugs is an interesting approach to discover new anti-HTLV-1 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Pasquier
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Loic Roux
- CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Thoulouze
- "Biofilm and Viral Transmission" Team, Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Karine Alvarez
- CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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9
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Donhauser N, Heym S, Thoma-Kress AK. Quantitating the Transfer of the HTLV-1 p8 Protein Between T-Cells by Flow Cytometry. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 29563906 PMCID: PMC5850991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-encoded accessory protein p8 is cleaved from the precursor protein p12 encoded by the HTLV-1 open reading frame I. Both p12 and p8 are thought to contribute to efficient viral persistence. Mechanistically, p8 induces T-cell conjugates and cellular conduits. The latter are considered to facilitate transfer of p8 to target cells and virus transmission. Transfer of p8 between p8-expressing T-cells and recipient cells has been analyzed by immunofluorescence and live imaging. However, automatic quantitation of p8-transfer between cells has not been studied yet. Here we developed a novel method allowing time saving quantitation of p8 transfer between cells by flow cytometry. After establishing a protocol for the detection of intracellular p8 by flow cytometry and validation of p8 protein expression by western blot and immunofluorescence, we set up a co-culture assay between p8-expressing donor Jurkat T-cells and recipient Jurkat T-cells that had been prestained with a well-retained live cell dye. Upon quantitating the amount of p8 positive recipient cells with regard to the percentage of p8 expressing donor cells, time course experiments confirmed that p8 is rapidly transferred between Jurkat T-cells. We found that p8 enters approximately 5% of recipient T-cells immediately upon co-culture for 5 min. Prolonged co-culture for up to 24 h revealed an increase of relative p8 transfer to approximately 23% of the recipient cells. Immunofluorescence analysis of co-culture experiments and manual quantitation of p8 expression in fluorescence images confirmed the validity of the flow cytometry based assay. Application of the new assay revealed that manipulation of actin polymerization significantly decreased p8 transfer between Jurkat T-cells suggesting an important role of actin dynamics contributing to p8 transfer. Further, transfer of p8 to co-cultured T-cells varies between different donor cell types since p8 transfer could hardly been detected in co-cultures of 293T donor cells with Jurkat acceptor cells. In summary, our novel assay allows automatic and rapid quantitation of p8 transfer to target cells and might thus contribute to a better understanding of cellular processes and dynamics regulating p8 transfer and HTLV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Donhauser
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heym
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
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Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T lymphotropic virus type 1, was the first exogenous human retrovirus discovered. Unlike the distantly related lentivirus HIV-1, HTLV-1 causes disease in only 5-10% of infected people, depending on their ethnic origin. But whereas HIV-1 infection and the consequent diseases can be efficiently contained in most cases by antiretroviral drug treatment, there is no satisfactory treatment for the malignant or inflammatory diseases caused by HTLV-1. The purpose of the present article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus persists in vivo and causes disabling or fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
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