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Nagumo Y, Kandori S, Tanuma K, Nitta S, Chihara I, Shiga M, Hoshi A, Negoro H, Kojima T, Mathis BJ, Funakoshi Y, Nishiyama H. PLD1 promotes tumor invasion by regulation of MMP-13 expression via NF-κB signaling in bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 511:15-25. [PMID: 33945837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of bladder cancer (BC) cells from the mucosa into the muscle layer is canonical for BC progression while phospholipase D isoform 1 (PLD1) is known to mediate development of cancer through phosphatidic acid (PA) production. We therefore used in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches to detail the effect of PLD1 on BC invasion. In BC patients, higher levels of PLD1 expression were associated with poor prognoses. PLD1 knockdown significantly suppressed cellular invasion by human BC cells and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) was observed to mediate this effect. In our mouse bladder carcinogenesis model, the development of invasive BCs was suppressed by PLD1 knockout and a global transcriptomic analysis in this model indicated MMP-13 as a potential tumor invasion gene with NF-κB (nuclear factor-kB) as its transcriptional regulator. Furthermore, PA administration increased MMP-13 expression in line with NF-κB p65 phosphorylation levels. Collectively, we demonstrate that PLD1 promotes tumor invasion of BC by regulation of MMP-13 expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway and that PLD1 might be a potential therapeutic target to prevent clinical progression in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Nagumo
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shuya Kandori
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Kozaburo Tanuma
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nitta
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Chihara
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Shiga
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akio Hoshi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Negoro
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bryan J Mathis
- International Medical Center, University of Tsukuba Affiliated Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuji Funakoshi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishiyama
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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2
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Borel M, Lollo G, Magne D, Buchet R, Brizuela L, Mebarek S. Prostate cancer-derived exosomes promote osteoblast differentiation and activity through phospholipase D2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165919. [PMID: 32800947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent cancer in men aged 65 and over. PCa mainly metastasizes in the bone, forming osteosclerotic lesions, inducing pain, fractures, and nerve compression. Cancer cell-derived exosomes participate in the metastatic spread, ranging from oncogenic reprogramming to the formation of pre-metastatic niches. Moreover, exosomes were recently involved in the dialog between PCa cells and the bone metastasis microenvironment. Phospholipase D (PLD) isoforms PLD1/2 catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid (PA), regulating tumor progression and metastasis. PLD is suspected to play a role in exosomes biogenesis. We aimed to determine whether PCa-derived exosomes, through PLD, interact with the bone microenvironment, especially osteoblasts, during the metastatic process. Here we demonstrate for the first time that PLD2 is present in exosomes of C4-2B and PC-3 cells. C4-2B-derived exosomes activate proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts models, by stimulating ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, by increasing the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of osteogenic differentiation markers. Contrariwise, when C4-2B exosomes are generated in the presence of halopemide, a PLD pan-inhibitor, they lose their ability to stimulate osteoblasts. Furthermore, the number of released exosomes diminishes significantly (-40%). When the PLD product PA is combined with halopemide, exosome secretion is fully restored. Taken together, our results indicate that PLD2 stimulates exosome secretion in PCa cell models as well as their ability to increase osteoblast activity. Thus, PLD2 could be considered as a potent player in the establishment of PCa bone metastasis acting through tumor cell derived-exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Borel
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Giovanna Lollo
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEPP, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - David Magne
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - René Buchet
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Leyre Brizuela
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622 Lyon, France.
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3
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Park SY, Kim B, Cui Z, Park G, Choi YW. Anti-Metastatic Effect of Gold Nanoparticle-Conjugated Maclura tricuspidata Extract on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5317-5331. [PMID: 32904434 PMCID: PMC7455757 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s246724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to study green-synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) from Maclura tricuspidata (MT) root (MTR), stem (MTS), leaf (MTL), and fruit (MTF) extracts and evaluate their anti-metastatic properties in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Maclura tricuspidata belongs to the Moraceae family and is widely used as a traditional medicinal plant given its biological activities. Methods We quantified the phenolic and flavonoid contents, reducing capacity, and antioxidant activity of all four extracts. The facile and optimum synthesis of MT-GNPs was visualized using UV-vis spectra and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Surface morphology, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern of MT-GNPs were assessed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The crystallized gold pattern of MT-GNPs was evaluated using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The functionalizing ligands of MT-extracts and MT-GNPs were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The photocatalytic capabilities of MT-GNPs were assessed by measuring the reduction of rhodamine B and methylene blue. Cell viability assay was detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 solution. Anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects were assessed using cell migration and invasion assays. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and phospholipase D (PLD) enzymatic activities were measured using gelatin zymography and Amplex Red PLD assay, respectively. Western blotting and luciferase assay were used to detect protein expression. Results All extracts had high phenolic and flavonoid contents and strong antioxidant and reducing capacities. Results from UV-Vis spectra, DLS, HR-TEM, EDS, XRD, and FT-IR showed the successful formation of MT-GNP with surface morphology, crystallinity, reduction capacity, capsulation, and stabilization. MTR-GNPs and MTS-GNPs had better catalytic activities than MTL-GNPs and MTF-GNPs for reduction of methylene blue and rhodamine B. Moreover, MTS-GNPs and MTR-GNPs exhibited the highest anti-migratory and anti-invasive potential and seemed to be more biologically active than the MTS and MTR extracts. Treatment with MT-GNPs decreased the enzymatic activity, translation levels of MMP-9 and PLD1. Our results showed that MTS-GNPs and MTR-GNPs could dramatically reverse transforming growth factor-β-induced vimentin and N-cadherin upregulation and E-cadherin downregulation. Conclusion The application of GNPs as a potential treatment approach for hepatocellular carcinoma can improve therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Beomjin Kim
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Zhengwei Cui
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea
| | - Geuntae Park
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Young-Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Myrang 627-706, Korea
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4
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Borel M, Cuvillier O, Magne D, Mebarek S, Brizuela L. Increased phospholipase D activity contributes to tumorigenesis in prostate cancer cell models. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 473:263-279. [PMID: 32661773 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent cancer among men and the first cause of death over 65. Approximately 90% of patients with advanced disease will develop bone metastasis, which dramatically reduces long-term survival. Therefore, effective therapies need to be developed, especially when disease is still well-localized. Phospholipase D (PLD), an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid, regulates several cellular functions as proliferation, survival, migration or vesicular trafficking. PLD is implicated in numerous diseases such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, autoimmune disorders or cancer. Indeed, PLD controls different aspects of oncogenesis including tumor progression and resistance to targeted therapies such as radiotherapy. PLD1 and PLD2 are the only isoforms with catalytic activity involved in cancer. Surprisingly, studies deciphering the role of PLD in the pathophysiology of PCa are scarce. Here we describe the correlation between PLD activity and PLD1 and PLD2 expression in PCa bone metastasis-derived cell lines C4-2B and PC-3. Next, by using PLD pharmacological inhibitors and RNA interference strategy, we validate the implication of PLD1 and PLD2 in cell viability, clonogenicity and proliferation of C4-2B and PC-3 cells and in migration capacity of PC-3 cells. Last, we show an increase in PLD activity as well as PLD2 protein expression during controlled starvation of PC-3 cells, concomitant with an augmentation of its migration capacity. Specifically, upregulation of PLD activity appears to be PKC-independent. Taken together, our results indicate that PLD, and in particular PLD2, could be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PCa-derived bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Borel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, 69622, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Cuvillier
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS UMR 5089, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, 31077, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - David Magne
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, 69622, Lyon, France
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, 69622, Lyon, France
| | - Leyre Brizuela
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, 69622, Lyon, France.
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5
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Yao Y, Wang X, Li H, Fan J, Qian X, Li H, Xu Y. Phospholipase D as a key modulator of cancer progression. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:911-935. [PMID: 32073216 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) family has a ubiquitous expression in cells. PLD isoforms (PLDs) and their hydrolysate phosphatidic acid (PA) have been demonstrated to engage in multiple stages of cancer progression. Aberrant expression of PLDs, especially PLD1 and PLD2, has been detected in various cancers. Inhibition or elimination of PLDs activity has been shown to reduce tumour growth and metastasis. PLDs and PA also serve as downstream effectors of various cell-surface receptors, to trigger and regulate propagation of intracellular signals in the process of tumourigenesis and metastasis. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the functions of PLDs and PA in discrete stages of cancer progression, including cancer cell growth, invasion and migration, and angiogenesis, with special emphasis on the tumour-associated signalling pathways mediated by PLDs and PA and the functional importance of PLDs and PA in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfa Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanbing Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiannan Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingke Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Frias MA, Mukhopadhyay S, Lehman E, Walasek A, Utter M, Menon D, Foster DA. Phosphatidic acid drives mTORC1 lysosomal translocation in the absence of amino acids. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:263-274. [PMID: 31767684 PMCID: PMC6952608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) promotes cell growth and proliferation in response to nutrients and growth factors. Amino acids induce lysosomal translocation of mTORC1 via the Rag GTPases. Growth factors activate Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), which in turn activates mTORC1 at the lysosome. Amino acids and growth factors also induce the phospholipase D (PLD)-phosphatidic acid (PA) pathway, required for mTORC1 signaling through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here, using human and murine cell lines, along with immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, endocytosis, PLD activity, and cell viability assays, we show that exogenously supplied PA vesicles deliver mTORC1 to the lysosome in the absence of amino acids, Rag GTPases, growth factors, and Rheb. Of note, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of endogenous PLD prevented mTORC1 lysosomal translocation. We observed that precancerous cells with constitutive Rheb activation through loss of tuberous sclerosis complex subunit 2 (TSC2) exploit the PLD-PA pathway and thereby sustain mTORC1 activation at the lysosome in the absence of amino acids. Our findings indicate that sequential inputs from amino acids and growth factors trigger PA production required for mTORC1 translocation and activation at the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Frias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021; Clinical and Translational Master's Program, Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065.
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Elyssa Lehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Aleksandra Walasek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Matthew Utter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Deepak Menon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - David A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065.
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7
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Abstract
Functions for phospholipase D1 and D2 (PLD1 and PLD2), the canonical isoforms of the PLD superfamily in mammals, have been explored using cell biological and animal disease models for two decades. PLD1 and PLD2, which are activated as a consequence of extracellular signaling events and generate the second messenger signaling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA), have been reported to play roles in settings ranging from platelet activation to the response to cardiac ischemia, viral infection, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. Of these, the most tractable as therapeutic targets may be thrombotic disease and cancer, as will be discussed here in the context of ongoing efforts to develop small molecule PLD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Salazar
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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8
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Noble AR, Hogg K, Suman R, Berney DM, Bourgoin S, Maitland NJ, Rumsby MG. Phospholipase D2 in prostate cancer: protein expression changes with Gleason score. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:1016-1026. [PMID: 31673104 PMCID: PMC6964697 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipases D1 and D2 (PLD1/2) are implicated in tumorigenesis through their generation of the signalling lipid phosphatidic acid and its downstream effects. Inhibition of PLD1 blocks prostate cell growth and colony formation. Here a role for PLD2 in prostate cancer (PCa), the major cancer of men in the western world, is examined. METHODS PLD2 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The effects of PLD2 inhibition on PCa cell viability and cell motility were measured using MTS, colony forming and wound-healing assays. RESULTS PLD2 protein is expressed about equally in luminal and basal prostate epithelial cells. In cells from different Gleason-scored PCa tissue PLD2 protein expression is generally higher than in non-tumorigenic cells and increases in PCa tissue scored Gleason 6-8. PLD2 protein is detected in the cytosol and nucleus and had a punctate appearance. In BPH tissue stromal cells as well as basal and luminal cells express PLD2. PLD2 protein co-expresses with chromogranin A in castrate-resistant PCa tissue. PLD2 inhibition reduces PCa cell viability, colony forming ability and directional cell movement. CONCLUSIONS PLD2 expression correlates with increasing Gleason score to GS8. PLD2 inhibition has the potential to reduce PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Noble
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karen Hogg
- Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rakesh Suman
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel M Berney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sylvain Bourgoin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, local T1-58, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Martin G Rumsby
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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9
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Role of phospholipase D in migration and invasion induced by linoleic acid in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 457:119-132. [PMID: 30877512 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid that mediates a variety of biological processes, including migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline. Increases of expression and activity of PLD are reported in several human cancers, including gastric, colorectal, renal, stomach, lung and breast. In this article, we demonstrate that LA induces an increase of PLD activity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Particularly, PLD1 and/or PLD2 mediate migration and invasion induced by LA. Moreover, LA induces increases in number and size of spheroids via PLD activity. FFAR1 also mediates migration and invasion, whereas PLD activation induced by LA requires the activities of FFAR1, FFAR4 and EGFR in MDA-MB-231 cells. In summary, PLD plays a pivotal role in migration and invasion induced by LA in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
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10
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Curbing Lipids: Impacts ON Cancer and Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030644. [PMID: 30717356 PMCID: PMC6387424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a fundamental role in maintaining normal function in healthy cells. Their functions include signaling, storing energy, and acting as the central structural component of cell membranes. Alteration of lipid metabolism is a prominent feature of cancer, as cancer cells must modify their metabolism to fulfill the demands of their accelerated proliferation rate. This aberrant lipid metabolism can affect cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Besides the gene mutations, environmental factors, and inheritance, several infectious pathogens are also linked with human cancers worldwide. Tumor viruses are top on the list of infectious pathogens to cause human cancers. These viruses insert their own DNA (or RNA) into that of the host cell and affect host cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Several of these cancer-causing viruses are reported to be reprogramming host cell lipid metabolism. The reliance of cancer cells and viruses on lipid metabolism suggests enzymes that can be used as therapeutic targets to exploit the addiction of infected diseased cells on lipids and abrogate tumor growth. This review focuses on normal lipid metabolism, lipid metabolic pathways and their reprogramming in human cancers and viral infection linked cancers and the potential anticancer drugs that target specific lipid metabolic enzymes. Here, we discuss statins and fibrates as drugs to intervene in disordered lipid pathways in cancer cells. Further insight into the dysregulated pathways in lipid metabolism can help create more effective anticancer therapies.
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11
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Bernfeld E, Menon D, Vaghela V, Zerin I, Faruque P, Frias MA, Foster DA. Phospholipase D-dependent mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activation by glutamine. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16390-16401. [PMID: 30194281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is a key nutrient required for sustaining cell proliferation, contributing to nucleotide, protein, and lipid synthesis. The mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is a highly conserved protein complex that acts as a sensor of nutrients, relaying signals for the shift from catabolic to anabolic metabolism. Although glutamine plays an important role in mTORC1 activation, the mechanism is not clear. Here we describe a leucine- and Rag-independent mechanism of mTORC1 activation by glutamine that depends on phospholipase D and the production of phosphatidic acid, which is required for the stability and activity of mTORC1. The phospholipase D-dependent activation of mTORC1 by glutamine depended on the GTPases ADP ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), RalA, and Rheb. Glutamine deprivation could be rescued by α-ketoglutarate, a downstream metabolite of glutamine. This mechanism represents a distinct nutrient input to mTORC1 that is independent of Rag GTPases and leucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssa Bernfeld
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and.,the Biochemistry Program and
| | - Deepak Menon
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and.,the Biochemistry Program and
| | - Vishaldeep Vaghela
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and.,Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, and
| | - Ismat Zerin
- Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065
| | | | | | - David A Foster
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and .,the Biochemistry Program and.,Biology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, and.,the Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
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