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Luo X, Shi J, Wang S, Jin X. The role of circular RNA targeting IGF2BPs in cancer-a potential target for cancer therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:1297-1314. [PMID: 39287635 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an interesting class of conserved single-stranded RNA molecules derived from exon or intron sequences produced by the reverse splicing of precursor mRNA. CircRNAs play important roles as microRNA sponges, gene splicing and transcriptional regulators, RNA-binding protein sponges, and protein/peptide translation factors. Abnormal functions of circRNAs and RBPs in tumor progression have been widely reported. Insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding proteins (IGF2BPs) are a highly conserved family of RBPs identified in humans that function as post-transcriptional fine-tuners of target transcripts. Emerging evidence suggests that IGF2BPs regulate the processing and metabolism of RNA, including its stability, translation, and localization, and participate in a variety of cellular functions and pathophysiology. In this review, we have summarized the roles and molecular mechanisms of circRNAs and IGF2BPs in cancer development and progression. In addition, we briefly introduce the role of other RNAs and IGF2BPs in cancer, discuss the current clinical applications and challenges faced by circRNAs and IGF2BPs, and propose future directions for this promising research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiaxin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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2
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Foroutan Kahangi M, Tavakolpour V, Samiei Mosleh I, Oraee-Yazdani S, Kouhkan F. Involvement of oncomiRs miR-23, miR-24, and miR-27 in the regulation of alternative polyadenylation in glioblastoma via CFIm25 cleavage factor. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:1269-1281. [PMID: 39190234 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with a poor prognosis. The cleavage factor Im 25 (CFIm25), a crucial component of the CFIm complex, plays a key role in regulating the length of the mRNA 3'-UTR and has been implicated in various cancers, including GBM. This study sought to investigate the regulatory influence of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) on CFIm25 expression in GBM, a highly aggressive brain tumor. Bioinformatics analysis identified miRNA candidates targeting CFIm25 mRNA, and gene expression profiles from the NCBI database (GSE90603) were used for further analysis. Expression levels of CFIm25 and selected miRNAs were assessed using qRT-PCR in GBM clinical samples (n = 20) and non-malignant brain tissues (n = 5). Additionally, the MTT assay was performed to examine the effect of miRNA overexpression on U251 cell viability. Lentivectors expressing the identified miRNAs were employed to experimentally validate their regulatory role on CFIm25 in U251 cell lines, and Western blot analysis was conducted to determine CFIm25 protein levels. We observed significantly increased levels of miR-23, miR-24, and miR-27 expression, associated with a marked reduction in CFIm25 expression in GBM samples compared to non-malignant brain tissues. In particular, overexpression of miR-23, miR-24, and miR-27 in U251 cells resulted in CFIm25 downregulation at both the mRNA and protein levels, while their inhibition increased CFIm25 and reduced cell proliferation. These observations strongly implicate miR-23, miR-24, and miR-27 in regulating CFIm25 expression in GBM, emphasizing their potential as promising therapeutic targets for enhancing treatment responses in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Foroutan Kahangi
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Tavakolpour
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Samiei Mosleh
- Plant Functional Genomics Lab, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Oraee-Yazdani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kouhkan
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Qiao P, Zhang C, Shi Y, Du H. The role of alternative polyadenylation in breast cancer. Front Genet 2024; 15:1377275. [PMID: 38939531 PMCID: PMC11208690 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1377275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC), as a highly prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, is still unclear in its pathogenesis and has poor therapeutic outcomes. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism widely found in eukaryotes. Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) undergoes the APA process to generate multiple mRNA isoforms with different coding regions or 3'UTRs, thereby greatly increasing the diversity and complexity of the eukaryotic transcriptome and proteome. Studies have shown that APA is involved in the progression of various diseases, including cancer, and plays a crucial role. Therefore, clarifying the biological mechanisms of APA and its regulators in breast cancer will help to comprehensively understand the pathogenesis of breast cancer and provide new ideas for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qiao
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yingxu Shi
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hua Du
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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4
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Liyanage C, Fernando A, Chamberlain A, Moradi A, Batra J. RNA m6a Methylation Regulator Expression in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Progression and Its Genetic Associations. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1303. [PMID: 38610981 PMCID: PMC11011207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, a prevalent epitranscriptomic modification, plays a crucial role in regulating mRNA expression, stability, and translation in mammals. M6A regulators have gained attention for their potential implications in tumorigenesis and clinical applications, such as cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. The existing literature predominantly addresses m6A regulators in the context of primary prostate cancer (PCa). However, a notable gap in the knowledge emerges regarding the dynamic expression patterns of these regulators as PCa progresses towards the castration-resistant stage (CRPC). Employing sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) and RNAseq analysis, we comprehensively profiled the expression of 27 m6A regulators in hormone/androgen-dependent and -independent PCa cell lines, revealing distinct clustering between tumor and adjacent normal prostate tissues. High-grade PCa tumors demonstrated the upregulation of METTL3, RBM15B, and HNRNAPA2B1 and the downregulation of ZC3H13, NUDT21, and FTO. Notably, we identified six m6A regulators associated with PCa survival. Additionally, association analysis of the PCa-associated risk loci in the cancer genome atlas program (TCGA) data unveiled genetic variations near the WTAP, HNRNPA2B1, and FTO genes as significant expression quantitative trait loci. In summary, our study unraveled abnormalities in m6A regulator expression in PCa progression, elucidating their association with PCa risk loci. Considering the heterogeneity within the PCa phenotypes and treatment responses, our findings suggest that prognostic stratification based on m6A regulator expression could enhance PCa diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamikara Liyanage
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Achala Fernando
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Audrey Chamberlain
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Afshin Moradi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
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5
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Zhou Y, Yang J, Huang L, Liu C, Yu M, Chen R, Zhou Q. Nudt21-mediated alternative polyadenylation of MZT1 3'UTR contributes to pancreatic cancer progression. iScience 2024; 27:108822. [PMID: 38303721 PMCID: PMC10831950 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is an important post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism and is involved in many diseases, but its function and mechanism in regulating pancreatic cancer (PC) pathogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we found that the 3' UTR shortening of MZT1 was the most prominent APA event in PC liver metastases. The short-3'UTR isoform exerted a stronger effect in promoting cell proliferation and migration both in vitro and in vivo. NUDT21, a core cleavage factor involved in APA, promoted the usage of proximal polyadenylation sites (PASs) on MZT1 mRNA by binding to the UGUA element located upstream of the proximal PAS. High percentage of distal polyA site usage index of MZT1 was significantly associated with a better prognosis. These findings demonstrate a crucial mechanism that NUDT21-mediated APA of MZT1 could promote the progression of PC. Our findings provided a better understanding of the connection between PC progression and APA machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiabin Yang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Leyi Huang
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rufu Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Quanbo Zhou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Huang XD, Chen YW, Tian L, Du L, Cheng XC, Lu YX, Lin DD, Xiao FJ. NUDT21 interacts with NDUFS2 to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway and promotes pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:8. [PMID: 38195952 PMCID: PMC10776698 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NUDT21 (Nudix Hydrolase 21) has been shown to play an essential role in multiple biological processes. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is one of the most fatal cancers in the world. However, the biological function of NUDT21 in PAAD remains rarely understood. The aim of this research was to identify the prediction value of NUDT21 in diagnosis, prognosis, immune infiltration, and signal pathway in PAAD. METHODS Combined with the data in online databases, we analyzed the expression, immune infiltration, function enrichment, signal pathway, diagnosis, and prognosis of NUDT21 in PAAD. Then, the biological function of NUDT21 and its interacted protein in PAAD was identified through plasmid transduction system and protein mass spectrometry. Expression of NUDT21 was further verified in clinical specimens by immunofluorescence. RESULTS We found that NUDT21 was upregulated in PAAD tissues and was significantly associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer through bioinformatic data analysis. We also found that overexpression of NUDT21 enhanced PAAD cells proliferation and migration, whereas knockdown NUDT21 restored the effects through in vitro experiment. Moreover, NDUFS2 was recognized as a potential target of NUDT21.We further verified that the expression of NDUFS2 was positively correlated with NUDT21 in PAAD clinical specimens. Mechanically, we found that NUDT21 stabilizes NDUFS2 and activates the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our investigation reveals that NUDT21 is a previously unrecognized oncogenic factor in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment target of PAAD, and we suggest that NUDT21 might be a novel therapeutic target in PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Wei Chen
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Lv Tian
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130015, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Du
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chen Cheng
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xin Lu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng-Jun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang F, Chen L, Li W, Yang C, Xiong M, Zhou M, Kazobinka G, Zhao J, Hou T. Lengthening of 3' Untranslated Regions of mRNAs by Alternative Polyadenylation Is Associated With Tumor Progression and Poor Prognosis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100125. [PMID: 36889542 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is emerging as a major posttranscriptional mechanism for gene regulation in cancer. A prevailing hypothesis is that shortening of the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) increases oncoprotein expression because of the loss of miRNA-binding sites (MBSs). We showed that the longer 3'UTR is associated with a more advanced tumor stage in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). More surprisingly, 3'UTR shortening is correlated with better overall survival in patients with ccRCC. Furthermore, we identified a mechanism by which longer transcripts lead to increased oncogenic protein and decreased tumor-suppressive protein expression compared to the shorter transcripts. In our model, shortening of 3'UTRs by APA may increase the mRNA stability of the majority of the potential tumor-suppressor genes due to the loss of MBSs and AU-rich elements (AREs). Unlike potential tumor-suppressor genes, the potential oncogenes display much lower MBS and ARE density and globally much higher m6A density in distal 3'UTRs. As a result, 3'UTRs shortening decreases the mRNA stability of potential oncogenes and enhances the mRNA stability of potential tumor-suppressor genes. Our findings highlight the cancer-specific pattern of APA regulation and extend our understanding of the mechanism of APA-mediated 3'UTR length changes in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Urology, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wencheng Li
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenlu Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Menghao Zhou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gallina Kazobinka
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Urology Unit, La Nouvelle Polyclinique Centrale de Bujumbura, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Teng Hou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Rivera-Rivas LA, Arroyo R. Iron restriction increases the expression of a cytotoxic cysteine proteinase TvCP2 by a novel mechanism of tvcp2 mRNA alternative polyadenylation in Trichomonas vaginalis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194935. [PMID: 37011833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis TvCP2 (TVAG_057000) is a cytotoxic cysteine proteinase (CP) expressed under iron-limited conditions. This work aimed to identify one of the mechanisms of tvcp2 gene expression regulation by iron at the posttranscriptional level. We checked tvcp2 mRNA stability under both iron-restricted (IR) and high iron (HI) conditions in the presence of actinomycin D. Greater stability of the tvcp2 mRNA under the IR than in HI conditions was observed, as expected. In silico analysis of the 3' regulatory region showed the presence of two putative polyadenylation signals in the tvcp2 transcript. By 3'-RACE assays, we demonstrated the existence of two isoforms of the tvcp2 mRNA with different 3'-UTR that resulted in more TvCP2 protein under IR than in HI conditions detected by WB assays. Additionally, we searched for homologs of the trichomonad polyadenylation machinery by an in silico analysis in the genome database, TrichDB. 16 genes that encode proteins that could be part of the trichomonad polyadenylation machinery were found. qRT-PCR assays showed that most of these genes were positively regulated by iron. Thus, our results show the presence of alternative polyadenylation as a novel iron posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism in T. vaginalis for the tvcp2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Rivera-Rivas
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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9
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Xiao S, Gu H, Deng L, Yang X, Qiao D, Zhang X, Zhang T, Yu T. Relationship between NUDT21 mediated alternative polyadenylation process and tumor. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1052012. [PMID: 36816917 PMCID: PMC9933127 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1052012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a molecular process that generates diversity at the 3' end of RNA polymerase II transcripts from over 60% of human genes. APA and microRNA regulation are both mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. As a key molecular mechanism, Alternative polyadenylation often results in mRNA isoforms with the same coding sequence but different lengths of 3' UTRs, while microRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to specific mRNA 3' UTRs. Nudix Hydrolase 21 (NUDT21) is a crucial mediator involved in alternative polyadenylation (APA). Different studies have reported a dual role of NUDT21 in cancer (both oncogenic and tumor suppressor). The present review focuses on the functions of APA, miRNA and their interaction and roles in development of different types of tumors.NUDT21 mediated 3' UTR-APA changes can be used to generate specific signatures that can be used as potential biomarkers in development and disease. Due to the emerging role of NUDT21 as a regulator of the aforementioned RNA processing events, modulation of NUDT21 levels may be a novel viable therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University of China, Luzhou, China
| | - Huan Gu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University of China, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiongtao Yang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Tao Yu, ; Tian Zhang,
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University of China, Luzhou, China,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Tao Yu, ; Tian Zhang,
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10
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Li Q, Li Z, Luo T, Shi H. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways for cancer therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:47. [PMID: 36539659 PMCID: PMC9768098 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are commonly activated by mutations and chromosomal translocation in vital targets. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is dysregulated in nearly all kinds of neoplasms, with the component in this pathway alternations. RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascades are used to conduct signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus to mediate gene expression, cell cycle processes and apoptosis. RAS, B-Raf, PI3K, and PTEN are frequent upstream alternative sites. These mutations resulted in activated cell growth and downregulated cell apoptosis. The two pathways interact with each other to participate in tumorigenesis. PTEN alterations suppress RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activity via AKT phosphorylation and RAS inhibition. Several inhibitors targeting major components of these two pathways have been supported by the FDA. Dozens of agents in these two pathways have attracted great attention and have been assessed in clinical trials. The combination of small molecular inhibitors with traditional regimens has also been explored. Furthermore, dual inhibitors provide new insight into antitumor activity. This review will further comprehensively describe the genetic alterations in normal patients and tumor patients and discuss the role of targeted inhibitors in malignant neoplasm therapy. We hope this review will promote a comprehensive understanding of the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathways in facilitating tumors and will help direct drug selection for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Oncology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Breast, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
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11
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Liu J, Chen S, Li Z, Teng W, Ye X. Hsa_circ_0040809 and hsa_circ_0000467 promote colorectal cancer cells progression and construction of a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. Front Genet 2022; 13:993727. [PMID: 36339002 PMCID: PMC9631208 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.993727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been demonstrated to be closely involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis and metastasis. More potential biomarkers are needed to be searched for colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this study is to seek differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs), test their roles in CRC and construct a potential competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Methods: CircRNA microarrays were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus, and differential expression was analyzed by R software. The relative expressions of DEcircRNAs were confirmed in CRC tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR. MTs and Transwell experiments were performed for detecting the roles of circRNAs on CRC cell proliferation and migration, respectively. Targeted miRNAs of circRNAs and targeted mRNAs of miRNAs were predicted and screened by bioinformatics methods. A ceRNA network of DEcircRNAs was constructed by Cytoscape. To further verify the potential ceRNA network, the expressions of miRNAs and mRNAs in knockdown of DEcircRNAs CRC cells were detected by qRT-PCR. Results: Two DEcircRNAs (hsa_circ_0040809 and hsa_circ_0000467) were identified and validated in CRC tissues and cell lines. The results of MTs and Transwell experiments showed that hsa_circ_0040809 and hsa_circ_0000467 promoted CRC proliferation and migration. Bioinformatics analysis screened 3 miRNAs (miR-326, miR-330-5p, and miR-330-3p) and 2 mRNAs (FADS1 and RUNX1), and a ceRNA network was constructed. In knockdown of hsa_circ_0040809 HCT-116 cells, the expression of miR-330-3p was significantly upregulated, while RUNX1 was significantly downregulated. In knockdown of hsa_circ_0000467 HCT-116 cells, the expressions of miR-326 and miR-330-3p were upregulated, while FADS1was downregulated. Conclusion: We found that hsa_circ_0040809 and hsa_circ_0000467 were upregulated in CRC tissues and cell lines, and promoted CRC cell progression. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network based on hsa_circ_0040809 and hsa_circ_0000467 was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfu Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Teng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianren Ye
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xianren Ye,
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12
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Liu H, Heller-Trulli D, Moore CL. Targeting the mRNA endonuclease CPSF73 inhibits breast cancer cell migration, invasion, and self-renewal. iScience 2022; 25:104804. [PMID: 35992060 PMCID: PMC9385686 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage by the endonuclease CPSF73 and polyadenylation of nascent RNA is an essential step in co-transcriptional mRNA maturation. Recent work has surprisingly identified CPSF73 as a promising drug target for inhibiting the growth of specific cancers, triggering further studies on understanding CPSF73 regulation and functions in cells. Here, we report that a HECT-like E3 ligase, UBE3D, participates in stabilizing CPFS73 protein by preventing its ubiquitin-mediated degradation by the proteasome. Depletion of UBE3D leads to CPSF73 downregulation, a pre-mRNA cleavage defect, and dysregulated gene expression in cells. UBE3D dysfunction or chemical inactivation of CPSF73 inhibited migration and invasion as well as stem cell renewal phenotypes in vitro in triple-negative breast cancer cells. In addition, genetic overexpression of CPSF73 promoted breast cancer stemness and knocking down CPSF73 inhibited stem cell renewal properties. Together, our findings indicate that targeting the pre-mRNA processing nuclease CPSF73 has potential for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Liu
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Daniel Heller-Trulli
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Claire L. Moore
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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13
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Ran Y, Huang S, Shi J, Feng Q, Deng Y, Xiang AP, Yao C. CFIm25 regulates human stem cell function independently of its role in mRNA alternative polyadenylation. RNA Biol 2022; 19:686-702. [PMID: 35491945 PMCID: PMC9067535 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2071025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that CFIm25, a canonical mRNA 3’ processing factor, could play a variety of physiological roles through its molecular function in the regulation of mRNA alternative polyadenylation (APA). Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing approach in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) for CFIm25, and obtained three gene knockdown/mutant cell lines. CFIm25 gene editing resulted in higher proliferation rate and impaired differentiation potential for hESCs, with these effects likely to be directly regulated by the target genes, including the pluripotency factor rex1. Mechanistically, we unexpected found that perturbation in CFIm25 gene expression did not significantly affect cellular mRNA 3’ processing efficiency and APA profile. Rather, we provided evidences that CFIm25 may impact RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) occupancy at the body of transcribed genes, and promote the expression level of a group of transcripts associated with cellular proliferation and/or differentiation. Taken together, these results reveal novel mechanisms underlying CFIm25ʹs modulation in determination of cell fate, and provide evidence that the process of mammalian gene transcription may be regulated by an mRNA 3’ processing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ran
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Shi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiumin Feng
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Deng
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengguo Yao
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Ghosh S, Ataman M, Bak M, Börsch A, Schmidt A, Buczak K, Martin G, Dimitriades B, Herrmann CJ, Kanitz A, Zavolan M. CFIm-mediated alternative polyadenylation remodels cellular signaling and miRNA biogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:3096-3114. [PMID: 35234914 PMCID: PMC8989530 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cleavage factor I (CFIm) has been implicated in alternative polyadenylation (APA) in a broad range of contexts, from cancers to learning deficits and parasite infections. To determine how the CFIm expression levels are translated into these diverse phenotypes, we carried out a multi-omics analysis of cell lines in which the CFIm25 (NUDT21) or CFIm68 (CPSF6) subunits were either repressed by siRNA-mediated knockdown or over-expressed from stably integrated constructs. We established that >800 genes undergo coherent APA in response to changes in CFIm levels, and they cluster in distinct functional classes related to protein metabolism. The activity of the ERK pathway traces the CFIm concentration, and explains some of the fluctuations in cell growth and metabolism that are observed upon CFIm perturbations. Furthermore, multiple transcripts encoding proteins from the miRNA pathway are targets of CFIm-dependent APA. This leads to an increased biogenesis and repressive activity of miRNAs at the same time as some 3′ UTRs become shorter and presumably less sensitive to miRNA-mediated repression. Our study provides a first systematic assessment of a core set of APA targets that respond coherently to changes in CFIm protein subunit levels (CFIm25/CFIm68). We describe the elicited signaling pathways downstream of CFIm, which improve our understanding of the key role of CFIm in integrating RNA processing with other cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meric Ataman
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maciej Bak
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anastasiya Börsch
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Buczak
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georges Martin
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Dimitriades
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina J Herrmann
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kanitz
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Cai Y, Chen Z, Liang Y, Liao Y, Wu Y, Huang J, Huang Z, Li R, Chen J. Cleavage factor Im 25 as a potential biomarker for prognosis of colorectal cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 10:5267-5279. [PMID: 35116376 PMCID: PMC8797961 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Cleavage factor Im 25 (CFIm25) affects the prognosis and progression of cancer by regulating alternative polyadenylation; however, its role in colorectal cancer remains unclear. Methods A standard EnVision tissue microarray was used to evaluate the expression of CFIm25 by immunohistochemistry in 363 patients with colorectal cancer. The correlation between CFIm25 expression and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed using the χ2 test. Univariate analysis was used to study the relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and patient prognosis. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox regression model to identify independent prognostic factors for patients with colorectal cancer. Results Statistical analysis revealed that CFIm25 expression was significantly associated with vascular invasion (P=0.000), serous invasion (P=0.007), pT stage (P=0.016), and clinical stage (P=0.007). Age, vascular invasion, nerve invasion, serosal invasion, differentiation, clinical stage, recurrence, and CFIm25 expression were significantly correlated with the survival time of colorectal cancer patients (P<0.05). The mean overall survival rate in colorectal cancer patients with decreased CFIm25 expression was only 88.53 months, compared with 110.69 months in the high expression group (P=0.000). Decreased CFIm25 expression indicated a worse prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Further analysis by the Cox multivariate model showed that CFIm25 (HR, 0.543; 95% CI: 0.372–0.792; P=0.002) and serosa invasion (HR, 1.470; 95% CI: 1.032–2.094; P=0.033) are independent prognostic factors for colorectal cancer. Conclusions Decreased CFIm25 expression indicates a worse prognosis of colorectal cancer patients and could be a novel target for the treatment of colorectal cancer in the future. Keywords Polyadenylation; survival analysis; colorectal cancer (CRC); CFIm25
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Cai
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Zequn Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Yutong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yuehua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yuanwei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Junqiang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Zhizhen Huang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Ronggang Li
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Jiewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Alternative polyadenylation: An untapped source for prostate cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets? Asian J Urol 2021; 8:407-415. [PMID: 34765448 PMCID: PMC8566364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To review alternative polyadenylation (APA) as a mechanism of gene regulation and consider potential roles for APA in prostate cancer (PCa) biology and treatment. Methods An extensive review of mRNA polyadenylation, APA, and PCa literature was performed. This review article introduces APA and its association with human disease, outlines the mechanisms and components of APA, reviews APA in cancer biology, and considers whether APA may contribute to PCa progression and/or produce novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PCa. Results Eukaryotic mRNA 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation play a critical role in gene expression. Most human genes encode more than one polyadenylation signal, and produce more than one transcript isoform, through APA. Polyadenylation can occur throughout the gene body to generate transcripts with differing 3′-termini and coding sequence. Differences in 3′-untranslated regions length can modify post-transcriptional gene regulation by microRNAs and RNA binding proteins, and alter mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and subcellular localization. Distinctive APA patterns are associated with human diseases, tissue origins, and changes in cellular proliferation rate and differentiation state. APA events may therefore generate unique mRNA biomarkers or therapeutic targets in certain cancer types or phenotypic states. Conclusions The full extent of cancer-associated and tissue-specific APA events have yet to be defined, and the mechanisms and functional consequences of APA in cancer remain incompletely understood. There is evidence that APA is active in PCa, and that it may be an untapped resource for PCa biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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17
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Zhu Y, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Li L, Wu Z, Ding K. NUDT21 Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis Through Modulating SGPP2 in Human Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:670353. [PMID: 34660260 PMCID: PMC8514838 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.670353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the major malignancies with poor survival outcome. In this study, we reported that NUDT21 promoted cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration and invasion in gastric cancer cells. The expression levels of NUDT21 were found to be much higher in human gastric cancer tissues compared with normal gastric tissues. NUDT21 expression was positively correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage in gastric cancer patients. High level of NUDT21 was associated with poor overall survival (OS) rates in gastric cancer patients. The expression levels of NUDT21 were also much higher in gastric cancer tissues from patients with tumor metastasis compared with those of patients without tumor metastasis. Moreover, forced expression of NUDT21 in gastric cancer cells promoted tumor growth and cell proliferation in xenograft nude mice, and depletion of NUDT21 in gastric cancer cells restrained lung metastasis in vivo. Through high throughput RNA-sequencing, SGPP2 was identified to be positively regulated by NUDT21 and mediated the tumor promoting role of NUDT21 in gastric cancer cells. Therefore, NUDT21 played an oncogenic role in human gastric cancer cells. NUDT21 could be considered as a novel potential target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rumeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Science and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Keshuo Ding
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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18
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Scarborough AM, Flaherty JN, Hunter OV, Liu K, Kumar A, Xing C, Tu BP, Conrad NK. SAM homeostasis is regulated by CFI m-mediated splicing of MAT2A. eLife 2021; 10:e64930. [PMID: 33949310 PMCID: PMC8139829 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the methyl donor for nearly all cellular methylation events. Cells regulate intracellular SAM levels through intron detention of MAT2A, the only SAM synthetase expressed in most cells. The N6-adenosine methyltransferase METTL16 promotes splicing of the MAT2A detained intron by an unknown mechanism. Using an unbiased CRISPR knock-out screen, we identified CFIm25 (NUDT21) as a regulator of MAT2A intron detention and intracellular SAM levels. CFIm25 is a component of the cleavage factor Im (CFIm) complex that regulates poly(A) site selection, but we show it promotes MAT2A splicing independent of poly(A) site selection. CFIm25-mediated MAT2A splicing induction requires the RS domains of its binding partners, CFIm68 and CFIm59 as well as binding sites in the detained intron and 3´ UTR. These studies uncover mechanisms that regulate MAT2A intron detention and reveal a previously undescribed role for CFIm in splicing and SAM metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Scarborough
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Juliana N Flaherty
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Olga V Hunter
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Kuanqing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Benjamin P Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Nicholas K Conrad
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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19
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Tavakoli F, Khatami SS, Momeni F, Azadbakht J, Ghasemi F. Cervical Cancer Diagnosis: Insights into Biochemical Biomarkers and Imaging Techniques. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 24:605-623. [PMID: 32875976 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200901101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cervical malignancy is known as one of the important cancers which is originated from cervix. This malignancy has been observed in women infected with papillomavirus who had regular oral contraceptives, multiple pregnancies, and sexual relations. Early and fast cervical cancer diagnosis is known as two important aspects of cervical cancer therapy. Several investigations indicated that early and fast detection of cervical cancer could be associated with better treatment process and increasing survival rate of patients with this malignancy. Imaging techniques are very important diagnosis tools that could be employed for diagnosis and following responses to therapy in various cervical cancer stages. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that utilization of imaging techniques is related to some limitations (i.e. high cost, and invasive effects). Hence, it seems that along with using imaging techniques, finding and developing new biomarkers could be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of subjects with cervical cancer. Taken together, many studies showed that a variety of biomarkers including, several proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, exosomes and polymorphisms might be introduced as prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in cervical cancer therapy. In this review article, we highlighted imaging techniques as well as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tavakoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Khatami
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeni
- Isfahan Research Committee of Multiple Sclerosis, Alzahra Research Institute, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javid Azadbakht
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Xing Y, Chen L, Gu H, Yang C, Zhao J, Chen Z, Xiong M, Kazobinka G, Liu Y, Hou T. Downregulation of NUDT21 contributes to cervical cancer progression through alternative polyadenylation. Oncogene 2021; 40:2051-2064. [PMID: 33619322 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01693-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nudix Hydrolase 21 (NUDT21), an alternative polyadenylation (APA)-regulatory protein, exhibits tumor-suppressive effects. However, its role in cervical cancer (CxCa) remains unknown. In the present study, we found that NUDT21 expression was reduced in CxCa tissues and cells, and NUDT21 levels were highly associated with the clinical prognosis of patients with CxCa. Knockdown of NUDT21 promoted CxCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis and lung metastasis in vivo. Overexpression of NUDT21 produces the opposite effects. Moreover, we performed polyadenylation site sequencing (PAS-Seq) and identified 457 transcripts with lengthened 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) upon NUDT21 overexpression. In particular, NUDT21 modulated the expression of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and the Wnt and NF-κB signaling pathways in CxCa development. Taken together, our study demonstrated that the APA regulatory effect of NUDT21 is an important mechanism for CxCa suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xing
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenlu Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Women and Children Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Gallina Kazobinka
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.,Urology Unit, La Nouvelle Polyclinique Centrale de Bujumbura, Bujumbura, 378, Burundi
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Childrens' Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Teng Hou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
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21
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Tang X, Ren H, Guo M, Qian J, Yang Y, Gu C. Review on circular RNAs and new insights into their roles in cancer. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:910-928. [PMID: 33598105 PMCID: PMC7851342 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a very interesting class of conserved single-stranded RNA molecules derived from exonic or intronic sequences by precursor mRNA back-splicing. Unlike canonical linear RNAs, circRNAs form covalently closed, continuous stable loops without a 5'end cap and 3'end poly(A) tail, and therefore are resistant to exonuclease digestion. The majority of circRNAs are highly abundant, and conserved across different species with a tissue or developmental-stage-specific expression. circRNAs have been shown to play important roles as microRNA sponges, regulators of gene splicing and transcription, RNA-binding protein sponges and protein/peptide translators. Emerging evidence reveals that circRNAs function in various human diseases, particularly cancers, and may function as better predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In consideration of their potential clinical relevance, circRNAs have become a new research hotspot in the field of tumor pathology. In the present study, the current understanding of the biogenesis, characteristics, databases, research methods, biological functions subcellular distribution, epigenetic regulation, extracellular transport and degradation of circRNAs was discussed. In particular, the multiple databases and methods involved in circRNA research were first summarized, and the recent advances in determining the potential roles of circRNAs in tumor growth, migration and invasion, which render circRNAs better predictive biomarkers, were described. Furthermore, future perspectives for the clinical application of circRNAs in the management of patients with cancer were proposed, which could provide new insights into circRNAs in the future.
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Key Words
- AML, acute myloid leukemia
- BSJ, back-splice junction
- Biomarker
- CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Cancer
- Circular RNAs
- EIciRNAs, exon–intron RNAs
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- Functions
- GC, gastric cancer
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma
- MER, miRNA response elements
- MM, multiple myeloma
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
- RBP, RNA-binding protein
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- RNase, ribonuclease
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-PCR
- TNM, tumor node metastases
- UTR, untranslated regions
- ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- ceRNAs, endogenous RNAs
- ciRNAs, circular intronic RNAs
- ciRS-7, circular RNA sponge for miR-7
- circRNAs, circular RNAs
- ecircRNAs, exonic circular RNAs
- lncRNAs, long ncRNA
- miRNAs, microRNAs
- ncRNAs, noncoding RNAs
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
- rRNA, ribosomal RNA
- siRNAs, small interfering RNAs
- snRNA, small nuclear RNA
- tricRNAs, tRNA intronic circRNAs
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengjie Guo
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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22
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Alternative Polyadenylation: a new frontier in post transcriptional regulation. Biomark Res 2020; 8:67. [PMID: 33292571 PMCID: PMC7690165 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyadenylation of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) specific sites and termination of their downstream transcriptions are signaled by unique sequence motif structures such as AAUAAA and its auxiliary elements. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is an important post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that processes RNA products depending on its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) specific sequence signal. APA processing can generate several mRNA isoforms from a single gene, which may have different biological functions on their target gene. As a result, cellular genomic stability, proliferation capability, and transformation feasibility could all be affected. Furthermore, APA modulation regulates disease initiation and progression. APA status could potentially act as a biomarker for disease diagnosis, severity stratification, and prognosis forecast. While the advance of modern throughout technologies, such as next generation-sequencing (NGS) and single-cell sequencing techniques, have enriched our knowledge about APA, much of APA biological process is unknown and pending for further investigation. Herein, we review the current knowledge on APA and how its regulatory complex factors (CFI/IIm, CPSF, CSTF, and RBPs) work together to determine RNA splicing location, cell cycle velocity, microRNA processing, and oncogenesis regulation. We also discuss various APA experiment strategies and the future direction of APA research.
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23
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Tamaddon M, Shokri G, Hosseini Rad SMA, Rad I, Emami Razavi À, Kouhkan F. Involved microRNAs in alternative polyadenylation intervene in breast cancer via regulation of cleavage factor "CFIm25". Sci Rep 2020; 10:11608. [PMID: 32665581 PMCID: PMC7360588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage factor “CFIm25”, as a key repressor at proximal poly (A) site, negatively correlates to cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in various cancers. Hence, understanding CFIm25 mechanism of action in breast cancer would be a great benefit. To this aim four steps were designed. First, potential miRNAs that target 3′-UTR of CFIm25 mRNA, retrieved from Targetscan web server. Second, screened miRNAs were profiled in 100 breast cancer and 100 normal adjacent samples. Third, miRNAs that their expression was inversely correlated to the CFIm25, overexpressed in MDA-MB-231 cell line, and their effect on proliferation and migration monitored via MTT and wound healing assays, respectively. Fourth, interaction of miRNAs of interest with 3′-UTR of CFIm25 confirmed via luciferase assay and western blot. Our results indicate that CFIm25 considerably down-regulates in human breast cancer tissue. qRT-PCR assay, luciferase test, and western blotting confirm that CFIm25 itself could be directly regulated by oncomiRs such as miR-23, -24, -27, -135, -182 and -374. Besides, according to MTT and wound healing assays of cell lines, CFIm25 knockdown intensifies cell growth, proliferation and migration. Our results also confirm indirect impact of CFIm25 on regulation of mRNA’s 3′–UTR length, which then control corresponding miRNAs’ action. miRNAs directly control CFIm25 expression level, which then tunes expression of the oncogenes and tumor proliferation. Therefore, regulation of CFIm25 expression level via miRNAs is expected to improve treatment responses in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Tamaddon
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, No. 9, East 2nd, St., Farhang Blvd., Saadat Abad St., Tehran, 1997775555, Iran
| | - Gelareh Shokri
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, No. 9, East 2nd, St., Farhang Blvd., Saadat Abad St., Tehran, 1997775555, Iran
| | | | - Iman Rad
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, No. 9, East 2nd, St., Farhang Blvd., Saadat Abad St., Tehran, 1997775555, Iran
| | - Àmirnader Emami Razavi
- Ìran National Tumor Bank, Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kouhkan
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, No. 9, East 2nd, St., Farhang Blvd., Saadat Abad St., Tehran, 1997775555, Iran.
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24
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Sun X, Li J, Sun X, Liu W, Meng X. CFIm25 in Solid Tumors: Current Research Progress. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820933969. [PMID: 32643564 PMCID: PMC7350043 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820933969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage factor I m25 is a newly discovered solid tumor-related gene, however, its precise role in cancer pathogenesis has not yet been characterized. Alternative polyadenylation is an RNA-processing mechanism that generates distinct 3′-termini on messenger RNAs, producing messenger RNA isoforms. Different factors influence the initiation and development of this process. As a key factor in alternative polyadenylation, cleavage factor I m25 plays an important role in messenger RNA maturation and cell signal transduction. Moreover, by regulating the process of alternative polyadenylation, it can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of a variety of tumors. Cleavage factor I m25 also acts as an oncogene in select tumors. The present review focuses on the role of cleavage factor I m25 in solid tumors and treatment. Due to the lack of current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of action and regulation of cleavage factor I m25 and alternative polyadenylation, it is necessary to further examine their role in cancer as well as in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Pathology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wanqi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangwei Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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25
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Razi E, Radak M, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Talebi S, Shafiee A, Hajighadimi S, Moradizarmehri S, Sharifi H, Mousavi N, Sarvizadeh M, Nejati M, Taghizadeh M, Ghasemi F. Cancer stem cells as therapeutic targets of pancreatic cancer. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:202-212. [PMID: 31709581 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of stem cells and their potential abilities in self-renewal and differentiation has opened a new horizon in medicine. Scientists have found a small population of stem cells in some types of cancers with the same functions as normal stem cells. There are two models for tumor progression: clonal (stochastic) and cancer stem cell (CSCs) models. According to the first model, all transformed cells in the tumor have carcinogenic potential and are able to proliferate and produce the same cells. The latter model, which has received more attention recently, considers the role of CSCs in drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Following the model, researchers have found that targeting CSCs may be a promising way in cancer therapy. This review describes CSC characteristics in general, while also focusing on CSC properties in the context of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Razi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehran Radak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Talebi
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Shafiee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Hajighadimi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sanaz Moradizarmehri
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hossein Sharifi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nousin Mousavi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Sarvizadeh
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Nejati
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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