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Lian S, Wang Q, Liu Y, Lu Y, Huang L, Deng H, Xie X. Multi-targeted nanoarrays for early broad-spectrum detection of lung cancer based on blood biopsy of tumor exosomes. Talanta 2024; 276:126270. [PMID: 38761662 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Liquid biopsies utilizing tumor exosomes offer a noninvasive approach for cancer diagnosis. However, validation studies consistently report that in the early stages of cancer, the secretion of exosomes by cancer cells is relatively low, while bodily fluids exhibit a high abundance of other interfering biomolecules. Additionally, target mutations or differences in biomarker expression among various lung cancer subtypes may contribute to detection failures. In this study, we propose a targeted nanoarray-based early cancer diagnostic approach for multiple subtypes of lung cancer. The targeted nanoarray was constructed by modifying five targeting aptamers onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles through the conjugation between amino and carboxyl groups. The flow cytometry experiments demonstrated the specific recognition ability of the targeted nanoarray to tumor exosomes in PBS, even at biomarker expression levels as low as 1.5 %. Moreover, the TEM results indicated that the targeted nanoarray could isolate tumor exosomes in the blood of tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, the targeted nanoarray could detect tumor exosomes in the blood of various lung cancer bearing mice, including at the early stages of cancer, which has just been established for 7 days. Overall, the targeted nanoarray represents a promising tool for the early detection of various subtypes of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Lian
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Qixuan Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yusheng Lu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Lu Huang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Haohua Deng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fuzhou, China.
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Ludwig J, Ritzmann F, Kamyschnikow A, Herr C, Bals R, Beisswenger C. An easy-to-perform protocol for culturing primary murine lung tumor cells as organoids. Ann Anat 2024; 255:152298. [PMID: 38971450 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Cancer research involves significant animal consumption and suffering. Tumor cells can be differentiated in vitro into three-dimensional organoids that resemble the primary tumor. In basic cancer research, however, tumor organoids are usually only used alongside animal experiments. We have established an easy-to-perform protocol that allows to culture KRAS-driven lung tumor cells as organoids for extended periods of time. Like the corresponding tumors in mice, the organoids produce surfactant protein C but no markers of airway epithelial cells (e.g. SCGB1A1, KRT5). The organoids can be passaged as single cell suspensions. Our organoid model contributes to replace animal experiments with cell culture systems and can be used for drug testing or functional studies in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Ludwig
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Ritzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Kamyschnikow
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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Wang G, Liu T, He WT. Visualization analysis of research hotspots and trends on gastrointestinal tumor organoids. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2826-2841. [PMID: 38994154 PMCID: PMC11236249 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal tumor organoids serve as an effective model for simulating cancer in vitro and have been applied in basic biology and preclinical research. Despite over a decade of development and increasing research achievements in this field, a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the research hotspots and future trends is lacking. AIM To address this problem by employing bibliometric tools to explore the publication years, countries/regions, institutions, journals, authors, keywords, and references in this field. METHODS The literature was collected from Web of Science databases. CiteSpace-6.2R4, a widely used bibliometric analysis software package, was used for institutional analysis and reference burst analysis. VOSviewer 1.6.19 was used for journal co-citation analysis, author co-authorship and co-citation analysis. The 'online platform for bibliometric analysis (https://bibliometric.com/app)' was used to assess the total number of publications and the cooperation relationships between countries. Finally, we employed the bibliometric R software package (version R.4.3.1) in R-studio, for a comprehensive scientific analysis of the literature. RESULTS Our analysis included a total of 1466 publications, revealing a significant yearly increase in articles on the study of gastrointestinal tumor organoids. The United States (n = 393) and Helmholtz Association (n = 93) have emerged as the leading countries and institutions, respectively, in this field, with Hans Clevers and Toshiro Sato being the most contributing authors. The most influential journal in this field is Gastroenterology. The most impactful reference is "Long term expansion of epithelial organs from human colon, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett's epithelium". Keywords analysis and citation burst analysis indicate that precision medicine, disease modeling, drug development and screening, and regenerative medicine are the most cutting-edge directions. These focal points were further detailed based on the literature. CONCLUSION This bibliometric study offers an objective and quantitative analysis of the research in this field, which can be considered as an important guide for next scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Digestive System Tumor Prevention and Treatment and Translational Medicine Engineering Innovation Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Digestive System Tumor Translational Medicine Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Digestive System Tumor Prevention and Treatment and Translational Medicine Engineering Innovation Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Digestive System Tumor Translational Medicine Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wen-Ting He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Digestive System Tumor Prevention and Treatment and Translational Medicine Engineering Innovation Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Digestive System Tumor Translational Medicine Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
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Chen B, Du C, Wang M, Guo J, Liu X. Organoids as preclinical models of human disease: progress and applications. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:129-153. [PMID: 38680680 PMCID: PMC11046574 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In the field of biomedical research, organoids represent a remarkable advancement that has the potential to revolutionize our approach to studying human diseases even before clinical trials. Organoids are essentially miniature 3D models of specific organs or tissues, enabling scientists to investigate the causes of diseases, test new drugs, and explore personalized medicine within a controlled laboratory setting. Over the past decade, organoid technology has made substantial progress, allowing researchers to create highly detailed environments that closely mimic the human body. These organoids can be generated from various sources, including pluripotent stem cells, specialized tissue cells, and tumor tissue cells. This versatility enables scientists to replicate a wide range of diseases affecting different organ systems, effectively creating disease replicas in a laboratory dish. This exciting capability has provided us with unprecedented insights into the progression of diseases and how we can develop improved treatments. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the progress made in utilizing organoids as preclinical models, aiding our understanding and providing a more effective approach to addressing various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cijie Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Innovation Centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Leng Y, Li X, Zheng F, Liu H, Wang C, Wang X, Liao Y, Liu J, Meng K, Yu J, Zhang J, Wang B, Tan Y, Liu M, Jia X, Li D, Li Y, Gu Z, Fan Y. Advances in In Vitro Models of Neuromuscular Junction: Focusing on Organ-on-a-Chip, Organoids, and Biohybrid Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211059. [PMID: 36934404 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a peripheral synaptic connection between presynaptic motor neurons and postsynaptic skeletal muscle fibers that enables muscle contraction and voluntary motor movement. Many traumatic, neurodegenerative, and neuroimmunological diseases are classically believed to mainly affect either the neuronal or the muscle side of the NMJ, and treatment options are lacking. Recent advances in novel techniques have helped develop in vitro physiological and pathophysiological models of the NMJ as well as enable precise control and evaluation of its functions. This paper reviews the recent developments in in vitro NMJ models with 2D or 3D cultures, from organ-on-a-chip and organoids to biohybrid robotics. Related derivative techniques are introduced for functional analysis of the NMJ, such as the patch-clamp technique, microelectrode arrays, calcium imaging, and stimulus methods, particularly optogenetic-mediated light stimulation, microelectrode-mediated electrical stimulation, and biochemical stimulation. Finally, the applications of the in vitro NMJ models as disease models or for drug screening related to suitable neuromuscular diseases are summarized and their future development trends and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Leng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fuyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yulong Liao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiangyue Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kaiqi Meng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaheng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Binyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yingjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Meili Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoling Jia
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Deyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, and with the School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Sen C, Koloff CR, Kundu S, Wilkinson DC, Yang JM, Shia DW, Meneses LK, Rickabaugh TM, Gomperts BN. Development of a small cell lung cancer organoid model to study cellular interactions and survival after chemotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1211026. [PMID: 37608896 PMCID: PMC10441219 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1211026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Small-cell-lung-cancer (SCLC) has the worst prognosis of all lung cancers because of a high incidence of relapse after therapy. While lung cancer is the second most common malignancy in the US, only about 10% of cases of lung cancer are SCLC, therefore, it is categorized as a rare and recalcitrant disease. Therapeutic discovery for SCLC has been challenging and the existing pre-clinical models often fail to recapitulate actual tumor pathophysiology. To address this, we developed a bioengineered 3-dimensional (3D) SCLC co-culture organoid model as a phenotypic tool to study SCLC tumor kinetics and SCLC-fibroblast interactions after chemotherapy. Method: We used functionalized alginate microbeads as a scaffold to mimic lung alveolar architecture and co-cultured SCLC cell lines with primary adult lung fibroblasts (ALF). We found that SCLCs in the model proliferated extensively, invaded the microbead scaffold and formed tumors within just 7 days. We compared the bioengineered tumors with patient tumors and found them to recapitulate the pathology and immunophenotyping of the patient tumors. When treated with standard chemotherapy drugs, etoposide and cisplatin, we observed that some of the cells survived the chemotherapy and reformed the tumor in the organoid model. Result and Discussion: Co-culture of the SCLC cells with ALFs revealed that the fibroblasts play a key role in inducing faster and more robust SCLC cell regrowth in the model. This is likely due to a paracrine effect, as conditioned media from the same fibroblasts could also support this accelerated regrowth. This model can be used to study cell-cell interactions and the response to chemotherapy in SCLC and is also scalable and amenable to high throughput phenotypic or targeted drug screening to find new therapeutics for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandani Sen
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Caroline R. Koloff
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Dan C. Wilkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Juliette M. Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David W. Shia
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Luisa K. Meneses
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tammy M. Rickabaugh
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brigitte N. Gomperts
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Pulmonary Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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7
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Monleón-Guinot I, Milian L, Martínez-Vallejo P, Sancho-Tello M, Llop-Miguel M, Galbis JM, Cremades A, Carda C, Mata M. Morphological Characterization of Human Lung Cancer Organoids Cultured in Type I Collagen Hydrogels: A Histological Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10131. [PMID: 37373279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The malignity of lung cancer is conditioned by the tumor microenvironment (TME), in which cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are relevant. In this work, we generated organoids by combining A549 cells with CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NF) isolated from adenocarcinoma tumors. We optimized the conditions for their manufacture in a short time. We evaluated the morphology of organoids using confocal microscopy analysis of F-actin, vimentin and pankeratin. We determined the ultrastructure of the cells in the organoids via transmission electron microscopy and the expression of CDH1, CDH2 and VIM via RT-PCR. The addition of stromal cells induces the self-organization of the organoids, which acquired a bowl morphology, as well as their growth and the generation of cell processes. They also influenced the expression of genes related to epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). CAFs potentiated these changes. All cells acquired a characteristic secretory phenotype, with cohesive cells appearing inside the organoids. In the periphery, many cells acquired a migratory phenotype, especially in organoids that incorporated CAFs. The deposit of abundant extracellular matrix could also be observed. The results presented here reinforce the role of CAFs in the progression of lung tumors and could lay the foundation for a useful in vitro pharmacological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Monleón-Guinot
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lara Milian
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Martínez-Vallejo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sancho-Tello
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauro Llop-Miguel
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Cremades
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Hospital de la Ribera, 46600 Alzira, Spain
| | - Carmen Carda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Mata
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Kurban B, Tuncel T, Görgülü Ş, Kar F, Öztürk A, Özek T. Elemi essential oil nanocapsulated drug ameliorates lung cancer via oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2023. [PMID: 37285457 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of death in the world. Considering the severe side effects, toxicity and high costs of chemotherapeutics used in cancer treatment, there is a need for more economical and natural treatment methods such as essential oils. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of Canarium commune (Elemi) essential oil (EO) and nanoparticles. Elemi EO is analysed by GC-FID/MS. The antiproliferative effect of Elemi EO and prepared nanoparticles on human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and their effect on normal fibroblast cells (CCD-19Lu) were determined by the MTT test. The levels of TAS, TOS, CYCS, CASP3, TNF-α and IL-6 parameters of the experimental groups were determined using specific ELISA. BAX and Bcl-2 genes were studied with qRT-PCR to investigate the different ways that cancer cells undergo apoptosis. Limonene (53.7%), a-phellandrene (14.5%) and elemol (10.1%) were the major components of Elemi EO. 24-Hour IC50 values in the cells were measured for Elemi EO; A549: 1199 μg/mL, CCD-19Lu: 37.181 μg/mL. TAS and TOS values were found to be higher in cancer cells than in normal cells, and it was found that cancerous cells were dragged into stress and that cancer cells were directed to apoptosis. BAX genes stimulation supported the results. It was determined that Elemi EO and nanoparticles showed anticancer activity without damaging normal cells. Based on these promising results, potential drug candidate Elemi EO loaded nanoparticles may be cell-specific targeted, oral use possible, new generation nanoparticular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beril Kurban
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Tuncel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Şennur Görgülü
- Medicinal Plant, Drug and Scientific Reasearch and Application Center (AUBİBAM), Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Alper Öztürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Temel Özek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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9
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Dabaghi M, Carpio MB, Saraei N, Moran-Mirabal JM, Kolb MR, Hirota JA. A roadmap for developing and engineering in vitro pulmonary fibrosis models. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021302. [PMID: 38510343 PMCID: PMC10903385 DOI: 10.1063/5.0134177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe form of pulmonary fibrosis. IPF is a fatal disease with no cure and is challenging to diagnose. Unfortunately, due to the elusive etiology of IPF and a late diagnosis, there are no cures for IPF. Two FDA-approved drugs for IPF, nintedanib and pirfenidone, slow the progression of the disease, yet fail to cure or reverse it. Furthermore, most animal models have been unable to completely recapitulate the physiology of human IPF, resulting in the failure of many drug candidates in preclinical studies. In the last few decades, the development of new IPF drugs focused on changes at the cellular level, as it was believed that the cells were the main players in IPF development and progression. However, recent studies have shed light on the critical role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in IPF development, where the ECM communicates with cells and initiates a positive feedback loop to promote fibrotic processes. Stemming from this shift in the understanding of fibrosis, there is a need to develop in vitro model systems that mimic the human lung microenvironment to better understand how biochemical and biomechanical cues drive fibrotic processes in IPF. However, current in vitro cell culture platforms, which may include substrates with different stiffness or natural hydrogels, have shortcomings in recapitulating the complexity of fibrosis. This review aims to draw a roadmap for developing advanced in vitro pulmonary fibrosis models, which can be leveraged to understand better different mechanisms involved in IPF and develop drug candidates with improved efficacy. We begin with a brief overview defining pulmonary fibrosis and highlight the importance of ECM components in the disease progression. We focus on fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the context of ECM biology and fibrotic processes, as most conventional advanced in vitro models of pulmonary fibrosis use these cell types. We transition to discussing the parameters of the 3D microenvironment that are relevant in pulmonary fibrosis progression. Finally, the review ends by summarizing the state of the art in the field and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhossein Dabaghi
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health—Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Mabel Barreiro Carpio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Arthur N. Bourns Science Building, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Neda Saraei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Engineering Technology Building, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Martin R. Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health—Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
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10
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Sato Y, Elbadawy M, Suzuki K, Tsunedomi R, Nagano H, Ishihara Y, Yamamoto H, Azakami D, Uchide T, Nabeta R, Fukushima R, Abugomaa A, Kaneda M, Yamawaki H, Shinohara Y, Usui T, Sasaki K. Establishment of an experimental model of canine malignant mesothelioma organoid culture using a three-dimensional culture method. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114651. [PMID: 37030135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine malignant mesothelioma (cMM) is a rare and drug-resistant malignant tumor. Due to few patients and experimental models, there have not been enough studies to demonstrate the pathogenesis of the disease and novel effective treatment for cMM. Since cMM resembles human MM (hMM) in histopathological characteristics, it is also considered a promising research model of hMM. Compared with conventional 2-dimensional (2D) culture methods, 3-dimensional (3D) organoid culture can recapitulate the properties of original tumor tissues. However, cMM organoids have never been developed. In the present study, we for the first time generated cMM organoids using the pleural effusion samples. Organoids from individual MM dogs were successfully generated. They exhibited the characteristics of MM and expressed mesothelial cell markers, such as WT-1 and mesothelin. The sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs was different in each strain of cMM organoids. RNA sequencing analysis showed cell adhesion molecule pathways were specifically upregulated in cMM organoids compared with their corresponding 2D cultured cells. Among these genes, the expression level of E-cadherin was drastically higher in the organoids than that in the 2D cells. In conclusion, our established cMM organoids might become a new experimental tool to provide new insights into canine and human MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomogi Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya, Egypt.
| | - Kazuhiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Haru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Daigo Azakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rina Nabeta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryuji Fukushima
- Animal Medical Emergency Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi 23 ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinohara
- Pet Health & Food Division, Iskara Industry CO., LTD, 1-14-2, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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11
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Zhou C, Wu Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Yu J, Wang W, Chen S, Wu W, Wang J, Qian G, He A. Standardization of organoid culture in cancer research. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37081739 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing a valid in vitro model to represent tumor heterogeneity and biology is critical but challenging. Tumor organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional cell clusters which are of great significance for recapitulating the histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics of primary tissues. The organoid has emerged as an attractive in vitro platform for tumor biology research and high-throughput drug screening in cancer medicine. Organoids offer unique advantages over cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models, but there are no standardized methods to guide the culture of organoids, leading to confusion in organoid studies that may affect accurate judgments of tumor biology. This review summarizes the shortcomings of current organoid culture methods, presents the latest research findings on organoid standardization, and proposes an outlook for organoid modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Zhou
- Biobank, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanbo Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Yangxin County People's Hospital, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Biobank, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Biobank, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunrui Chen
- Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jidong Wang
- Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Qian
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aina He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Yang L, Yu Q, Zhu Y, Ali Mallah M, Wang W, Feng F, Zhang Q. Core genes in lung adenocarcinoma identified by integrated bioinformatic analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:243-257. [PMID: 34961365 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.2016660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify potential core genes of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Three datasets (GSE32863, GSE43458, and GSE116959) were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between LUAD and normal tissues were filtrated by GEO2R tool. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed via Metascape database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and core genes were identified using STRING and Cytoscape. Core genes expressions and their relevant clinical characteristics were performed via Oncomine and UALCAN databases respectively. The correlation between core genes and immune infiltrates was investigated by TIMER database. Kaplan-Meier plotter was performed for survival analysis. The signal pathway network of core genes was mapped by KEGG Mapper analysis tool. In this study, ten core genes were significantly related to overall survival (OS) of LUAD patients, which can provide clues for prognosis of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yonghang Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Manthar Ali Mallah
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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13
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Kusakabe M, Taguchi A, Tanikawa M, Hoshi D, Tsuchimochi S, Qian X, Toyohara Y, Kawata A, Wagatsuma R, Yamaguchi K, Yamamoto Y, Ikemura M, Sone K, Mori-Uchino M, Matsunaga H, Tsuruga T, Nagamatsu T, Kukimoto I, Wada-Hiraike O, Kawazu M, Ushiku T, Takeyama H, Oda K, Kawana K, Hippo Y, Osuga Y. Application of organoid culture from HPV18-positive small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix for precision medicine. Cancer Med 2023; 12:8476-8489. [PMID: 36691316 PMCID: PMC10134306 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SCCC) is a rare and highly malignant human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancer in which human genes related to the integration site can serve as a target for precision medicine. The aim of our study was to establish a workflow for precision medicine of HPV-associated cancer using patient-derived organoid. METHODS Organoid was established from the biopsy of a patient diagnosed with HPV18-positive SCCC. Therapeutic targets were identified by whole exome sequencing (WES) and RNA-seq analysis. Drug sensitivity testing was performed using organoids and organoid-derived mouse xenograft model. RESULTS WES revealed that both the original tumor and organoid had 19 somatic variants in common, including the KRAS p.G12D pathogenic variant. Meanwhile, RNA-seq revealed that HPV18 was integrated into chromosome 8 at 8q24.21 with increased expression of the proto-oncogene MYC. Drug sensitivity testing revealed that a KRAS pathway inhibitor exerted strong anti-cancer effects on the SCCC organoid compared to a MYC inhibitor, which were also confirmed in the xenograft model. CONCLUSION In this study, we confirmed two strategies for identifying therapeutic targets of HPV-derived SCCC, WES for identifying pathogenic variants and RNA sequencing for identifying HPV integration sites. Organoid culture is an effective tool for unveiling the oncogenic process of rare tumors and can be a breakthrough for the development of precision medicine for patients with HPV-positive SCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Kusakabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hoshi
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Saki Tsuchimochi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xi Qian
- Division of Integrative Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Toyohara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Wagatsuma
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,CBBD-OIL, AIST-Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamaguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Ikemura
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenbun Sone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuyo Mori-Uchino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsunaga
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Tsuruga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Kukimoto
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawazu
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,CBBD-OIL, AIST-Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Division of Integrative Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hippo
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Chen J, Na F. Organoid technology and applications in lung diseases: Models, mechanism research and therapy opportunities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1066869. [PMID: 36568297 PMCID: PMC9772457 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1066869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalency of lung disease has increased worldwide, especially in the aging population. It is essential to develop novel disease models, that are superior to traditional models. Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) in vitro structures that produce from self-organizing and differentiating stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) or adult stem cells (ASCs). They can recapitulate the in vivo cellular heterogeneity, genetic characteristics, structure, and functionality of original tissues. Drug responses of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are consistent with that of patients, and show correlations with genetic alterations. Thus, organoids have proven to be valuable in studying the biology of disease, testing preclinical drugs and developing novel therapies. In recent years, organoids have been successfully applied in studies of a variety of lung diseases, such as lung cancer, influenza, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. In this review, we provide an update on the generation of organoid models for these diseases and their applications in basic and translational research, highlighting these signs of progress in pathogenesis study, drug screening, personalized medicine and immunotherapy. We also discuss the current limitations and future perspectives in organoid models of lung diseases.
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15
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Xu Y, Xin W, Yan C, Shi Y, Li Y, Hu Y, Ying K. Organoids in lung cancer: A teenager with infinite growth potential. Lung Cancer 2022; 172:100-107. [PMID: 36041323 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid advancement in lung cancer research, morbidity and mortality remain high in recent years. Therefore, deeper learning of the underlying molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and discovery of novel effective therapeutic strategies of treatment in lung cancer research are around the corner. Among these, applying an efficient and reliable preclinical model would be a critical step that exists throughout the whole process. Traditional 2D models used in lung cancer research, including lung cancer cell lines and cell-derived xenograft models, cannot recapitulate the situations of patients due to the lack of a tumor microenvironment or tumor heterogeneity. Organoids, newly developed 3D in vitro structures, more comprehensively imitate the architecture, interaction and genetics of human organs. Cancer organoids, especially those derived from individual patients, can better resemble primary tumor tissues and thus have a greater potential for making breakthroughs in future cancer studies. Here, we mainly review recent advances in the methodologies and applications of lung cancer organoids, which are just developing but have huge potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanghao Xin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangfeng Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yeping Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kejing Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Bosáková V, De Zuani M, Sládková L, Garlíková Z, Jose SS, Zelante T, Hortová Kohoutková M, Frič J. Lung Organoids—The Ultimate Tool to Dissect Pulmonary Diseases? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:899368. [PMID: 35912110 PMCID: PMC9326165 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.899368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are complex multicellular three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models that are designed to allow accurate studies of the molecular processes and pathologies of human organs. Organoids can be derived from a variety of cell types, such as human primary progenitor cells, pluripotent stem cells, or tumor-derived cells and can be co-cultured with immune or microbial cells to further mimic the tissue niche. Here, we focus on the development of 3D lung organoids and their use as disease models and drug screening tools. We introduce the various experimental approaches used to model complex human diseases and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. We also discuss validation of the organoids and their physiological relevance to the study of lung diseases. Furthermore, we summarize the current use of lung organoids as models of host-pathogen interactions and human lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we discuss the use of lung organoids derived from tumor cells as lung cancer models and their application in personalized cancer medicine research. Finally, we outline the future of research in the field of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bosáková
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marco De Zuani
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lucie Sládková
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Garlíková
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Shyam Sushama Jose
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Jan Frič
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jan Frič,
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17
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DJ-1 governs airway progenitor cell/eosinophil interactions to promote allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1178-1193.e13. [PMID: 35724763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DJ-1 is an antioxidant protein known to regulate mast cell mediated allergic response, but its role in airway eosinophilic interactions and allergic inflammation is not known. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of DJ-1 in airway eosinophilic inflammation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Ovalbumin-induced airway allergic inflammation was established in mice. ELISA was adopted to analyze DJ-1 and cytokine levels in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Transcriptional profiling of mouse lung tissues was conducted by single-cell RNA sequencing technology. The role of DJ-1 in the differentiation of airway progenitor cells into goblet cells was examined by organoid cultures, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, and cell transplantation in normal, DJ-1 knockout (KO), or conditional DJ-1 KO mice. RESULTS We observed that DJ-1 was increased in the lung tissues of ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice. DJ-1 KO mice exhibited reduced airway eosinophil infiltration and goblet cell differentiation. Mechanistically, we discovered that eosinophil-club cell interactions are reduced in the absence of DJ-1. Organoid cultures indicated that eosinophils impair the proliferative potential of club cells. Intratracheal transplantation of DJ-1-deficient eosinophils suppresses airway goblet cell differentiation. Loss of DJ-1 inhibits the metabolism of arachidonic acid into cysteinyl leukotrienes in eosinophils while these secreted metabolites promote airway goblet cell fate in organoid cultures and in vivo. CONCLUSION DJ-1-mediated interactions between airway epithelial progenitor cells and immune cells are essential in controlling airway goblet cell metaplasia and eosinophilia. Blockade of the DJ-1 pathway is protective against airway allergic inflammation.
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Abstract
The lung is the primary site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced immunopathology whereby the virus enters the host cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Sophisticated regeneration and repair programs exist in the lungs to replenish injured cell populations. However, known resident stem/progenitor cells have been demonstrated to express ACE2, raising a substantial concern regarding the long-term consequences of impaired lung regeneration after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, clinical treatments may also affect lung repair from antiviral drug candidates to mechanical ventilation. In this review, we highlight how SARS-CoV-2 disrupts a program that governs lung homeostasis. We also summarize the current efforts of targeted therapy and supportive treatments for COVID-19 patients. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells or resident lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells in preventing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. We propose that, in addition to symptomatic treatments being developed and applied in the clinic, targeting lung regeneration is also essential to restore lung homeostasis in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiaonan Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingwen Ma
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Yue
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Wang Z, Zhao S, Lin X, Chen G, Kang J, Ma Z, Wang Y, Li Z, Xiao X, He A, Xiang D. Application of Organoids in Carcinogenesis Modeling and Tumor Vaccination. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855996. [PMID: 35371988 PMCID: PMC8968694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids well recapitulate organ-specific functions from their tissue of origin and remain fundamental aspects of organogenesis. Organoids are widely applied in biomedical research, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. There are various cultivated organoid systems induced by adult stem cells and pluripotent stem cells, or directly derived from primary tissues. Researchers have drawn inspiration by combination of organoid technology and tissue engineering to produce organoids with more physiological relevance and suitable for translational medicine. This review describes the value of applying organoids for tumorigenesis modeling and tumor vaccination. We summarize the application of organoids in tumor precision medicine. Extant challenges that need to be conquered to make this technology be more feasible and precise are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, the Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Lin
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanglong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Affiliated Cancer Hospital (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Kang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yiming Wang
- Shanghai OneTar Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Affiliated Cancer Hospital (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aina He
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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20
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Seguin L, Durandy M, Feral CC. Lung Adenocarcinoma Tumor Origin: A Guide for Personalized Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071759. [PMID: 35406531 PMCID: PMC8996976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an average 5-year survival rate of approximately 15%. Among the multiple histological type of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma is the most common. Adenocarcinoma is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity at many levels, including histological, cellular, and molecular. Understanding the cell of origin of adenocarcinoma, and the molecular changes during tumor progression, will allow better therapeutic strategies. Abstract Lung adenocarcinoma, the major form of lung cancer, is the deadliest cancer worldwide, due to its late diagnosis and its high heterogeneity. Indeed, lung adenocarcinoma exhibits pronounced inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity cofounding precision medicine. Tumor heterogeneity is a clinical challenge driving tumor progression and drug resistance. Several key pieces of evidence demonstrated that lung adenocarcinoma results from the transformation of progenitor cells that accumulate genetic abnormalities. Thus, a better understanding of the cell of origin of lung adenocarcinoma represents an opportunity to unveil new therapeutic alternatives and stratify patient tumors. While the lung is remarkably quiescent during homeostasis, it presents an extensive ability to respond to injury and regenerate lost or damaged cells. As the lung is constantly exposed to potential insult, its regenerative potential is assured by several stem and progenitor cells. These can be induced to proliferate in response to injury as well as differentiate into multiple cell types. A better understanding of how genetic alterations and perturbed microenvironments impact progenitor-mediated tumorigenesis and treatment response is of the utmost importance to develop new therapeutic opportunities.
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21
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Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Exercise, Diet and Sleeping as Regenerative Medicine Adjuvants: Obesity and Ageing as Illustrations. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:medicines9010007. [PMID: 35049940 PMCID: PMC8778846 DOI: 10.3390/medicines9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine uses the biological and medical knowledge on how the cells and tissue regenerate and evolve in order to develop novel therapies. Health conditions such as ageing, obesity and cancer lead to an impaired regeneration ability. Exercise, diet choices and sleeping pattern have significant impacts on regeneration biology via diverse pathways including reducing the inflammatory and oxidative components. Thus, exercise, diet and sleeping management can be optimized towards therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. It could allow to prevent degeneration, optimize the biological regeneration and also provide adjuvants for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.G.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.G.); (M.Y.)
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (A.G.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-654-2296
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22
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Abstract
Organoids have complex three-dimensional structures that exhibit functionalities and feature architectures similar to those of in vivo organs and are developed from adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and pluripotent stem cells through a self-organization process. Organoids derived from adult epithelial stem cells are the most mature and extensive. In recent years, using organoid culture techniques, researchers have established various adult human tissue-derived epithelial organoids, including intestinal, colon, lung, liver, stomach, breast, and oral mucosal organoids, all of which exhibit strong research and application prospects. Studies have shown that epithelial organoids are mainly applied in drug discovery, personalized drug response testing, disease mechanism research, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we mainly discuss current organoid culture systems and potential applications of this technique with human epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Li
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Hunan Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Saizhi Wu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Lianwen Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
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23
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Qu J, Kalyani FS, Liu L, Cheng T, Chen L. Tumor organoids: synergistic applications, current challenges, and future prospects in cancer therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:1331-1353. [PMID: 34713636 PMCID: PMC8696219 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer cells (PDCs) and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are often used as tumor models, but have many shortcomings. PDCs not only lack diversity in terms of cell type, spatial organization, and microenvironment but also have adverse effects in stem cell cultures, whereas PDX are expensive with a low transplantation success rate and require a long culture time. In recent years, advances in three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture technology have led to the development of novel physiological systems that model the tissues of origin more precisely than traditional culture methods. Patient-derived cancer organoids bridge the conventional gaps in PDC and PDX models and closely reflect the pathophysiological features of natural tumorigenesis and metastasis, and have led to new patient-specific drug screening techniques, development of individualized treatment regimens, and discovery of prognostic biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance. Synergistic combinations of cancer organoids with other technologies, for example, organ-on-a-chip, 3D bio-printing, and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated homology-independent organoid transgenesis, and with treatments, such as immunotherapy, have been useful in overcoming their limitations and led to the development of more suitable model systems that recapitulate the complex stroma of cancer, inter-organ and intra-organ communications, and potentially multiorgan metastasis. In this review, we discuss various methods for the creation of organ-specific cancer organoids and summarize organ-specific advances and applications, synergistic technologies, and treatments as well as current limitations and future prospects for cancer organoids. Further advances will bring this novel 3D organoid culture technique closer to clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.,Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Farhin Shaheed Kalyani
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Tianli Cheng
- Thoracic Medicine Department 1, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China
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24
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Sun CC, Zhou ZQ, Yang D, Chen ZL, Zhou YY, Wen W, Feng C, Zheng L, Peng XY, Tang CF. Recent advances in studies of 15-PGDH as a key enzyme for the degradation of prostaglandins. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108176. [PMID: 34655851 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH; encoded by HPGD) is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and catalyzes the degradation of prostaglandins (PGs; mainly PGE2, PGD2, and PGF2α) in a process mediated by solute carrier organic anion transport protein family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1; also known as PGT, OATP2A1, PHOAR2, or SLC21A2). As a key enzyme, 15-PGDH catalyzes the rapid oxidation of 15-hydroxy-PGs into 15-keto-PGs with lower biological activity. Increasing evidence suggests that 15-PGDH plays a key role in many physiological and pathological processes in mammals and is considered a potential pharmacological target for preventing organ damage, promoting bone marrow graft recovery, and enhancing tissue regeneration. Additionally, results of whole-exome analyses suggest that recessive inheritance of an HPGD mutation is associated with idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Interestingly, as a tumor suppressor, 15-PGDH inhibits proliferation and induces the differentiation of cancer cells (including those associated with colorectal, lung, and breast cancers). Furthermore, a recent study identified 15-PGDH as a marker of aging tissue and a potential novel therapeutic target for resisting the complex pathology of aging-associated diseases. Here, we review and summarise recent information on the molecular functions of 15-PGDH and discuss its pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Zuo-Qiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Zhang-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Yun-Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Wei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Xi-Yang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China.
| | - Chang-Fa Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China.
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New Insights into the Clinical Implications of Yes-Associated Protein in Lung Cancer: Roles in Drug Resistance, Tumor Immunity, Autophagy, and Organoid Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123069. [PMID: 34202980 PMCID: PMC8234989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Innovative advancements in lung cancer treatment have developed over the past decade with the advent of targeted and immune therapies. Yes-associated protein (YAP), an effector of the Hippo pathway, promotes the resistance of these targeted drugs and modulates tumor immunity in lung cancer. YAP is involved in autophagy in lung cancer and plays a prominent role in forming the tubular structure in lung organoids and alveolar differentiation. In this review, we discuss the central roles of YAP in lung cancer and present YAP as a novel target for treating resistance to targeted therapies and immunotherapies in lung cancer. Abstract Despite significant innovations in lung cancer treatment, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, lung cancer is still the principal cause of cancer-associated death. Novel strategies to overcome drug resistance and inhibit metastasis in cancer are urgently needed. The Hippo pathway and its effector, Yes-associated protein (YAP), play crucial roles in lung development and alveolar differentiation. YAP is known to mediate mechanotransduction, an important process in lung homeostasis and fibrosis. In lung cancer, YAP promotes metastasis and confers resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs and targeted agents. Recent studies revealed that YAP directly controls the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and modulates the tumor microenvironment (TME). YAP not only has a profound relationship with autophagy in lung cancer but also controls alveolar differentiation, and is responsible for tubular structure formation in lung organoids. In this review, we discuss the various roles and clinical implications of YAP in lung cancer and propose that targeting YAP can be a promising strategy for treating lung cancer.
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26
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Archer F, Bobet-Erny A, Gomes M. State of the art on lung organoids in mammals. Vet Res 2021; 52:77. [PMID: 34078444 PMCID: PMC8170649 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number and severity of diseases affecting lung development and adult respiratory function have stimulated great interest in developing new in vitro models to study lung in different species. Recent breakthroughs in 3-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures have led to new physiological in vitro models that better mimic the lung than conventional 2D cultures. Lung organoids simulate multiple aspects of the real organ, making them promising and useful models for studying organ development, function and disease (infection, cancer, genetic disease). Due to their dynamics in culture, they can serve as a sustainable source of functional cells (biobanking) and be manipulated genetically. Given the differences between species regarding developmental kinetics, the maturation of the lung at birth, the distribution of the different cell populations along the respiratory tract and species barriers for infectious diseases, there is a need for species-specific lung models capable of mimicking mammal lungs as they are of great interest for animal health and production, following the One Health approach. This paper reviews the latest developments in the growing field of lung organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Archer
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Alexandra Bobet-Erny
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Maryline Gomes
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France
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27
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Li X, Zhao F, Wang A, Cheng P, Chen H. Role and mechanisms of autophagy in lung metabolism and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5051-5068. [PMID: 33864479 PMCID: PMC11072280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian lungs are metabolically active organs that frequently encounter environmental insults. Stress responses elicit protective autophagy in epithelial barrier cells and the supportive niche. Autophagy promotes the recycling of damaged intracellular organelles, denatured proteins, and other biological macromolecules for reuse as components required for lung cell survival. Autophagy, usually induced by metabolic defects, regulates cellular metabolism. Autophagy is a major adaptive response that protects cells and organisms from injury. Endogenous region-specific stem/progenitor cell populations are found in lung tissue, which are responsible for epithelial repair after lung damage. Additionally, glucose and fatty acid metabolism is altered in lung stem/progenitor cells in response to injury-related lung fibrosis. Autophagy deregulation has been observed to be involved in the development and progression of other respiratory diseases. This review explores the role and mechanisms of autophagy in regulating lung metabolism and epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuxiaonan Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - An Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peiyong Cheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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28
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Therapeutic potential of AMPK signaling targeting in lung cancer: Advances, challenges and future prospects. Life Sci 2021; 278:119649. [PMID: 34043989 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is a leading cause of death worldwide with high mortality and morbidity. A wide variety of risk factors are considered for LC development such as smoking, air pollution and family history. It appears that genetic and epigenetic factors are also potential players in LC development and progression. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a signaling pathway with vital function in inducing energy balance and homeostasis. An increase in AMP:ATP and ADP:ATP ratio leads to activation of AMPK signaling by upstream mediators such as LKB1 and CamKK. Dysregulation of AMPK signaling is a common finding in different cancers, particularly LC. AMPK activation can significantly enhance LC metastasis via EMT induction. Upstream mediators such as PLAG1, IMPAD1, and TUFM can regulate AMPK-mediated metastasis. AMPK activation can promote proliferation and survival of LC cells via glycolysis induction. In suppressing LC progression, anti-tumor compounds including metformin, ginsenosides, casticin and duloxetine dually induce/inhibit AMPK signaling. This is due to double-edged sword role of AMPK signaling in LC cells. Furthermore, AMPK signaling can regulate response of LC cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy that are discussed in the current review.
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29
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Zhou X, Liu H, Zhang M, Li C, Li G. Spectrum-effect relationship between UPLC fingerprints and anti-lung cancer effect of Panax ginseng. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:339-346. [PMID: 32808367 PMCID: PMC8048684 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among the various types of cancer. Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey). is a popular anti-cancer herbal supplement. The quality control of ginseng is crucial to ensure its clinical efficacy. This study aimed to establish new quality control methods for ginseng and to identify its main active components responsible for lung cancer treatment. METHODS Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to establish fingerprints of 18 batches of ginseng. CCK-8 test was performed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of ginseng on Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells. The spectrum-effect relationship analysis of ginseng was assessed by canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and bioactivity validation. KEY FINDINGS Six common peaks were identified and the variation coefficients were determined. The 18 batches of ginseng inhibited the proliferation of LLC cells to different degrees, showing different half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values. Spectrum-effect relationship analysis showed that ginsenoside Ro is the main anti-proliferative constituent of LLC cell. CONCLUSIONS Spectrum-effect relationship is suitable for quality control of ginseng used for lung cancer. It is also effective in discovering the active ingredients related to the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhou
- National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Tonghua Institute for Food and Drug ControlTonghuaChina
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Chunyu Li
- National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Guohui Li
- National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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30
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Lu T, Cao Y, Zhao P, Shen S, Xi Y. Organoid: a powerful tool to study lung regeneration and disease. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:21. [PMID: 33900491 PMCID: PMC8074347 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional self-organizing structures formed by adult tissue stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. They recapitulate cell-cell, cell-niche interactions in tissue development, homeostasis, regeneration and disease, and provide an in vitro model for drug screening. This review summarizes the recent advances of organoid cultures derived from adult lung stem cells and human pluripotent stem cells, especially focusing on the organoids of the distal airway stem/progenitor cells. We also discuss the applications of organoids in studying lung regeneration and pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, airway diseases and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyuan Cao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxi Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Sakalem ME, De Sibio MT, da Costa FADS, de Oliveira M. Historical evolution of spheroids and organoids, and possibilities of use in life sciences and medicine. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000463. [PMID: 33491924 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An impressive percentage of biomedical advances were achieved through animal research and cell culture investigations. For drug testing and disease researches, both animal models and preclinical trials with cell cultures are extremely important, but present some limitations, such as ethical concern and inability of representing complex tissues and organs. 3D cell cultures arise providing a more realistic in vitro representation of tissues and organs. Environment and cell type in 3D cultures can represent in vivo conditions and thus provide accurate data on cell-to-cell interactions, and cultivation techniques are based on a scaffold, usually hydrogel or another polymeric material, or without scaffold, such as suspended microplates, magnetic levitation, and microplates for spheroids with ultra-low fixation coating. PURPOSE AND SCOPE This review aims at presenting an updated summary of the most common 3D cell culture models available, as well as a historical background of their establishment and possible applications. SUMMARY Even though 3D culturing is incapable of replacing other current research types, they will continue to substitute some unnecessary animal experimentation, as well as complement monolayer cultures. CONCLUSION In this aspect, 3D culture emerges as a valuable alternative to the investigation of functional, biochemical, and molecular aspects of human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Teresa De Sibio
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School of the Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Felipe Allan da Silva da Costa
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences of the Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Miriane de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Clinic, Botucatu Medicine School of the Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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Li Z, Qian Y, Li W, Liu L, Yu L, Liu X, Wu G, Wang Y, Luo W, Fang F, Liu Y, Song F, Cai Z, Chen W, Huang W. Human Lung Adenocarcinoma-Derived Organoid Models for Drug Screening. iScience 2020; 23:101411. [PMID: 32771979 PMCID: PMC7415928 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is an extremely heterogeneous disease, and its treatment remains one of the most challenging tasks in medicine. Few existing laboratory lung cancer models can faithfully recapitulate the diversity of the disease and predict therapy response. Here, we establish 12 patient-derived organoids from the most common lung cancer subtype, lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). Extensive gene and histopathology profiling show that the tumor organoids retain the histological architectures, genomic landscapes, and gene expression profiles of their parental tumors. Patient-derived lung cancer organoids are amenable for biomarker identification and high-throughput drug screening in vitro. This study should enable the generation of patient-derived lung cancer organoid lines, which can be used to further the understanding of lung cancer pathophysiology and to assess drug response in personalized medicine. Generation of a living biobank of patient-derived lung adenocarcinoma organoids Organoid biobank encompasses most of known subtypes of adenocarcinoma Organoids maintain the histological and mutational spectrum of original tumors Tumor organoids provide a tool for biomarker identification and drug testing
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Li
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China; International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Youhui Qian
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Wujiao Li
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China; International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Lisa Liu
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China; International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China; International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Guodong Wu
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Youyu Wang
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Weibin Luo
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Fuyuan Fang
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China; International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Fei Song
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China; International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China; Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China; International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China.
| | - Weiren Huang
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China; Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China.
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