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Zuo C, Cai L, Li Y, Ding C, Liu G, Zhang C, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ji M. The Molecular Mechanism of Radix Paeoniae Rubra.-Cortex Moutan. Herb Pair in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis: A Work Based on Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Experiments. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:800-817. [PMID: 38951468 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Radix Paeoniae Rubra. (Chishao, RPR) and Cortex Moutan. (Mudanpi, CM) are a pair of traditional Chinese medicines that play an important role in the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS). The main objective of this study was to identify potential synergetic function and underlying mechanisms of RPR-CM in the treatment of AS. The main active ingredients, targets of RPR-CM and AS-related genes were obtained from public databases. A Venn diagram was utilized to screen the common targets of RPR-CM in treating AS. The protein-protein interaction network was established based on STRING database. Biological functions and pathways of potential targets were analyzed through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses. Cytoscape was used to construct the drug-compound-target-signal pathway network. Molecular docking was performed to verify the binding ability of the bioactive ingredients and the target proteins. The endothelial inflammation model was constructed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with ox-LDL, and the function of RPR-CM in treating AS was verified by CCK-8 assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and qPCR. In this study, 12 active components and 401 potential target genes of RPR-CM were identified, among which quercetin, kaempferol and baicalein were considered to be the main active components. A total of 1903 AS-related genes were identified through public databases and four GEO datasets (GSE57691, GSE72633, GSE6088 and GSE199819). There are 113 common target genes of RPR-CM in treating AS. PPI network analysis identified 17 genes in cluster 1 as the core targets. Bioinformatics analysis showed that RPR-CM in AS treatment was associated with multiple downstream biological processes and signal pathways. PTGS2, JUN, CASP3, TNF, IL1B, IL6, FOS, STAT1 were identified as the core targets of RPR-CM, and molecular docking showed that the main bioactive components of RPR-CM had good binding ability with the core targets. RPR-CM extract significantly inhibited the levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in HUVECs, and inhibited endothelial inflammation. This study revealed the active ingredients of RPR-CM, and identified the key downstream targets and signaling pathways in the treatment of AS, providing theoretical basis for the application of RPR-CM in prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caojian Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Lianshui People's Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianshui County, No 6, Hongri East Avenue, Huai'an, 223400, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Deji Hospital, Qingdao University, Shanghai, 200331, China.
| | - Lidong Cai
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Chencheng Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Deji Hospital, Qingdao University, Shanghai, 200331, China
| | - Guiying Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Deji Hospital, Qingdao University, Shanghai, 200331, China
| | - Changmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Deji Hospital, Qingdao University, Shanghai, 200331, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Deji Hospital, Qingdao University, Shanghai, 200331, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Deji Hospital, Qingdao University, Shanghai, 200331, China
| | - Mingyue Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Lianshui People's Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianshui County, No 6, Hongri East Avenue, Huai'an, 223400, Jiangsu, China
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He H, Wang S, Zhang W, Gao S, Guan H, Zhou P. Downregulation of TAB182 promotes cancer stem-like cell properties and therapeutic resistance in triple-negative breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1101. [PMID: 37953246 PMCID: PMC10642046 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
TAB182 participates in DNA damage repair and radio-/chemosensitivity regulation in various tumors, but its role in tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance in breast cancer remains unclear. In the current paper, we observed that triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive type of breast cancer, exhibits a lower expression of TAB182. TAB182 knockdown stimulates the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells. Our study first obtained RNA-seq data to explore the cellular functions mediated by TAB182 at the genome level in TNBC cells. A transcriptome analysis and in vitro experiments enabled us to identify that TAB182 downregulation drives the enhanced properties of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in TNBC cells. Furthermore, TAB182 deletion contributes to the resistance of cells to olaparib or cisplatin, which can be rescued by silencing GLI2, a gene downstream of cancer stemness-related signaling pathways. Our results reveal a novel function of TAB182 as a potential negative regulator of cancer stem-like properties and drug sensitivity in TNBC cells, suggesting that TAB182 may be a tumor suppressor gene and is associated with increased therapeutic benefits for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozheng Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
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Song D, Lian Y, Zhang L. The potential of activator protein 1 (AP-1) in cancer targeted therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1224892. [PMID: 37483616 PMCID: PMC10361657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that consists of a diverse group of members including Jun, Fos, Maf, and ATF. AP-1 involves a number of processes such as proliferation, migration, and invasion in cells. Dysfunctional AP-1 activity is associated with cancer initiation, development, invasion, migration and drug resistance. Therefore, AP-1 is a potential target for cancer targeted therapy. Currently, some small molecule inhibitors targeting AP-1 have been developed and tested, showing some anticancer effects. However, AP-1 is complex and diverse in its structure and function, and different dimers may play different roles in different type of cancers. Therefore, more research is needed to reveal the specific mechanisms of AP-1 in cancer, and how to select appropriate inhibitors and treatment strategies. Ultimately, this review summarizes the potential of combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Song
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Lian
- Department of Obstetrics, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Women and Children Diseases, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, China
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Geng P, Chi Y, Yuan Y, Yang M, Zhao X, Liu Z, Liu G, Liu Y, Zhu L, Wang S. Novel chimeric antigen receptor T cell-based immunotherapy: a perspective for triple-negative breast cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1158539. [PMID: 37457288 PMCID: PMC10339351 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1158539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly aggressive and does not express estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It has a poor prognosis, and traditional endocrine and anti-HER2 targeted therapies have low efficacy against it. In contrast, surgery, radiotherapy, and/or systemic chemotherapy are relatively effective at controlling TNBC. The resistance of TNBC to currently available clinical therapies has had a significantly negative impact on its treatment outcomes. Hence, new therapeutic options are urgently required. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is a type of immunotherapy that integrates the antigen specificity of antibodies and the tumor-killing effect of T cells. CAR-T therapy has demonstrated excellent clinical efficacy against hematological cancers. However, its efficacy against solid tumors such as TNBC is inadequate. The present review aimed to investigate various aspects of CAR-T administration as TNBC therapy. We summarized the potential therapeutic targets of CAR-T that were identified in preclinical studies and clinical trials on TNBC. We addressed the limitations of using CAR-T in the treatment of TNBC in particular and solid tumors in general and explored key strategies to overcome these impediments. Finally, we comprehensively examined the advancement of CAR-T immunotherapy as well as countermeasures that could improve its efficacy as a TNBC treatment and the prognosis of patients with this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhen Geng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhua Chi
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Maoquan Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengchun Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Therapy for Tumors in Weifang City, Department of Radiotherapy, School of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Therapy for Tumors in Weifang City, Department of Radiotherapy, School of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Therapy for Tumors in Weifang City, Department of Radiotherapy, School of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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Casalino L, Talotta F, Matino I, Verde P. FRA-1 as a Regulator of EMT and Metastasis in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098307. [PMID: 37176013 PMCID: PMC10179602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Among FOS-related components of the dimeric AP-1 transcription factor, the oncoprotein FRA-1 (encoded by FOSL1) is a key regulator of invasion and metastasis. The well-established FRA-1 pro-invasive activity in breast cancer, in which FOSL1 is overexpressed in the TNBC (Triple Negative Breast Cancer)/basal subtypes, correlates with the FRA-1-dependent transcriptional regulation of EMT (Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition). After summarizing the major findings on FRA-1 in breast cancer invasiveness, we discuss the FRA-1 mechanistic links with EMT and cancer cell stemness, mediated by transcriptional and posttranscriptional interactions between FOSL1/FRA-1 and EMT-regulating transcription factors, miRNAs, RNA binding proteins and cytokines, along with other target genes involved in EMT. In addition to the FRA-1/AP-1 effects on the architecture of target promoters, we discuss the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the EMT-related FRA-1 transcriptome, along with therapeutic implications. Finally, we consider several novel perspectives regarding the less explored roles of FRA-1 in the tumor microenvironment and in control of the recently characterized hybrid EMT correlated with cancer cell plasticity, stemness, and metastatic potential. We will also examine the application of emerging technologies, such as single-cell analyses, along with animal models of TNBC and tumor-derived CTCs and PDXs (Circulating Tumor Cells and Patient-Derived Xenografts) for studying the FRA-1-mediated mechanisms in in vivo systems of EMT and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Casalino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Talotta
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilenia Matino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Verde
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati Traverso", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Dai X, Cai L, Zhang Z, Li J. SNRPD1 conveys prognostic value on breast cancer survival and is required for anthracycline sensitivity. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:376. [PMID: 37098488 PMCID: PMC10126993 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancers harboring spliceosome mutations are highly sensitive to additional perturbations on the spliceosome that leads to the development of onco-therapeutics targeting the spliceosome and opens novel opportunities for managing aggressive tumors lacking effective treatment options such as triple negative breast cancers. Being the core spliceosome associated proteins, SNRPD1 and SNRPE have been both proposed as therapeutic targets for breast cancer management. Yet, their differences regarding their prognostic and therapeutic use as well as roles during carcinogenesis are largely unreported. METHODS We conducted in silico analysis at gene expression and genetic levels to differentiate the clinical relevance of SNRPD1 and SNRPE, and explored their differential functionalities and molecular mechanistic associations with cancer in vitro. RESULTS We showed that high SNRPD1 gene expression was prognostic of poor breast cancer survival whereas SNRPE was not. The SNRPD1 expression quantitative trait loci, rs6733100, was found independently prognostic of breast cancer survival using TCGA data. Silencing either SNRPD1 or SNRPE independently suppressed the growth of breast cancer cells, but decreased migration was only observed in SNRPD1-silenced cells. Knocking down SNRPD1 but not SNRPE triggers doxorubicin resistance in triple negative breast cancer cells. Gene enrichment and network analyses revealed the dynamic regulatory role of SNRPD1 on cell cycle and genome stability, and the preventive role of SNRPE against cancer stemness that may neutralize its promotive role on cancer cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Our results differentiated the functionalities of SNRPD1 and SNRPE at both prognostic and therapeutic levels, and preliminarily explained the driving mechanism that requires additional explorations and validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Linhan Cai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhifa Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jitian Li
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital), Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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McMellen A, Yamamoto TM, Qamar L, Sanders BE, Nguyen LL, Chavez DO, Bapat J, Berning A, Post MD, Johnson J, Behbakht K, Nurmemmedov E, Chuong EB, Bitler BG. ATF6-Mediated Signaling Contributes to PARP Inhibitor Resistance in Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:3-13. [PMID: 36149636 PMCID: PMC9812934 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the deadliest ovarian cancer histotype due in-part to the lack of therapeutic options for chemotherapy-resistant disease. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) represent a targeted treatment. However, PARPi resistance is becoming a significant clinical challenge. There is an urgent need to overcome resistance mechanisms to extend disease-free intervals. We established isogeneic PARPi-sensitive and -resistant HGSOC cell lines. In three PARPi-resistant models, there is a significant increase in AP-1 transcriptional activity and DNA repair capacity. Using RNA-sequencing and an shRNA screen, we identified activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) as a mediator of AP-1 activity, DNA damage response, and PARPi resistance. In publicly available datasets, ATF6 expression is elevated in HGSOC and portends a poorer recurrence-free survival. In a cohort of primary HGSOC tumors, higher ATF6 expression significantly correlated to PARPi resistance. In PARPi-resistant cell lines and a PDX model, inhibition of a known ATF6 regulator, p38, attenuated AP-1 activity and RAD51 foci formation, enhanced DNA damage, significantly inhibited tumor burden, and reduced accumulation of nuclear ATF6. IMPLICATIONS This study highlights that a novel p38-ATF6-mediated AP-1 signaling axis contributes to PARPi resistance and provides a clinical rationale for combining PARPi and AP-1 signaling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra McMellen
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tomomi M. Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lubna Qamar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brooke E. Sanders
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lily L. Nguyen
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Daniela Ortiz Chavez
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jaidev Bapat
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amber Berning
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Miriam D. Post
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kian Behbakht
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Edward B. Chuong
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA,Corresponding author: Benjamin G. Bitler, Ph.D., 12700 East 19th Avenue, MS 8613, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Phone: 303-724-0574;
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Xie XF, Wu NQ, Wu JF, Zhang GL, Guo JF, Chen XL, Du CW. CXCR4 inhibitor, AMD3100, down-regulates PARP1 expression and Synergizes with olaparib causing severe DNA damage in BRCA-proficient triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 551:215944. [PMID: 36209974 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) treatment is effective in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with BRCA mutation. However, its efficacy in BRCA-proficient TNBC remains unexplored. It is, therefore, an exciting proposition to broaden the indication of PARPi for BRCA-proficient TNBC patients. Chemokine receptor (CXCR4) is a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, which is involved in cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and damage repair, and it initiates many signalling pathways. Although administration of CXCR4 inhibitor alone is not ideal as a target drug, it can play a strong synergistic role in combination with other drugs. We explored the effect of CXCR4 and PARP1 on tumour cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo and found that a CXCR4 inhibitor, AMD3100, enhanced the anti-tumour effect of PARP1 inhibitor, olaparib, on BRCA-proficient TNBC. When CXCR4 was inhibited and silenced, DNA damage repair and DNA replication fork activity were suppressed by up-regulating caspase-3-mediated increase in PARP1 cleavage; in combination with the inhibition of PARP1, AMD3100 resulted in the accumulation of fatal DNA damage and induction of apoptosis. This combination regimen can be effective against BRCA-proficient TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, N0. 113 Baohe Road, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Nan-Qiang Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, No. 1, Panfu Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510180, PR China
| | - Jin-Feng Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515031, PR China
| | - Guang-Lin Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515031, PR China
| | - Jin-Feng Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, N0. 113 Baohe Road, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Xue-Lian Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, N0. 113 Baohe Road, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
| | - Cai-Wen Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, N0. 113 Baohe Road, Shenzhen, 518116, PR China
- Shenzhen University, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Shenzhen, No, 3688, Nanhai Road, Nanshan District, 518060, Shenzhen, PR China
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Ha AT, Cho JY, Kim D. MLK3 Regulates Inflammatory Response via Activation of AP-1 Pathway in HEK293 and RAW264.7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810874. [PMID: 36142785 PMCID: PMC9501218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a critically important barrier found in innate immunity. However, severe and sustained inflammatory conditions are regarded as causes of many different serious diseases, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Although numerous studies have addressed how inflammatory responses proceed and what kinds of proteins and cells are involved, the exact mechanism and protein components regulating inflammatory reactions are not fully understood. In this paper, to determine the regulatory role of mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), which functions as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) in cancer cells in inflammatory response to macrophages, we employed an overexpression strategy with MLK3 in HEK293 cells and used its inhibitor URMC-099 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells. It was found that overexpressed MLK3 increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes (COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α) via the activation of AP-1, according to a luciferase assay carried out with AP-1-Luc. Overexpression of MLK3 also induced phosphorylation of MAPKK (MEK1/2, MKK3/6, and MKK4/7), MAPK (ERK, p38, and JNK), and AP-1 subunits (c-Jun, c-Fos, and FRA-1). Phosphorylation of MLK3 was also observed in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS, Pam3CSK, and poly(I:C). Finally, inhibition of MLK3 by URMC-099 reduced the expression of COX-2 and CCL-12, phosphorylation of c-Jun, luciferase activity mediated by AP-1, and phosphorylation of MAPK in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that MLK3 plays a central role in controlling AP-1-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages and that this enzyme can serve as a target molecule for treating AP-1-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Ha
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.Y.C.); (D.K.); Tel.: +82-31-290-7868 (J.Y.C.); +82-10-9530-5269 (D.K.)
| | - Daewon Kim
- Laboratory of Bio-Informatics, Department of Multimedia Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.Y.C.); (D.K.); Tel.: +82-31-290-7868 (J.Y.C.); +82-10-9530-5269 (D.K.)
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Kim H, Rahmawati L, Hong YH, Choi SY, Cho JY. NK cell-mediated immunostimulatory effects of ethanol extract of Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:222. [PMID: 35996139 PMCID: PMC9394078 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morinda citrifolia (Noni) is a plant that has long been used in various products such as foods and cosmetics. Although noni has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, detailed mechanism at the cellular level has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we focused on understanding as to how noni fruit can positively stimulate body’s immune responses. Methods To do this, an ethanol extract of noni fruit (Mc-fEE) was prepared and administered for 30 days to male C57BL/6 mice for in vivo experiment. NK cell activity and cytokine production level from Mc-fEE-treated mice were analyzed by flowcytometry, real-time PCR, and ELISA. Mc-fEE-triggered molecular events were detected from RAW264.7 cells and splenocytes using Western blotting and real-time PCR analyses. Results The mRNA expression levels of cytokines such as interleukin families, interferon (IFN)-β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were increased by Mc-fEE treatment in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting analysis showed that the phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 subunits these were enhanced in Mc-fEE-treated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, according to in vivo experiments, it was considered that Mc-fEE can increase the population of splenic NK cells and subsequent upregulation of their cytotoxic activity against YAC-1 cells, a T- cell lymphoma. Conclusion In this paper, we could confirm that Mc-fEE has remarkable immunostimulatory effects by activation and increase of the NK cell population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03700-3.
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Casalino L, Talotta F, Cimmino A, Verde P. The Fra-1/AP-1 Oncoprotein: From the "Undruggable" Transcription Factor to Therapeutic Targeting. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061480. [PMID: 35326630 PMCID: PMC8946526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic and epigenetic changes affecting transcription factors, coactivators, and chromatin modifiers are key determinants of the hallmarks of cancer. The acquired dependence on oncogenic transcriptional regulators, representing a major determinant of cancer cell vulnerability, points to transcription factors as ideal therapeutic targets. However, given the unavailability of catalytic activities or binding pockets for small-molecule inhibitors, transcription factors are generally regarded as undruggable proteins. Among components of the AP-1 complex, the FOS-family transcription factor Fra-1, encoded by FOSL1, has emerged as a prominent therapeutic target. Fra-1 is overexpressed in most solid tumors, in response to the BRAF-MAPK, Wnt-beta-catenin, Hippo-YAP, IL-6-Stat3, and other major oncogenic pathways. In vitro functional analyses, validated in onco-mouse models and corroborated by prognostic correlations, show that Fra-1-containing dimers control tumor growth and disease progression. Fra-1 participates in key mechanisms of cancer cell invasion, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, and metastatic spreading, by driving the expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors, cytokines, and microRNAs. Here we survey various strategies aimed at inhibiting tumor growth, metastatic dissemination, and drug resistance by interfering with Fra-1 expression, stability, and transcriptional activity. We summarize several tools aimed at the design and tumor-specific delivery of Fra-1/AP-1-specific drugs. Along with RNA-based therapeutics targeting the FOSL1 gene, its mRNA, or cognate regulatory circRNAs, we will examine the exploitation of blocking peptides, small molecule inhibitors, and innovative Fra-1 protein degraders. We also consider the possible caveats concerning Fra-1 inhibition in specific therapeutic contexts. Finally, we discuss a recent suicide gene therapy-based approach, aimed at selectively killing the Fra-1-overexpressing neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Casalino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale dele Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Amelia Cimmino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale dele Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Verde
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale dele Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (P.V.)
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Demény MA, Virág L. The PARP Enzyme Family and the Hallmarks of Cancer Part 1. Cell Intrinsic Hallmarks. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092042. [PMID: 33922595 PMCID: PMC8122967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 17-member poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme family, also known as the ADP-ribosyl transferase diphtheria toxin-like (ARTD) enzyme family, contains DNA damage-responsive and nonresponsive members. Only PARP1, 2, 5a, and 5b are capable of modifying their targets with poly ADP-ribose (PAR) polymers; the other PARP family members function as mono-ADP-ribosyl transferases. In the last decade, PARP1 has taken center stage in oncology treatments. New PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been introduced for the targeted treatment of breast cancer 1 or 2 (BRCA1/2)-deficient ovarian and breast cancers, and this novel therapy represents the prototype of the synthetic lethality paradigm. Much less attention has been paid to other PARPs and their potential roles in cancer biology. In this review, we summarize the roles played by all PARP enzyme family members in six intrinsic hallmarks of cancer: uncontrolled proliferation, evasion of growth suppressors, cell death resistance, genome instability, reprogrammed energy metabolism, and escape from replicative senescence. In a companion paper, we will discuss the roles of PARP enzymes in cancer hallmarks related to cancer-host interactions, including angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, evasion of the anticancer immune response, and tumor-promoting inflammation. While PARP1 is clearly involved in all ten cancer hallmarks, an increasing body of evidence supports the role of other PARPs in modifying these cancer hallmarks (e.g., PARP5a and 5b in replicative immortality and PARP2 in cancer metabolism). We also highlight controversies, open questions, and discuss prospects of recent developments related to the wide range of roles played by PARPs in cancer biology. Some of the summarized findings may explain resistance to PARPi therapy or highlight novel biological roles of PARPs that can be therapeutically exploited in novel anticancer treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté A. Demény
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (M.A.D.); (L.V.)
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: (M.A.D.); (L.V.)
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