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Pal AK, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Silane treated starch dispersed PBAT/PHBV-based composites: Improved barrier performance for single-use plastic alternatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:1009-1022. [PMID: 36549624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to include 5 wt% silane-treated starch (S-t-Starch) into biodegradable flexible poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blend matrix, which can facilitate superior barrier and balanced mechanical properties. With the intension of improving compatibilization between matrix and filler, starch (biological macromolecule) was efficiently treated with 15 wt% of 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane (GPTMS), a coupling agent. Various analyses such as barrier, mechanical, thermal, surface morphology and rheological were performed using cast extruded PBAT/PHBV-based composite films. Comprehensive characterizations suggested that cast extruded PBAT/PHBV with 5 wt% S-t-Starch composites exhibited 91 and 82 % improvement in oxygen and water vapor barrier, respectively, compared to PBAT film. The increment in % crystallinity (as supported by DSC analysis) of PBAT/PHBV/5%S-t-Starch composite due to the silane component was one of the reasons for barrier improvement. The other reason was the improved interfacial adhesion between matrix and S-t-Starch particles (as supported by SEM analysis), which restricted the mobility of the polymer chains. The elongation at break (%EB) of the cast extruded PBAT/PHBV/5%Starch film was slightly improved from 536 to 542 % after silane treatment. Hence, the developed polymer composite in this research work can contribute to flexible packaging applications that require improved barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Pal
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Abid U, Gill YQ, Irfan MS, Umer R, Saeed F. Potential applications of polycarbohydrates, lignin, proteins, polyacids, and other renewable materials for the formulation of green elastomers. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:1-29. [PMID: 33744249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Renewable resources including polycarbohydrates, lignin, proteins, and polyacids are the intrinsically valuable class of materials that are naturally available in great quantities. Their utilization as green additives and reinforcing bio-fillers, in substitution of environmentally perilous petroleum-based fillers, for developing high-performance green rubber blends and composites is presently a highly tempting option. Blending of these renewable materials with elastomers is not straight-forward and research needs to exploit the high functionality of carbohydrates and other natural materials as proper physicochemical interactions are essential. Correlating and understanding the structural properties of lignin, carbohydrates, polyacids, and other biopolymers, before their incorporation in elastomers, is a potential approach towards the development of green elastomers for value-added applications. Promising properties i.e., biodegradability, biocompatibility, morphological characteristics, high mechanical properties, thermal stability, sustainability, and various other characteristics along with recent advancements in the development of green elastomers are reviewed in this paper. Structures, viability, interactions, properties, and use of most common natural polycarbohydrates (chitosan and starch), lignin, and proteins (collagen and gelatin) for elastomer modification are extensively reviewed. Challenges in commercialization, applications, and future perspectives of green elastomers are also discussed. Sustainability analysis of green elastomers is accomplished to elaborate their cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Abid
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Yasir Qayyum Gill
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shafiq Irfan
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, G. T. Road, PO Box 54890, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Effects of silylated starch structure on hydrophobization and mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch foams made from potato starch. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Roziafanto AN, Puspitasari S, Cifriadi A, Hasnasoraya D, Chalid M. Addition of Hybrid Coupling Agent Based Natural Rubber‐Starch on Natural Rubber Composite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201900142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adi Cifriadi
- Indonesian Rubber Research Institute Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Dinda Hasnasoraya
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and MaterialUniversitas Indonesia Depok West Java Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Chalid
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and MaterialUniversitas Indonesia Depok West Java Indonesia
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Mekonnen TH, Ah-Leung T, Hojabr S, Berry R. Investigation of the co-coagulation of natural rubber latex and cellulose nanocrystals aqueous dispersion. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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6
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Gadhave RV, Mahanwar PA, Gadekar PT. Effect of vinyl silane modification on thermal and mechanical properties of starch-polyvinyl alcohol blend. Des Monomers Polym 2019; 22:159-163. [PMID: 31680788 PMCID: PMC6807903 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2019.1678223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to observe the effect of addition of silane coupling agent on polyvinyl alcohol and starch-PVA blend. Starch and PVA blend with citric acid addition was prepared. Silane-modified polymer was obtained by treating polyvinyl alcohol and starch-PVA blend with Trimethoxyvinylsilane. The blend has been tested against the canarium wood substrate for tensile strength. A further property like viscosity has also been evaluated. Analytical tests such as DSC and DMA proved the phenomenon of cross-linking, having shown an increase in glass transition temperature and area under the curve of tan delta. The efficient and novel method for polymerization of vinyl groups present in the PVA and PVA-starch blends has contributed to better adhesion on the wood substrate and also better cohesion between the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra V Gadhave
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Prakash A Mahanwar
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Pradeep T Gadekar
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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Surface Treatment Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Silica Carbon Black Reinforced Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111763. [PMID: 31717850 PMCID: PMC6918317 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, phenolic formaldehyde resin (PF)-treated silica carbon black (SiCB) were prepared with different treatment conditions and their effect as fillers on the mechanical properties of filler filled natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) composites were investigated in detail. The PF coating layer on the SiCB derived from rusk husk not only promoted the dispersion of the fillers but also improved the interfacial interactions between fillers and the rubber matrix. As a result, both the cross-link density and mechanical properties of the obtained composites were effectively enhanced. The filler SiCB with 3 wt % PF surface treatment greatly improved the tensile strength of NR/BR composites and reached 7.1 MPa, which increased by 73.7% compared with that of SiCB-filled NR/BR composites. The improved interfacial interactions promoted higher energy dissipation, leading to simultaneously enhancing the glass transition temperature of the obtained composites. Due to the easy processing and low cost of filler as well as the effectively enhanced mechanical properties of composites, the PF-coating methodology has a great potential for practical applications in SiCB reinforced high-performance composites. A commercial filler, carbon black (N774), was also used in this study and evaluated under the same conditions for comparison.
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9
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Formaldehyde Use and Alternative Biobased Binders for Particleboard Formulation: A Review. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5256897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde-based resins are conventionally used as a binder in formulation of particleboard. Epidemiologic studies have shown that formaldehyde is carcinogenic. Efforts to reduce the health hazard effects of the fomaldehyde-based resin in the particleboard formulation have included use of scavengers for formaldehydes and use of an alternative binder. Use of scavengers for the formaldehyde increases the cost and maintenance of particleboard formulation. There is no proof that scavengers eliminate the emission of formaldehyde from particleboard. Use of biobased binders in particleboard formulation provides an alternative for eliminating use of the formaldehyde-based resin. However, the alternative is hindered by challenges, which include limitations of physical and mechanical properties. The challenge has continuously been acted upon through research. The paper presents an overview of the use of starch as an alternative binder. Improvement over time of the starch and limitations thereof requires to be addressed. Use of the modified starch has shown increased particleboard performance. Mechanical strength, such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding in particleboards, however, remains to be a challenge.
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Improvement of antimicrobial activity of sago starch/guar gum bi-phasic edible films by incorporating carvacrol and citral. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Riyajan SA. Novel polymer from a cassava starch/carboxylated styrene-butadiene blend containing potassium persulfate: design and properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Poikelispää M, Shakun A, Sarlin E, Das A, Vuorinen J. Vegetable fillers for electric stimuli responsive elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minna Poikelispää
- Department of Materials Science; Tampere University of Technology; Tampere Finland
| | - Alexandra Shakun
- Department of Materials Science; Tampere University of Technology; Tampere Finland
| | - Essi Sarlin
- Department of Materials Science; Tampere University of Technology; Tampere Finland
| | - Amit Das
- Department of Materials Science; Tampere University of Technology; Tampere Finland
- Department of Elastomers; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden; Germany
| | - Jyrki Vuorinen
- Department of Materials Science; Tampere University of Technology; Tampere Finland
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Zhang QL, Tian XH, Sun JY, Yuan YZ, Zhang KT. Preparation of starch-g-PMMA, starch-g-P(MMA/BMA) and starch-g-P(MMA/MA) nanoparticles and their reinforcing effect on natural rubber by latex blending: a comparative study. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x17050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Effects of filler loading on the mechanical properties of Epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) filled with bio-fillers were studied. The compounds with different filler loadings (0, 30, 50, 70 phr) were prepared in a Haake internal mixer. Result showed that the viscosity of the compounds increased with filler loading and exhibited longer cure time with higher loading of the bio-filler. The mechanical properties of starch-filled vulcanisates present better tensile strength at 50 phr when compared to micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC) filled vulcanisates at similar filler loadings. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surface of 50 phr starch-filled vulcanisates illustrated a homogenous distribution in comparison with MCC-filled compounds.
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15
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Misman MA, Azura AR, Hamid ZAA. The physical and degradation properties of starch-graft-acrylonitrile/carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber latex films. Carbohydr Polym 2015. [PMID: 26005134 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Starch-graft-acrylonitrile (ANS) is compounded with carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) latex. The control XNBR and the ANS/XNBR latex films were prepared through a coagulant dipping process. The films were subjected to ageing and soil burial procedures. For the biodegradation experiment, the surface of the film was assessed after the 2nd, 4th and 8th week of soil burial. The ANS, XNBR, and ANS/XNBR colloidal stability were determined with a Malvern Zetasizer. For the dipped latex films, the mechanical, morphological and thermal properties were analyzed. The addition of ANS into the XNBR latex increased the stability of the colloidal dispersions, decreased the latex film tensile strength, but increased the elongation at break due to the bipolar interaction of the ANS and XNBR particles. The ANS/XNBR latex films aged faster than the control films while the morphological analysis showed the existence of a starch crystal region and the formation of microbial colonies on the surfaces of the films. Based on the TGA-DTA curves, a higher ΔT was observed for the ANS/XNBR latex films signifying high thermal energy needed for the film to thermally degrade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Misman
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, University Science of Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - A R Azura
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, University Science of Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Z A A Hamid
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, University Science of Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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16
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Effect of Coupling Agent, Methylene Diisocyanate, in the Blending of Poly(methyl methacrylate)-Modified Starch and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber. ELASTOMERS AND COMPOSITES 2014. [DOI: 10.7473/ec.2014.49.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Silane modified starch for compatible reactive blend with poly(lactic acid). Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:255-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Qu J, He L. Synthesis and properties of silane-fluoroacrylate grafted starch. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:1056-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Ruamcharoen J, Ratana T, Ruamcharoen P. Bentonite as a reinforcing and compatibilizing filler for natural rubber and polystyrene blends in latex stage. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jareerat Ruamcharoen
- Department of Science; Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University; Muang Pattani 94000 Thailand
| | - Tanakorn Ratana
- Department of Industrial Chemistry; Faculty of Applied Science, King Moungkut Institute of Technology North Bangkok; Bang Sue Bangkok 10600 Thailand
| | - Polphat Ruamcharoen
- Rubber and Polymer Technology Program; Faculty of Science and Technology, Songkhla Rajabhat University; Songkhla 90000 Thailand
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20
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Mechanical performance, water absorption behavior and biodegradability of poly(methyl methacrylate)-modified starch/SBR biocomposites. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Preparation and properties of carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber/cellulose nanocrystals composites. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Li MC, Ge X, Cho UR. Emulsion grafting vinyl monomers onto starch for reinforcement of styrene-butadiene rubber. Macromol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Kahar AWM, Ismail H, Othman N. Properties of HVA-2 vulcanized high density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jong L. Mechanical Properties of Melt-processed Blend of Amorphous Corn Flour Composite Filler and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2011.584223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Khalaf AI, Sadek EM. Compatibility study in natural rubber and maize starch blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Kahar AWM, Ismail H, Othman N. Morphology and tensile properties of high-density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends: The effect of citric acid-modified tapioca starch. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Ji C, Song SS, Zhang LQ, Wu YP. The role of dicumyl peroxide in the preparation of chloroprene rubber/starch/sodium acrylate water-swellable composites. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Aggregate structure and effect of phthalic anhydride-modified soy protein on the mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene copolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Saikia JP, Banerjee S, Konwar BK, Kumar A. Biocompatible novel starch/polyaniline composites: Characterization, anti-cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 81:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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31
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Yang J, Zhang LQ, Shi JH, Quan YN, Wang LL, Tian M. Mechanical and functional properties of composites based on graphite and carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Wu YP, Liang GH, Zhang LQ. Influence of starch on the properties of carbon-black-filled styrene-butadiene rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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