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Ernst L, Schulz C, Petzold A, Thurn-Albrecht T, Saalwächter K, Wefers D. Detailed structural characterization of five water-insoluble α-glucans produced by glucansucrases from Streptococcus spp. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122164. [PMID: 38710558 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Water-insoluble α-glucans synthesized from sucrose by glucansucrases from Streptococcus spp. are essential in dental plaque and caries formation. Because limited information is available on the fine structure of these biopolymers, we analyzed the structures of unmodified glucans produced by five recombinant Streptococcus (S.) mutans DSM 20523 and S. salivarius DSM 20560 glucansucrases in detail. A combination of methylation analysis, endo-dextranase and endo-mutanase hydrolyses, and HPSEC-RI was used. Furthermore, crystal-like regions were analyzed by using XRD and 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy. Our results showed that the glucan structures were highly diverse: Two glucans with 1,3- and 1,6-linkages were characterized in detail besides an almost exclusively 1,3-linked and a linear 1,6-linked glucan. Furthermore, one glucan contained 1,3-, 1,4-, and 1,6-linkages and thus had an unusual, not yet described structure. It was demonstrated that the glucans had a varying structural architecture by using partial enzymatic hydrolyses. Furthermore, crystal-like regions formed by 1,3-glucopyranose units were observed for the two 1,3- and 1,6-linked glucans and the linear 1,3-linked glucan. 1,6-linked regions were mobile and not involved in the crystal-like areas. Altogether, our results broaden the knowledge of the structure of water-insoluble α-glucans from Streptococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Ernst
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Celine Schulz
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Albrecht Petzold
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institute of Physics, NMR, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Wefers
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Feuzing F, Mbakidi JP, Pontoire B, Quéveau D, Roelens G, Lourdin D, Bouquillon S, Leroy E. Melt processing of paramylon using a water:ionic liquid mixture as plasticizer. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 306:120607. [PMID: 36746572 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan produced by the microalgae Euglena Gracilis. Due to its native crystalline structure, involving hexagonally packed triple helices, paramylon is neither water soluble nor thermoplastic. While such properties are generally obtained by chemical modification of paramylon, the present work demonstrates that using ionic liquid/water mixtures as solvents or plasticizers may be an alternative: A mixture of water with cholinium glycinate (40:60) allowed: i) obtaining paramylon solutions at 80 °C, that form reversible ionogels upon cooling at 20 °C, when used as a solvent, and ii) the thermomechanical processing of paramylon below 100 °C by extrusion and hot-press into transparent films, when used as a plasticizer. The thermoplastic paramylon obtained consists of an amorphous matrix, self-reinforced by oriented triple helices packed as nanofibers. This results in a storage modulus ranging from 300 to 450 MPa at 25 °C, depending on the plasticizer content, and in a tensile strain at break of 27 %. For storage times larger than 1 month, a recrystallization of paramylon is observed, with an unidentified crystalline structure different from the native one. Recrystallized samples can be reprocessed into amorphous films by hot pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérica Feuzing
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Mbakidi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Pontoire
- Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies Research Unit 1268 (BIA), INRAE, Rue de la Géraudière, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Quéveau
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France
| | - Guillaume Roelens
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France
| | - Denis Lourdin
- Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies Research Unit 1268 (BIA), INRAE, Rue de la Géraudière, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Bouquillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France.
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Feuzing F, Mbakidi JP, Lazar F, Marchal L, Leroy E, Bouquillon S. Biobased Ionic liquids as Solvents of Paramylon. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gao L, Zhao X, Liu M, Zhao X. Characterization and Antibacterial Activities of Carboxymethylated Paramylon from Euglena gracilis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153022. [PMID: 35893986 PMCID: PMC9332863 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramylon from Euglena gracilis (EGP) is a polymeric polysaccharide composed of linear β-1,3 glucan. EGP has been proved to have antibacterial activity, but its effect is weak due to its water insolubility and high crystallinity. In order to change this deficiency, this experiment carried out carboxymethylated modification of EGP. Three carboxymethylated derivatives, C-EGP1, C-EGP2, and C-EGP3, with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.14, 0.55, and 0.78, respectively, were synthesized by varying reaction conditions, such as the mass of chloroacetic acid and temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis confirmed the success of the carboxymethylated modification. The Congo red (CR) experiment, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry (TG) were used to study the conformation, surface morphology, crystalline nature, and thermostability of the carboxymethylated EGP. The results showed that carboxymethylation did not change the triple helix structure of the EGP, but that the fundamental particles’ surface morphology was destroyed, and the crystallization area and thermal stability decreased obviously. In addition, the water solubility test and antibacterial experiment showed that the water solubility and antibacterial activity of the EGP after carboxymethylation were obviously improved, and that the water solubility of C-EGP1, C-EGP2, and C-EGP3 increased by 53.31%, 75.52%, and 80.96% respectively. The antibacterial test indicated that C-EGP3 had the best effect on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.50 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL. The diameters of the inhibition zone of C-EGP3 on E. coli and S. aureus were 11.24 ± 0.15 mm and 12.05 ± 0.09 mm, and the antibacterial rate increased by 41.33% and 43.67%.
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Feuzing F, Mbakidi JP, Marchal L, Bouquillon S, Leroy E. A review of paramylon processing routes from microalga biomass to non-derivatized and chemically modified products. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119181. [PMID: 35450615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan, similar to curdlan, produced as intracellular granules by the microalga Euglena gracilis, a highly versatile and robust strain, able to grow under various trophic conditions, with valorization of CO2, wastewaters, or food byproducts as nutrients. This review focuses in particular on the various processing routes leading to new potential paramylon based products. Due to its crystalline structure, involving triple helices stabilized by internal intermolecular hydrogen bonds, paramylon is neither water-soluble nor thermoplastic. The few solvents able to disrupt the triple helices, and to fully solubilize the polymer as random coils, allow non derivatizing shaping into films, fibers, and even nanofibers by a specific self-assembly mechanism. Chemical modification in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions is also possible. The non-selective or regioselective substitution of the hydroxyl groups of glucosidic units leads to water-soluble ionic derivatives and thermoplastic paramylon esters with foreseen applications ranging from health to bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérica Feuzing
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Mbakidi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Luc Marchal
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France
| | - Sandrine Bouquillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France.
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6
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Kawahara Y, Ohtani T, Nakamura M. Direct Resinification of Two (1→3)-β-D-Glucans, Curdlan and Paramylon, via Hot-Press Compression Molding. J MACROMOL SCI B 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2020.1766758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kawahara
- Division of Environmental Engineering Science, Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan
| | - Takuma Ohtani
- Division of Environmental Engineering Science, Gunma University, Kiryu, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Living Ware and Environmental Industries, Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, Japan
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Kobayashi K, Hasegawa T, Kusumi R, Kimura S, Yoshida M, Sugiyama J, Wada M. Characterization of crystalline linear (1→3)-α-d-glucan synthesized in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 177:341-346. [PMID: 28962777 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the crystal structure and molecular arrangement of the linear (1→3)-α-d-glucan synthesized by glucosyltransferase GtfJ cloned from Streptococcus salivarius using sucrose as a substrate. The synthetic products had two morphologies: wavy fibril-like crystals as major and thin lamellae as minor products. Their structures were analyzed using electron microdiffraction, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The fibrils and lamellae had the same allomorphic form but different molecular arrangements. The wet crystals were in a hydrated form, which converted into an anhydrous form with a significant decrease in crystallinity on drying. The hydrated and anhydrous forms had an extended-chain conformation with 2/1 helix, and the hydrated form was estimated to contain one water molecule per glucose residue. The long glucan chains were folded in the fibril crystals, while the short, extended chains were arranged perpendicular to the base plane of the lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kobayashi
- Research Institute of Sustainable Humonosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 811-0011, Japan
| | - Takuto Hasegawa
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kusumi
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junji Sugiyama
- Research Institute of Sustainable Humonosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 811-0011, Japan; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Masahisa Wada
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-ku, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Sohma M, Hayashi M. Synthesis of nanofiber-formable carboxymethylated Euglena-derived β-1,3-glucan. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:468-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Kobayashi K, Kimura S, Naito PK, Togawa E, Wada M. Thermal expansion behavior of A- and B-type amylose crystals in the low-temperature region. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 131:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Komatsu T, Kobayashi T, Hatanaka M, Kikuchi J. Profiling planktonic biomass using element-specific, multicomponent nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7056-62. [PMID: 25973714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Planktonic metabolism plays crucial roles in Earth's elemental cycles. Chemical speciation as well as elemental stoichiometry is important for advancing our understanding of planktonic roles in biogeochemical cycles. In this study, a multicomponent solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approach is proposed for chemical speciation of cellular components, using several advanced NMR techniques. Measurements by ssNMR were performed on (13)C and (15)N-labeled Euglena gracilis, a flagellated protist. 3D dipolar-assisted rotational resonance, double-cross-polarization (1)H-(13)C correlation spectroscopy, and (1)H-(13)C solid-state heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy successively allowed characterization of cellular components. These techniques were then applied to E. gracilis cultured in high and low ammonium media to demonstrate the power of this method for profiling and comparing cellular components. Cellular NMR spectra indicated that ammonium induced both paramylon degradation and amination. Arginine was stored as a nitrogen reserve and ammonium replaced by arginine catabolism via the arginine dihydrolase pathway. (15)N and (31)P cellular ssNMR indicated arginine and polyphosphate accumulation in E. gracilis, respectively. This chemical speciation technique will contribute to environmental research by providing detailed information on environmental chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Komatsu
- †RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kobayashi
- ‡Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Minoru Hatanaka
- §Bruker Biospin K. K., 3-9, Moriya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- †RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- ‡Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- ∥Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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11
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Naito PK, Ogawa Y, Kimura S, Iwata T, Wada M. Crystal transition from hydrated chitosan and chitosan/monocarboxylic acid complex to anhydrous chitosan investigated by X-ray diffraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip-Kunio Naito
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; the University of Tokyo; Yayoi 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales; CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 France
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; the University of Tokyo; Yayoi 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources; College of Life Sciences; Kyung Hee University; 1, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-ku Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do 446-701 Korea
| | - Tadahisa Iwata
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; the University of Tokyo; Yayoi 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahisa Wada
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources; College of Life Sciences; Kyung Hee University; 1, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-ku Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do 446-701 Korea
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho Sakyo-ku 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
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12
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Ogawa Y, Noda K, Kimura S, Kitaoka M, Wada M. Facile preparation of highly crystalline lamellae of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan using an extract of Euglena gracilis. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 64:415-9. [PMID: 24374085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro synthesis of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan was performed using laminaribiose phosphorylase obtained by an extraction of Euglena gracilis with sucrose phosphorylase. The synthetic product was a linear (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan with a narrow distribution of degree of polymerization (DP) centered on DP=30. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed that the glucan molecules obtained were self-organized as highly crystalline hexagonal lamellae. This synthetic product has quite high structural homogeneity at every level from primary to higher-order structure, which is a great advantage for the detailed analyses of physiological functions of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ogawa
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noda
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-ku, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Masahisa Wada
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-ku, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Lowman DW, Greene RR, Bearden DW, Kruppa MD, Pottier M, Monteiro MA, Soldatov DV, Ensley HE, Cheng SC, Netea MG, Williams DL. Novel structural features in Candida albicans hyphal glucan provide a basis for differential innate immune recognition of hyphae versus yeast. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3432-43. [PMID: 24344127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system differentially recognizes Candida albicans yeast and hyphae. It is not clear how the innate immune system effectively discriminates between yeast and hyphal forms of C. albicans. Glucans are major components of the fungal cell wall and key fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns. C. albicans yeast glucan has been characterized; however, little is known about glucan structure in C. albicans hyphae. Using an extraction procedure that minimizes degradation of the native structure, we extracted glucans from C. albicans hyphal cell walls. (1)H NMR data analysis revealed that, when compared with reference (1→3,1→6) β-linked glucans and C. albicans yeast glucan, hyphal glucan has a unique cyclical or "closed chain" structure that is not found in yeast glucan. GC/MS analyses showed a high abundance of 3- and 6-linked glucose units when compared with yeast β-glucan. In addition to the expected (1→3), (1→6), and 3,6 linkages, we also identified a 2,3 linkage that has not been reported previously in C. albicans. Hyphal glucan induced robust immune responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages via a Dectin-1-dependent mechanism. In contrast, C. albicans yeast glucan was a much less potent stimulus. We also demonstrated the capacity of C. albicans hyphal glucan, but not yeast glucan, to induce IL-1β processing and secretion. This finding provides important evidence for understanding the immune discrimination between colonization and invasion at the mucosal level. When taken together, these data provide a structural basis for differential innate immune recognition of C. albicans yeast versus hyphae.
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Nakamura M, Hayashi M. Preparation of carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid β-1,3-glucans. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:95-101. [PMID: 23987321 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new strategy for creating surface modified polysaccharide nanofibers. To demonstrate proof of principle, the synthesis, structure, and self-assembly behavior of a carboxylic acid-bearing polysaccharide made from paramylon (β-1,3-glucan) and succinic anhydride were investigated. Examination by a combination of NMR, FT-IR, and SEC-MALLS confirmed that successful preparation of the desired succinylated paramylon without significant depolymerization. NMR, SEC-MALLS, visible absorption and CD spectroscopic analyses indicated that the paramylon derivative forms the triplex structure in solutions. SEM observation revealed that succinylated paramylon forms a nanofiber that has carboxylic acid on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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15
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Crystal transition between hydrate and anhydrous (1→3)-β-D-xylan from Penicillus dumetosus. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 97:105-10. [PMID: 23769523 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of hydrated and anhydrous (1→3)-β-d-xylan and the crystal transition between them were investigated. Highly crystalline samples of (1→3)-β-d-xylan were prepared from a siphoneous green alga, Penicillus dumetosus. The crystal structure was analyzed using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The hydrated form was converted to the anhydrous form with contraction in both the a-axis and c-axis directions, and the crystallinity decreased considerably at the same time. The crystal transition between hydrated and anhydrous (1→3)-β-d-xylan was monitored using synchrotron X-ray diffraction under controlled relative humidity. The transition took place at certain transition points, and was accompanied by a large hysteresis. From the difference in the weight and unit-cell volume at the transition points, the number of water molecules in the hydrated form was estimated as one per xylose residue.
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16
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Shibakami M, Tsubouchi G, Nakamura M, Hayashi M. Polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid alga. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 93:499-505. [PMID: 23499089 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have fabricated a polysaccharide nanofiber made from paramylon (β-1,3-glucan), a storage polysaccharide stored as a micrometer-sized particle in the cell of euglenoid alga. Preparation of this nanofiber primarily hinges on the bottom-up approach. First, paramylon, which is originally present in the form of a bundle of nanofibers in a particle, was fibrillated to a randomly coiled polymer by dissolving the particle in a 1.0-mol/L NaOH aqueous solution. Second, the randomly coiled polymer was allowed to self-assemble into a triplex as the NaOH concentration was reduced to 0.25-0.20mol/L. Third, a 20-nm-width nanofiber made from the triplex emerged in the solution when the NaOH concentration was reduced to approximately 0.20mol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Thermal expansion behavior of hydrate paramylon in the low-temperature region. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 91:543-8. [PMID: 23121943 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermal expansion behavior of hydrate paramylon between 100 and 300K has been investigated using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The X-ray diffraction profile at 300K showed a typical pattern of the hydrate triple helical (1→3)-β-d-glucan with a hexagonal unit cell (a=15.782Å and c=18.580Å). On cooling, the hydrate paramylon had converted to a "low-temperature phase" around 270K. On passing through the phase transition, the a-axis and c-axis values decreased and increased, respectively, and the low-temperature phase at 100K exhibited a hexagonal unit cell (a=15.586Å and c=18.619Å). The phase transition took place reversibly. Below the transition point, both the a-axis and c-axis values decreased linearly. The thermal expansion coefficients are: α(a)=1.50×10(-5)K(-1), α(c)=0.33×10(-5)K(-1), and β=3.08×10(-5)K(-1).
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Shibakami M, Sohma M, Hayashi M. Fabrication of doughnut-shaped particles from spheroidal paramylon granules of Euglena gracilis using acetylation reaction. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87:452-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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