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Xu C, Tong S, Sun L, Gu X. Cellulase immobilization to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: An all-inclusive review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121319. [PMID: 37739542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery plays a crucial role in the production of high-value biofuels and chemicals, with enzymatic hydrolysis being an essential component. The advent of cellulase immobilization has revolutionized this process, significantly enhancing the efficiency, stability, and reusability of cellulase enzymes. This review offers a thorough analysis of the fundamental principles underlying immobilization, encompassing various immobilization approaches such as physical adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and cross-linking. Furthermore, it explores a diverse range of carrier materials, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid/composite materials. The review also focuses on emerging approaches like multi-enzyme co-immobilization, oriented immobilization, immobilized enzyme microreactors, and enzyme engineering for immobilization. Additionally, it delves into novel carrier technologies like 3D printing carriers, stimuli-responsive carriers, artificial cellulosomes, and biomimetic carriers. Moreover, the review addresses recent obstacles in cellulase immobilization, including molecular-level immobilization mechanism, diffusion limitations, loss of cellulase activity, cellulase leaching, and considerations of cost-effectiveness and scalability. The knowledge derived from this review is anticipated to catalyze the evolution of more efficient and sustainable biocatalytic systems for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, representing the current state-of-the-art in cellulase immobilization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Tong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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Kaur G, Taggar MS, Kalia A. Cellulase-immobilized chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles for saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:111627-111647. [PMID: 37280490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Devising and consolidating cost-effective and greener technologies for sustainable energy production pertain to some of the most pressing needs of the present times. Bioconversion of abundantly available lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars to produce biofuels involves the cost-extensive requirement of hydrolytic enzymes called cellulases. Cellulases are highly selective and eco-friendly biocatalysts responsible for deconstruction of complex polysaccharides into simple sugars. Currently, immobilization of cellulases is being carried out on magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with suitable biopolymers such as chitosan. Chitosan, a biocompatible polymer, exhibits high surface area, chemical/thermal stability, functionality, and reusability. The chitosan-functionalized magnetic nanocomposites (Ch-MNCs) present a nanobiocatalytic system that enables easy retrieval, separation, and recycling of cellulases, thereby offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach for biomass hydrolysis. These functional nanostructures show enormous potential owing to certain physicochemical and structural features that have been discussed in a comprehensive manner in this review. It provides an insight into the synthesis, immobilization, and application of cellulase immobilized Ch-MNCs for biomass hydrolysis. This review aims to bridge the gap between sustainable utilization and economic viability of employing replenishable agro-residues for cellulosic ethanol production by incorporating the recently emerging nanocomposite immobilization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkanwal Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India.
| | - Monica Sachdeva Taggar
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
| | - Anu Kalia
- Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India
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3
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Nano-biocatalytic Systems for Cellulose de-polymerization: A Drive from Design to Applications. Top Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Akl MA, Kamel AM, El-Ghaffar MAA. Biodegradable functionalized magnetite nanoparticles as binary-targeting carrier for breast carcinoma. BMC Chem 2023; 17:3. [PMID: 36782310 PMCID: PMC9926567 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles (SPMNPs) are used in a new way as direct nanocarrier for Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) via the functionalization of their surface with tri-sodium citrate through ligand exchange to conjugate DOX with imine bond to form tri-sodium citrate functionalized magnetite loaded DOX nanoparticles (DOX/Cit-MNPs). The DOX/Cit-MNPs were coated with chitosan to form chitosan coated citrate functionalized magnetite loaded DOX nanoparticles (Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs) to offer biodegradability and pH-sensitive drug release features. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed functionalization of SPMNPs, DOX-conjugation, and chitosan coating. The trans electron microscopy (TEM) show spherical nanostructures with average size 40 nm for coated nanocarriers. The saturation magnetization value of carrier was 59 emu/g.The in-vitro release of DOX from the chitosan coated tri-sodium citrate functionalized magnetite loaded DOX nanoparticles (Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs) was studied to be 75% at pH 5.5 and 28.6% at pH 7.4 which proves the pH sensitivity of encapsulated Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs. The effect of Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs toward Human Breast Cancer Cell lines (MCF7) was studied and found to be 76% without magnet and 98% with external magnet after 72 h. With increasing DOX concentration and treatment time, the cell inhibition (IR%) of DOX solution and Cs/DOX-Cit-MNPs suspension to all cells is increased. Cs/DOX/Cit-MNPs showed sustained release and good inhibition to cancer cells and offer a protective mode for normal cells (WISH) compared to the free DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Ali Akl
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Amira Mostafa Kamel
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33-El-Bohouth St. Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed Abd El-Ghaffar
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33-El-Bohouth St. Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Immobilization of endoglucanase isolated from symbiotic bacterium Bacillus safensis CF99 on magnetic nanoparticles. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Qamar SA, Qamar M, Bilal M, Bharagava RN, Ferreira LFR, Sher F, Iqbal HMN. Cellulose-deconstruction potential of nano-biocatalytic systems: A strategic drive from designing to sustainable applications of immobilized cellulases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:1-19. [PMID: 34146557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials along with an added value of polymers-based support carriers have gained high interest and considered ideal for enzyme immobilization. The recently emerged nanoscience interface in the form of nanostructured materials combined with immobilized-enzyme-based bio-catalysis has now become research and development frontiers in advance and applied bio-catalysis engineering. With the involvement of nanoscience, various polymers have been thoroughly developed and exploited to nanostructured engineer constructs as ideal support carriers/matrices. Such nanotechnologically engineered support carriers/matrix possesses unique structural, physicochemical, and functional attributes which equilibrate principal factors and strengthen the biocatalysts efficacy for multipurpose applications. In addition, nano-supported catalysts are potential alternatives that can outstrip several limitations of conventional biocatalysts, such as reduced catalytic efficacy and turnover, low mass transfer efficiency, instability during the reaction, and most importantly, partial, or complete inhibition/deactivation. In this context, engineering robust and highly efficient biocatalysts is an industrially relevant prerequisite. This review comprehensively covered various biopolymers and nanostructured materials, including silica, hybrid nanoflower, nanotubes or nanofibers, nanomembranes, graphene oxide nanoparticles, metal-oxide frameworks, and magnetic nanoparticles as robust matrices for cellulase immobilization. The work is further enriched by spotlighting applied and industrially relevant considerations of nano-immobilized cellulases. For instance, owing to the cellulose-deconstruction features of nano-immobilized cellulases, the applications like lignocellulosic biomass conversion into industrially useful products or biofuels, improved paper sheet density and pulp beat in paper and pulp industry, fruit juice clarification in food industry are evident examples of cellulases, thereof are discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahpara Qamar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, U.P., India
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE 49032-490, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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7
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Cellulase immobilized by sodium alginate-polyethylene glycol-chitosan for hydrolysis enhancement of microcrystalline cellulose. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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El-Shorbagy HG, El-Kousy SM, Elwakeel KZ, El-Ghaffar MA. Eco-friendly Chitosan Condensation Adduct Resins for Removal of Toxic Silver Ions from Aqueous Medium. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Moentamaria D, Dewajani H, Chumaidi A, Nurmahdi H, Sinduwati C. Heterogeneous biocatalyst: Polyurethane foam coating technique with co-immobilized lipase for bio-flavor production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/732/1/012003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Electrically conductive biomaterials based on natural polysaccharides: Challenges and applications in tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:636-662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ahmed SA, Abdel-Naby MA, Abdel-Fattah AF. APPLICABILITY OF WOOL COVALENT BONDED Bacillus circulans 25 CELLS FOR MILK-CLOTTING ENZYME PRODUCTION BY BATCH, REPEATED BATCH AND CONTINUOUS PROCESS. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20180353s20170175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Simon P, Lima JS, Valério A, Oliveira DD, Araújo PH, Sayer C, Souza AAUD, Souza SMAGUD. CELLULASE IMMOBILIZATION ON POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) NANOPARTICLES BY MINIEMULSION POLYMERIZATION. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20180352s20160094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Tondwal R, Singh M. Chitosan functionalization with a series of sulfur-containing α-amino acids for the development of drug-binding abilities. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Tondwal
- School of Chemical Sciences; Central University of Gujarat; Gandhinagar 382030 India
| | - Man Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences; Central University of Gujarat; Gandhinagar 382030 India
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Miao X, Pi L, Fang L, Wu R, Xiong C. Application and characterization of magnetic chitosan microspheres for enhanced immobilization of cellulase. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2016.1247830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Miao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China,
| | - Leilei Pi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China,
| | - Lei Fang
- Simthfield Foods, Cincinnati, OH, USA, and
| | - Ran Wu
- Zhejiang Linjiang Chemical Co. Ltd, Shaoxing, China
| | - Chunhua Xiong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China,
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Motiei M, Kashanian S, Taherpour AA. Hydrophobic amino acids grafted onto chitosan: a novel amphiphilic chitosan nanocarrier for hydrophobic drugs. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:1-11. [PMID: 27802776 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1254240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to develop a novel biocompatible amphiphilic drug delivery for hydrophobic drugs, chitosan (CS) was grafted to a series of hydrophobic amino acids including l-alanine (A), l-proline (P), and l-tryptophan (W) by carbodiimide mediated coupling reaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical characteristics of the modified polymers were determined and confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy and the degree of substitution was quantified by elemental analysis. The modified polymers were used to form amphiphilic chitosan nanocarriers (ACNs) by the conventional self-assembly method using ultrasound technique. The morphology and the size of ACNs were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sizes of spherical ACNs analyzed by SEM were obviously smaller than those of determined by DLS. The ACNs effectively surrounded the hydrophobic model drug, letrozole (LTZ), and demonstrated different encapsulation efficiencies (EE), loading capacities (LC), and controlled drug release profiles. The characteristics of ACNs and the mechanism of drug encapsulation were confirmed by molecular modeling method. The modeling of the structures of LTZ, profiles of A, P, and W grafted onto CS and the wrapping process around LTZ was performed by quantum mechanics (QM) methods. There was a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results. The cell viability was also evaluated in two cell lines compared with free drug by MTT assay. CONCLUSION The hydrophobic portion effects on ACNs' characteristics and the proper selection of amino acid demonstrate a promising potential for drug delivery vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Motiei
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , Razi University , Kermanshah , Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- b Faculty of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC) & Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center (NNRC) , Razi University , Kermanshah , Islamic Republic of Iran.,c Nano Drug Delivery Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Avat Arman Taherpour
- d Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Faculty , Razi University , Kermanshah , Islamic Republic of Iran.,e Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Islamic Republic of Iran
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Tripetch P, Borompichaichartkul C, Duangmal K, Srzednicki G. Entrapment of 5‐aminolevulinic acid under edible composite film of konjac glucomannan and chitosan. Eng Life Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Phattanit Tripetch
- Program in Biotechnology Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Kiattisak Duangmal
- Department of Food Technology Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - George Srzednicki
- Food Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
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Wu T, Farnood R. Cellulose fibre networks reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose/chitosan complex layer-by-layer. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 114:500-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Zang L, Qiu J, Wu X, Zhang W, Sakai E, Wei Y. Preparation of Magnetic Chitosan Nanoparticles As Support for Cellulase Immobilization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404072s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zang
- Department
of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of System
Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department
of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of System
Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan
| | - Xueli Wu
- Department
of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of System
Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department
of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of System
Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sakai
- Department
of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of System
Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita 015-0055, Japan
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
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Ahmed SA, El-Shayeb NMA, Hashem AM, Saleh SA, Abdel-Fattah AF. Biochemical studies on immobilized fungal β-glucosidase. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322013000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Calcium alginate beads encapsulated PMMA-g-CS nano-particles for α-chymotrypsin immobilization. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:2095-102. [PMID: 23399263 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan grafted with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA-g-CS) was prepared via a free-radicals polymerization technique as a carrier for enzyme immobilization. α-Chymotrypsin (CT), as an enzyme model in this study, was immobilized onto the prepared PMMA-g-CS via covalent bonding. Calcium alginate (CA) beads were developed for encapsulating PMMA-g-CS-CT to produce PMMA-g-CS-CT/CA composite beads. Morphology and size of PMMA-g-CS particles were investigated by TEM and found to be in the nanoscale. The structure and surface morphology of the beads before and after immobilization process were characterized by FT-IR and SEM, respectively. Both the bound CT content and relative activity of immobilized enzyme were measured. A higher retained activity (about 97.7%) obtained for the immobilized CT at pH 9 for 24 h. The results indicated that immobilized CT maintained excellent performance even after 25 reuses and retained 75% from its original activity after 60 days of storage at 25 °C.
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Ungurean M, Paul C, Peter F. Cellulase immobilized by sol–gel entrapment for efficient hydrolysis of cellulose. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:1327-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Elwakeel KZ, Abd El-Ghaffar M, El-kousy SM, El-Shorbagy HG. Synthesis of new ammonium chitosan derivatives and their application for dye removal from aqueous media. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2012; 203:458-468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Hussein MHM, El-Hady MF, Shehata HAH, Hegazy MA, Hefni HHH. Preparation of Some Eco-friendly Corrosion Inhibitors Having Antibacterial Activity from Sea Food Waste. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2012; 16:233-242. [PMID: 23420292 PMCID: PMC3573188 DOI: 10.1007/s11743-012-1395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the important biopolymers and it is extracted from exoskeletons of crustaceans in sea food waste. It is a suitable eco-friendly carbon steel corrosion inhibitor in acid media; the deacetylation degree of prepared chitosan is more than 85.16 %, and the molecular weight average is 109 kDa. Chitosan was modified to 2-N,N-diethylbenzene ammonium chloride N-oxoethyl chitosan (compound I), and 12-ammonium chloride N-oxododecan chitosan (compound II) as soluble water derivatives. The corrosion inhibition efficiency for carbon steel of compound (I) in 1 M HCl at varying temperature is higher than for chitosan and compound (II). However, the antibacterial activity of chitosan for Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans is higher than for its derivatives, and the minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bacterial concentration of chitosan and its derivatives were carried out with the same strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H M Hussein
- Petrochemicals Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt
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Psoma SD, van der Wal PD, Frey O, de Rooij NF, Turner AP. A novel enzyme entrapment in SU-8 microfabricated films for glucose micro-biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1582-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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