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G Lopez C, Matsumoto A, Shen AQ. Dilute polyelectrolyte solutions: recent progress and open questions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2635-2687. [PMID: 38427030 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes are a class of polymers possessing ionic groups on their repeating units. Since counterions can dissociate from the polymer backbone, polyelectrolyte chains are strongly influenced by electrostatic interactions. As a result, the physical properties of polyelectrolyte solutions are significantly different from those of electrically neutral polymers. The aim of this article is to highlight key results and some outstanding questions in the polyelectrolyte research from recent literature. We focus on the influence of electrostatics on conformational and hydrodynamic properties of polyelectrolyte chains. A compilation of experimental results from the literature reveals significant disparities with theoretical predictions. We also discuss a new class of polyelectrolytes called poly(ionic liquid)s that exhibit unique physical properties in comparison to ordinary polyelectrolytes. We conclude this review by listing some key research challenges in order to fully understand the conformation and dynamics of polyelectrolytes in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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2
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Bhattarai A, Banerjee A, Das B. Dimension and Flexibility of Polystyrenesulfonate Chains in Methanol-Water. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2010-2017. [PMID: 38378451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The influence of the relative permittivity of the solvent medium on the single-chain dimension and flexibility of sodium polystyrenesulfonate chains has been investigated in mixed solvent media of methanol and water using viscosity experiments. Particular attention has been paid to explore the effect of the added low-molar-mass electrolyte. The root-mean-square (rms) radii of gyration of the chains in the unperturbed state have been calculated by applying the Flory model, while the intrinsic persistence lengths by the Benoit-Doty equation on the basis of the Kratky-Porod worm-like chain model. Estimation of the expansion factors for the rms radius of gyration, and the electrostatic persistence length helps evaluate the rms radii of gyration and the total persistence length of polystyrenesulfonate chains in the presence of varying amount of the supporting electrolyte. The polyion chains are highly extended at low ionic strengths but exhibit coil-like behavior with small persistence lengths when an excess of the supporting electrolyte is added in all the methanol-water mixtures investigated. Specifically, in the investigated solvent media, the polystyrenesulfonate chains have been found to shrink by ∼63-65% in the θ-state from their expanded conformation in the presence of 0.0001 mol L-1 NaCl. The chain dimensions pass through a maximum as the medium becomes richer in methanol, which could be explained by the formation and breakup of internal rings involving the polyion chain and water and/or methanol molecules. The intrinsic persistence length of sodium polystyrenesulfonate in a methanol-water mixture containing 0.1 mole fraction of methanol is ca. 1.3 times that in a medium with 0.3 mole fraction of methanol, indicating that flexibility of the polyion depends appreciably on the relative permittivity of the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar 56613, Nepal
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Bijan Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
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3
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Hu S, Wang J, Nie S, Wang Q, Xu X. Chain conformations and steady-shear viscosity properties of pectic polysaccharides from apple and tomato. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100296. [PMID: 35378729 PMCID: PMC8976093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, apple pectin (AP) and tomato pectin (TP) were demonstrated to be a high-ester (74.8%) polysaccharide with the weight-average molecular weight (Mw ) of ∼ 243 kDa and a low-ester (45.9%) polysaccharide with the Mw of ∼ 19 kDa, respectively. The semi-rigid chain conformations of pectic polysaccharides in NaNO3 aqueous solution were deduced according to the Smidsrød "B values" of AP (0.025) and TP (0.029), while AP and TP exhibited higher stiffness in water due to the electric repulsion of carboxyl groups, which was visually observed by AFM images. Under steady shear, the shear-thickening behaviors of AP and TP in NaNO3 aqueous solutions were observed in the shear rate range of < 1 s-1, which were attributed to the disruption of the ordered arrangement induced by semi-rigid pectin chains into randomly entangled structure by weak shear force. AP exhibited stronger shear-thickening behavior due to the formation of more entanglements resulted from the higher Mw and longer side chains highly branched at rhamngalacturonan region. This study provides the scientific basis for the construction of the relationship of steady-shear property with chain conformation and molecular weight of pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Junqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Tarzynska N, Bednarowicz A, Pabjanczyk-Wlazlo E, Draczyński Z. The Interphase Gas-Solid Synthesis of Ammonium Alginate-The Comparison of Two Synthesis Methods and the Effect of Low Molecular Weight Electrolyte Presence. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124321. [PMID: 35744381 PMCID: PMC9227276 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method for the synthesis of ammonium alginate by interphase gas-solid reaction. It was confirmed by FTIR ATR spectroscopy analysis that a full substitution of acid groups by ammonium groups on the surface of powdered alginic acid was performed. Comparative studies on the properties of ammonium alginate solutions obtained by interphase reaction with those prepared by the classical method of dissolving alginic acid in an ammonia solution showed that the rheological properties of the solutions from these two derivatives do not differ significantly. Moreover, it was shown that aqueous solutions of ammonium alginate are more stable over time than solutions of sodium alginate. It was confirmed that ammonium alginate and sodium alginate are typical polyelectrolytes, as the addition of a low molecular weight electrolyte to their solutions resulted in a decrease in viscosity.
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5
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Amphiphilic polysaccharide based on curdlan: Synthesis and behaviour in aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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6
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Pérez-Orozco JP, Sánchez-Herrera LM, Ortiz-Basurto RI. Effect of concentration, temperature, pH, co-solutes on the rheological properties of Hyptis suaveolens L. mucilage dispersions. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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da Silva GM, da Rocha RFP, da Costa MPM, Ferreira ILDM, Delpech MC. Evaluation of viscometric properties of carboxymethylcellulose and gellan. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Dextran derivatives application as flocculants. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 190:162-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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10
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Pavlov GM, Dommes OA, Okatova OV, Gavrilova II, Panarin EF. Spectrum of hydrodynamic volumes and sizes of macromolecules of linear polyelectrolytes versus their charge density in salt-free aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:9975-9983. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01329b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Viscous flow was studied in salt-free solutions of random N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide copolymers that varied in the average number of charged units. The ranges are determined where the effect of the average charge density manifests itself in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges M. Pavlov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- St.-Petersburg 199004
- Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University
| | - Olga A. Dommes
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- St.-Petersburg 199004
- Russia
| | - Olga V. Okatova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- St.-Petersburg 199004
- Russia
| | - Irina I. Gavrilova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- St.-Petersburg 199004
- Russia
| | - Evgenii F. Panarin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- St.-Petersburg 199004
- Russia
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering
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11
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Bercea M, Wolf BA. Viscometry of polyelectrolyte solutions: Star-like versus linear poly[[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium iodide] and specific salt effects. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Mehrdad A, Parvini E. Interactions of sodium polystyrene sulfonate with some imidazolium-based ionic liquids in aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Mehrdad A, Taleb-Abbasi M. Influence of some inorganic salts on the intrinsic viscosity of poly(acrylic acid) in aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Wolf BA. Coil overlap in moderately concentrated polyelectrolyte solutions: effects of self-shielding as compared with salt-shielding as a function of chain length. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04488c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized intrinsic viscosity {η} of sodium polystyrene sulfonate as a function of polymer concentration in pure water and in saline solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard A. Wolf
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Jakob Welder-Weg 11
- D-55099 Mainz
- Germany
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15
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Morariu S, Bercea M, Brunchi CE. Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Rheological Properties of Chitosan/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Morariu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487, Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Bercea
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina-Eliza Brunchi
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487, Iasi, Romania
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16
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Ghimici L, Suflet DM. Phosphorylated polysaccharide derivatives as efficient separation agents for zinc and ferric oxides particles from water. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Suresha PR, Badiger MV, Wolf BA. Polyelectrolytes in dilute solution: viscometric access to coil dimensions and salt effects. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01376c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscometric and light scattering radii in water containing 0.25 mol NaCl per liter as a function of the reduced polymer concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Suresha
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division
- National Chemical Laboratory (NCL)
- Pune-411 008
- India
| | - Manohar V. Badiger
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division
- National Chemical Laboratory (NCL)
- Pune-411 008
- India
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
| | - Bernhard A. Wolf
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Jakob Welder-Weg 11
- D-55099 Universität Mainz
- Germany
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18
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Spatareanu A, Bercea M, Budtova T, Harabagiu V, Sacarescu L, Coseri S. Synthesis, characterization and solution behaviour of oxidized pullulan. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Flocculation performance of different cationic amphiphilic dextran derivatives in zirconium silicate suspension. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Brunchi CE, Morariu S, Bercea M. Intrinsic viscosity and conformational parameters of xanthan in aqueous solutions: salt addition effect. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:512-519. [PMID: 25108480 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic viscosity and conformational parameters of xanthan in aqueous solutions were investigated at 25°C as a function of salt nature (NaCl and KCl) and concentration (up to 3×10(-1)mol/L). The viscometric parameters were evaluated by applying semi-empirical equations proposed by Rao and Wolf. The results show that the new model proposed by Wolf provides accurate intrinsic viscosity values comparable with those obtained by using traditional methods. The experimental data were modeled with Boltzmann sigmoidal equation. The stiffness parameter, hydrodynamic volume and viscometric expansion factor were determined and discussed. With increasing salt concentration, the hydrodynamic volume and the viscometric expansion factor decrease and the critical overlap concentration increases, reaching limiting values above a given salt concentration. The high Huggins constant values suggest the existence of aggregates for salt concentrations above 5×10(-2) and 3×10(-3)mol/L for NaCl and KCl, respectively. Stiffness parameter was determined by Smidsrød and Haug method as being 5.45×10(-3), indicating a rigid conformation for xanthan macromolecules in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina-Eliza Brunchi
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Simona Morariu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Maria Bercea
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania.
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21
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Xiong X, Wolf BA. Intrinsic viscosities of polyelectrolytes: specific salt effects and viscometric master curves. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2124-2131. [PMID: 24652414 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dilute solutions of the sodium salt of polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS-Na) were measured viscometrically as a function of composition in aqueous solvents of different salinity, where the extra salt was either NaCl or CaCl2. Such experiments yield {η}, the generalized intrinsic viscosities (hydrodynamic specific volume) of the polyelectrolyte for arbitrary polymer concentrations, c. In the limit of infinite dilution {η} becomes identical to the intrinsic viscosity [η]. For NaCl {η} decreases monotonously with rising c, whereas maxima are passed in the case of CaCl2. Condensing c and the concentration of extra salt in the mixed solvent into a single variable enables the establishment of predictive master curves. The viscometrically observed changes in the spatial extension of the individual polymer coils are discussed in light of the corresponding thermodynamic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Xiong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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22
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23
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Introduction of a reliable method for determination of intrinsic viscosity for any polymer with high precision. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Mehrdad A, Samadiani N, Poormoosa L. Effect of temperature and hydrochloric acid on the intrinsic viscosity of poly(acrylic acid) in aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Chai W, Zhang Y, Hou Y. Well-defined cationic polyacrylamides with dot-charges: synthesis via an aqueous living RAFT polymerization, characterization, and intrinsic viscosity. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20808c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Ghimici L, Brunchi CE. Titanium dioxide separation from water by PEG and Pluronic type polymers. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Jannuzzi SAV, Martins B, Felisberti MI, Formiga ALB. Supramolecular Interactions between Inorganic and Organic Blocks of Pentacyanoferrate/Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Hybrid Metallopolymer. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:14933-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308583a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Martins
- Institute
of Chemistry, P.O. Box 6154, University of
Campinas − UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Felisberti
- Institute
of Chemistry, P.O. Box 6154, University of
Campinas − UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Barboza Formiga
- Institute
of Chemistry, P.O. Box 6154, University of
Campinas − UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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28
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Morariu S, Brunchi CE, Bercea M. The Behavior of Chitosan in Solvents with Different Ionic Strengths. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301309g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Morariu
- ”Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley,
700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina-Eliza Brunchi
- ”Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley,
700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Bercea
- ”Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41-A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley,
700487 Iasi, Romania
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