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Ernst L, Schulz C, Petzold A, Thurn-Albrecht T, Saalwächter K, Wefers D. Detailed structural characterization of five water-insoluble α-glucans produced by glucansucrases from Streptococcus spp. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122164. [PMID: 38710558 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Water-insoluble α-glucans synthesized from sucrose by glucansucrases from Streptococcus spp. are essential in dental plaque and caries formation. Because limited information is available on the fine structure of these biopolymers, we analyzed the structures of unmodified glucans produced by five recombinant Streptococcus (S.) mutans DSM 20523 and S. salivarius DSM 20560 glucansucrases in detail. A combination of methylation analysis, endo-dextranase and endo-mutanase hydrolyses, and HPSEC-RI was used. Furthermore, crystal-like regions were analyzed by using XRD and 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy. Our results showed that the glucan structures were highly diverse: Two glucans with 1,3- and 1,6-linkages were characterized in detail besides an almost exclusively 1,3-linked and a linear 1,6-linked glucan. Furthermore, one glucan contained 1,3-, 1,4-, and 1,6-linkages and thus had an unusual, not yet described structure. It was demonstrated that the glucans had a varying structural architecture by using partial enzymatic hydrolyses. Furthermore, crystal-like regions formed by 1,3-glucopyranose units were observed for the two 1,3- and 1,6-linked glucans and the linear 1,3-linked glucan. 1,6-linked regions were mobile and not involved in the crystal-like areas. Altogether, our results broaden the knowledge of the structure of water-insoluble α-glucans from Streptococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Ernst
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Celine Schulz
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Albrecht Petzold
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institute of Physics, NMR, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Wefers
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Zhang H, Johnson AM, Hua Q, Wu J, Liang Y, Karaaslan MA, Saddler JN, Renneckar S. Size-controlled synthesis of xylan micro / nanoparticles by self-assembly of alkali-extracted xylan. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120944. [PMID: 37230607 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Valorization of underutilized biobased feedstocks like hetero-polysaccharides is critical for the development of the biorefinery concept. Towards this goal, highly uniform xylan micro/nanoparticles with a particle size ranging from 400 nm to 2.5 μm in diameter were synthesized by a facile self-assembly method in aqueous solutions. Initial concentration of the insoluble xylan suspension was utilized to control the particle size. The method utilized supersaturated aqueous suspensions formed at standard autoclaving conditions without any other chemical treatments to create the resulting particles as solutions cooled to room temperature. Processing parameters of the xylan micro/nanoparticles were systematically studied and correlated with both the morphology and size of xylan particles. By adjusting the crowding of the supersaturated solutions, highly uniform dispersions of xylan particles were synthesized of defined size. The xylan micro/nanoparticles prepared by self-assembly have a quasi-hexagonal shape, like a tile, and depending upon solution concentrations xylan nanoparticles with a thickness of <100 nm were achieved at high concentrations. Based on the usefulness of polysaccharide nanoparticles, like cellulose nanocrystals, these particles have potential for unique structures for hydrogels, aerogels, drug delivery, and photonic materials. This study highlights the formation of a diffraction grating film for visible light with these size-controlled particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amanda M Johnson
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qi Hua
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jie Wu
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yalan Liang
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Muzaffer A Karaaslan
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Advanced Renewable Materials Lab, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Wang S, Xiang Z. Highly Stable Pickering Emulsions with Xylan Hydrate Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2558. [PMID: 34684997 PMCID: PMC8537821 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is a highly abundant plant-based biopolymer. Original xylans in plants are in an amorphous state, but deacetylated and low-branched xylan can form a crystalline structure with water molecules. The utilizations of xylan have been limited to bulk applications either with inconsistency and uncertainty or with extensive chemical derivatization due to the insufficient studies on its crystallization. The applications of xylan could be greatly broadened in advanced green materials if xylan crystals are effectively utilized. In this paper, we show a completely green production of nano-sized xylan crystals and propose their application in forming Pickering emulsions. The branches of xylan were regulated during the separation step to controllably induce the formation of xylan hydrate crystals. Xylan hydrate nanocrystals (XNCs) with a uniform size were successfully produced solely by a mild ultrasonic treatment. XNCs can be adsorbed onto oil-water interfaces at a high density to form highly stable Pickering emulsions. The emulsifying properties of XNCs were comparable to some synthetic emulsifiers and better than some other common biopolymer nanocrystals, demonstrating that XNCs have great potential in industrial emulsification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
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5
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Molecular modification, structural characterization, and biological activity of xylans. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118248. [PMID: 34294285 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The differences in the source and structure of xylans make them have various biological activities. However, due to their inherent structural limitations, the various biological activities of xylans are far lower than those of commercial drugs. Currently, several types of molecular modification methods have been developed to address these limitations, and many derivatives with specific biological activity have been obtained. Further research on structural characteristics, structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action is of great significance for the development of xylan derivatives. Therefore, the major molecular modification methods of xylans are introduced in this paper, and the primary structure and conformation characteristics of xylans and their derivatives are summarized. In addition, the biological activity and structure-activity relationship of the modified xylans are also discussed.
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Cai L, Chu Y, Liu X, Qiu Y, Ge Z, Zhang G. A novel all-in-one strategy for purification and immobilization of β-1,3-xylanase directly from cell lysate as active and recyclable nanobiocatalyst. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:37. [PMID: 33549102 PMCID: PMC7866670 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring a simple and versatile technique for direct immobilization of target enzymes from cell lysate without prior purification is urgently needed. Thus, a novel all-in-one strategy for purification and immobilization of β-1,3-xylanase was proposed, the target enzymes were covalently immobilized on silica nanoparticles via elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs)-based biomimetic silicification and SpyTag/SpyCatcher spontaneous reaction. Thus, the functional carriers that did not require the time-consuming surface modification step were quickly and efficiently prepared. These carriers could specifically immobilize the SpyTag-fused target enzymes from the cell lysate without pre-purification. RESULTS The ELPs-SpyCatcher hardly leaked from the carriers (0.5%), and the immobilization yield of enzyme was up to 96%. Immobilized enzyme retained 85.6% of the initial activity and showed 88.6% of the activity recovery. Compared with free ones, the immobilized β-1,3-xylanase showed improved thermal stability, elevated storage stability and good pH tolerance. It also retained more than 70.6% of initial activity after 12 reaction cycles, demonstrating its excellent reusability. CONCLUSIONS The results clearly highlighted the effectiveness of the novel enzyme immobilization method proposed here due to the improvement of overall performance of immobilized enzyme in respect to free form for the hydrolysis of macromolecular substrates. Thus, it may have great potential in the conversion of algae biomass as well as other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixi Cai
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.,Faculty of Basic Medicine, Putian University, Putian, 351100, Fujian, China
| | - Yunmen Chu
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongqi Ge
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Guangya Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
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Song HH, Raynor S. A Cyclic Periodic Wave Function Approach for the Study of Infinitely Periodic Solid-State Systems: II. Application to Helical Polysaccharides. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27556-27565. [PMID: 33134719 PMCID: PMC7594323 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic periodic wave function (CPWF) approach is applied at the AM1 and PM3 semiempirical levels of approximation to two infinitely periodic polymer systems in the solid state. The two polysaccharides of interest here are (1→3)-β-d-glucan and (1→3)-β-d-xylan. Our calculated results show excellent agreement with the available data for the two polysaccharides and demonstrate that the use of the CPWF approach at the AM1 and PM3 levels of approximation provides a convenient and reliable method for the study of infinitely periodic bonds of two different types: moderately strong O-H···O hydrogen bonding and strong C-O-C covalent bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Raynor
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers
University—Newark, The State University
of New Jersey. 73 Warren
Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Kobayashi K, Hasegawa T, Kusumi R, Kimura S, Yoshida M, Sugiyama J, Wada M. Characterization of crystalline linear (1→3)-α-d-glucan synthesized in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 177:341-346. [PMID: 28962777 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the crystal structure and molecular arrangement of the linear (1→3)-α-d-glucan synthesized by glucosyltransferase GtfJ cloned from Streptococcus salivarius using sucrose as a substrate. The synthetic products had two morphologies: wavy fibril-like crystals as major and thin lamellae as minor products. Their structures were analyzed using electron microdiffraction, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The fibrils and lamellae had the same allomorphic form but different molecular arrangements. The wet crystals were in a hydrated form, which converted into an anhydrous form with a significant decrease in crystallinity on drying. The hydrated and anhydrous forms had an extended-chain conformation with 2/1 helix, and the hydrated form was estimated to contain one water molecule per glucose residue. The long glucan chains were folded in the fibril crystals, while the short, extended chains were arranged perpendicular to the base plane of the lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kobayashi
- Research Institute of Sustainable Humonosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 811-0011, Japan
| | - Takuto Hasegawa
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kusumi
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junji Sugiyama
- Research Institute of Sustainable Humonosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 811-0011, Japan; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Masahisa Wada
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-ku, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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