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Singh S, Bhardwaj S, Choudhary N, Patgiri R, Teramoto Y, Maji PK. Stimuli-Responsive Chiral Cellulose Nanocrystals Based Self-Assemblies for Security Measures to Prevent Counterfeiting: A Review. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:41743-41765. [PMID: 39102587 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of misleading information and counterfeit products in conjunction with technical progress presents substantial worldwide issues. To address the issue of counterfeiting, many tactics, such as the use of luminous anticounterfeiting systems, have been investigated. Nevertheless, traditional fluorescent compounds have a restricted effectiveness. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), known for their renewable nature and outstanding qualities, present an excellent opportunity to develop intelligent, optically active materials formed due to their self-assembly behavior and stimuli response. CNCs and their derivatives-based self-assemblies allow for the creation of adaptable luminous materials that may be used to prevent counterfeiting. These materials integrate the photophysical characteristics of optically active components due to their stimuli-responsive behavior, enabling their use in fibers, labels, films, hydrogels, and inks. Despite substantial attention, existing materials frequently fall short of practical criteria due to limited knowledge and poor performance comparisons. This review aims to provide information on the latest developments in anticounterfeit materials based on stimuli-responsive CNCs and derivatives. It also includes the scope of artificial intelligence (AI) in the near future. It will emphasize the potential uses of these materials and encourage future investigation in this rapidly growing area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Shakshi Bhardwaj
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Nitesh Choudhary
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Rohan Patgiri
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Yoshikuni Teramoto
- Division of Forest & Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
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Zhang H, Hu Q, Si T, Tang X, Shan S, Gao X, Peng L, Chen K. All-cellulose air filter composed with regenerated nanocellulose prepared through a facile method with shear-induced. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:548-558. [PMID: 36423811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High-speed shear system is usually used for the dispersion improvement of slurry, nanomaterials preparation, and even two-dimensional materials production. However, there is barely study that focused on the regenerated cellulose (RC) which was coagulated with shear induced. In this work, a new type of all-cellulose air filter was fabricated through high-speed shear in aqueous regeneration system using parenchyma cellulose from corn stalk. The obtained RC were aggregated by ribbon-like fine cellulose and nanocellulose sheets. The study exhibited the micro-structure of RC displayed excellent unidirectional alignment and a relatively high crystallinity. All-cellulose air filter which was produced via RC presented excellent filtration efficiency (PM2.5 97.3 %, PM10.0 97.7 %) with slightly pressure drop (19 Pa). Therefore, this work provides a facile method to obtain a novel RC with nanocellulose particles used for air filtration, which gives an effective strategy application in the conversion of all-cellulose materials from agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuyue Hu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Tian Si
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoning Tang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shaoyun Shan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lincai Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Keli Chen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
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Acharya S, Liyanage S, Parajuli P, Rumi SS, Shamshina JL, Abidi N. Utilization of Cellulose to Its Full Potential: A Review on Cellulose Dissolution, Regeneration, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4344. [PMID: 34960895 PMCID: PMC8704128 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant natural polymer, cellulose is a prime candidate for the preparation of both sustainable and economically viable polymeric products hitherto predominantly produced from oil-based synthetic polymers. However, the utilization of cellulose to its full potential is constrained by its recalcitrance to chemical processing. Both fundamental and applied aspects of cellulose dissolution remain active areas of research and include mechanistic studies on solvent-cellulose interactions, the development of novel solvents and/or solvent systems, the optimization of dissolution conditions, and the preparation of various cellulose-based materials. In this review, we build on existing knowledge on cellulose dissolution, including the structural characteristics of the polymer that are important for dissolution (molecular weight, crystallinity, and effect of hydrophobic interactions), and evaluate widely used non-derivatizing solvents (sodium hydroxide (NaOH)-based systems, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/lithium chloride (LiCl), N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), and ionic liquids). We also cover the subsequent regeneration of cellulose solutions from these solvents into various architectures (fibers, films, membranes, beads, aerogels, and hydrogels) and review uses of these materials in specific applications, such as biomedical, sorption, and energy uses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Noureddine Abidi
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.A.); (S.L.); (P.P.); (S.S.R.); (J.L.S.)
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Yin X, Wei L, Pan X, Liu C, Jiang J, Wang K. The Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses With Green Solvent as Biorefinery Preprocess: A Minor Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670061. [PMID: 34168668 PMCID: PMC8218942 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Converting agriculture and forestry lignocellulosic residues into high value-added liquid fuels (ethanol, butanol, etc.), chemicals (levulinic acid, furfural, etc.), and materials (aerogel, bioresin, etc.) via a bio-refinery process is an important way to utilize biomass energy resources. However, because of the dense and complex supermolecular structure of lignocelluloses, it is difficult for enzymes and chemical reagents to efficiently depolymerize lignocelluloses. Strikingly, the compact structure of lignocelluloses could be effectively decomposed with a proper pretreatment technology, followed by efficient separation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which improves the conversion and utilization efficiency of lignocelluloses. Based on a review of traditional pretreatment methods, this study focuses on the discussion of pretreatment process with recyclable and non-toxic/low-toxic green solvents, such as polar aprotic solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents, and provides an outlook of the industrial application prospects of solvent pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yin
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China
| | - Linshan Wei
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueyuan Pan
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Nanjing, China
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Shibakami M. Nanofibers made from acetylparamylons by a soaking method. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mystek K, Reid MS, Larsson PA, Wågberg L. In Situ Modification of Regenerated Cellulose Beads: Creating All-Cellulose Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mystek
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael S. Reid
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per A. Larsson
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56−58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ullah H, Badshah M, Correia A, Wahid F, Santos HA, Khan T. Functionalized Bacterial Cellulose Microparticles for Drug Delivery in Biomedical Applications. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3692-3701. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191011103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has recently attained greater interest in various research fields,
including drug delivery for biomedical applications. BC has been studied in the field of drug delivery, such as
tablet coating, controlled release systems and prodrug design.
Objective:
In the current work, we tested the feasibility of BC as a drug carrier in microparticulate form for potential
pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Method :
For this purpose, drug-loaded BC microparticles were prepared by simple grinding and injection
moulding method through regeneration. Model drugs, i.e., cloxacillin (CLX) and cefuroxime (CEF) sodium salts
were loaded in these microparticles to assess their drug loading and release properties. The prepared microparticles
were evaluated in terms of particle shapes, drug loading efficiency, physical state of the loaded drug, drug
release behaviour and antibacterial properties.
Results:
The BC microparticles were converted to partially amorphous state after regeneration. Moreover, the
loaded drug was transformed into the amorphous state. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
showed that microparticles had almost spherical shape with a size of ca. 350-400 μm. The microparticles treated
with higher drug concentration (3%) exhibited higher drug loading. Keeping drug concertation constant, i.e., 1%,
the regenerated BC (RBC) microparticles showed higher drug loading (i.e., 37.57±0.22% for CEF and
33.36±3.03% for CLX) as compared to as-synthesized BC (ABC) microparticles (i.e., 9.46±1.30% for CEF and
9.84±1.26% for CLX). All formulations showed immediate drug release, wherein more than 85% drug was released
in the initial 30 min. Moreover, such microparticles exhibited good antibacterial activity with larger zones
of inhibition for drug loaded RBC microparticles as compared to corresponding ABC microparticles.
Conclusion :
Drug loaded BC microparticles with immediate release behaviour and antibacterial activity were
fabricated. Such functionalized microparticles may find potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Munair Badshah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI˗00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fazli Wahid
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI˗00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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Moreau C, Tapin-Lingua S, Grisel S, Gimbert I, Le Gall S, Meyer V, Petit-Conil M, Berrin JG, Cathala B, Villares A. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) facilitate cellulose nanofibrils production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:156. [PMID: 31249619 PMCID: PMC6589874 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that cleave polysaccharides through an oxidative mechanism. These enzymes are major contributors to the recycling of carbon in nature and are currently used in the biorefinery industry. LPMOs are commonly used in synergy with cellulases to enhance biomass deconstruction. However, there are few examples of the use of monocomponent LPMOs as a tool for cellulose fibrillation. In this work, we took advantage of the LPMO action to facilitate disruption of wood cellulose fibers as a strategy to produce nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). RESULTS The fungal LPMO from AA9 family (PaLPMO9E) was used in this study as it displays high specificity toward cellulose and its recombinant production in bioreactor is easily upscalable. The treatment of birchwood fibers with PaLPMO9E resulted in the release of a mixture of C1-oxidized oligosaccharides without any apparent modification in fiber morphology and dimensions. The subsequent mechanical shearing disintegrated the LPMO-pretreated samples yielding nanoscale cellulose elements. Their gel-like aspect and nanometric dimensions demonstrated that LPMOs disrupt the cellulose structure and facilitate the production of NFC. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential use of LPMOs as a pretreatment in the NFC production process. LPMOs weaken fiber cohesion and facilitate fiber disruption while maintaining the crystallinity of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Moreau
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Tapin-Lingua
- InTechFibres Division, FCBA, Domaine Universitaire, CS 90252, 39044 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Gimbert
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Meyer
- CTP, Domaine Universitaire, CS 90252, 39044 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Cathala
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ana Villares
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
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Enhancing the enzymatic saccharification of bamboo shoot shell by sequential biological pretreatment with Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 and deep eutectic solvent extraction. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Chong GG, He YC, Liu QX, Kou XQ, Qing Q. Sequential Aqueous Ammonia Extraction and LiCl/N,N-Dimethyl Formamide Pretreatment for Enhancing Enzymatic Saccharification of Winter Bamboo Shoot Shell. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1341-1357. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Molecular characterization of thermoreversibility and temperature dependent physical properties of cellulose solution in N,N-dimethylacetamide and lithium chloride. Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Molecular Characterization on the Anomalous Viscosity Behavior of Cellulose Solutions in N,N-Dimethyl Acetamide and Lithium Chloride. Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Zhang C, Liu R, Xiang J, Kang H, Liu Z, Huang Y. Dissolution Mechanism of Cellulose in N,N-Dimethylacetamide/Lithium Chloride: Revisiting through Molecular Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:9507-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory
of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruigang Liu
- Sate Key Laboratory
of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Sate Key Laboratory
of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongliang Kang
- Sate Key Laboratory
of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhijing Liu
- Sate Key Laboratory
of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Sate Key Laboratory
of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- National Research Center for Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Henniges U, Hasani M, Potthast A, Westman G, Rosenau T. Electron Beam Irradiation of Cellulosic Materials-Opportunities and Limitations. MATERIALS 2013; 6:1584-1598. [PMID: 28809230 PMCID: PMC5452524 DOI: 10.3390/ma6051584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The irradiation of pulp is of interest from different perspectives. Mainly it is required when a modification of cellulose is needed. Irradiation could bring many advantages, such as chemical savings and, therefore, cost savings and a reduction in environmental pollutants. In this account, pulp and dissociated celluloses were analyzed before and after irradiation by electron beaming. The focus of the analysis was the oxidation of hydroxyl groups to carbonyl and carboxyl groups in pulp and the degradation of cellulose causing a decrease in molar mass. For that purpose, the samples were labeled with a selective fluorescence marker and analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), refractive index (RI), and fluorescence detectors. Degradation of the analyzed substrates was the predominant result of the irradiation; however, in the microcrystalline samples, oxidized cellulose functionalities were introduced along the cellulose chain, making this substrate suitable for further chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Henniges
- Department of Chemistry/Division of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
| | - Merima Hasani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Organic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry/Division of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
| | - Gunnar Westman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Organic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry/Division of Chemistry of Renewables, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
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