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Quattrini F, Berrecoso G, Crecente-Campo J, Alonso MJ. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation as a multifunctional technique for the characterization of polymeric nanocarriers. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:373-395. [PMID: 33521866 PMCID: PMC7987708 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of polymeric nanocarriers in the field of drug delivery is ever-increasing, and the accurate characterization of their properties is paramount to understand and predict their behavior. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a fractionation technique that has gained considerable attention for its gentle separation conditions, broad working range, and versatility. AF4 can be hyphenated to a plurality of concentration and size detectors, thus permitting the analysis of the multifunctionality of nanomaterials. Despite this potential, the practical information that can be retrieved by AF4 and its possible applications are still rather unfamiliar to the pharmaceutical scientist. This review was conceived as a primer that clearly states the "do's and don'ts" about AF4 applied to the characterization of polymeric nanocarriers. Aside from size characterization, AF4 can be beneficial during formulation optimization, for drug loading and drug release determination and for the study of interactions among biomaterials. It will focus mainly on the advances made in the last 5 years, as well as indicating the problematics on the consensus, which have not been reached yet. Methodological recommendations for several case studies will be also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Quattrini
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Germán Berrecoso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), IDIS Research Institute, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Crecente-Campo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), IDIS Research Institute, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), IDIS Research Institute, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Chen X, Zhang W, Dou Y, Song T, Shen S, Dou H. Applications of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation for separation and characterization of polysaccharides: A review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461726. [PMID: 33250160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are the most abundant natural biopolymers on the earth and are widely used in food, medicine, materials, cosmetics, and other fields. The physicochemical properties of polysaccharides such as particle size and molecular weight often affect their practical applications. In recent years, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) has been widely used in the separation and characterization of polysaccharides because it has no stationary phases or packing materials, which reduces the risk of shear degradation of polysaccharides. In this review, the principle of AF4 was introduced briefly. The operation conditions of AF4 for the analysis of polysaccharides were discussed. The applications of AF4 for the separation and characterization of polysaccharides from different sources (plants, animals, and microorganisms) over the last decade were critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuwei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Tiange Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shigang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Haiyang Dou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China.
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Preparation and Optimization of Water-Soluble Cationic Sago Starch with a High Degree of Substitution Using Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112614. [PMID: 33172029 PMCID: PMC7694679 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification and characterizations of cationic sago starch with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) prepared via etherification reaction was reported in this study. The optimization of cationic sago starch modification was performed by utilizing the combination of response surface methodology and central composite design (RSM/CCD). The effect of each variable and the interaction between the three variables, the concentration of CHPTAC, concentration of the catalyst NaOH, and the reaction times on the degree of substitution (DS) of the product were investigated and modeled. Moderate conditions were employed and a water-soluble cationic sago starch with high DS value was obtained. Based on RSM, the highest DS = 1.195 was obtained at optimum conditions: 0.615 mol of CHPTAC concentration (CHPTAC/SS = 5), 30% w/v NaOH, and 5 h reaction time, at 60 °C reaction temperature. Furthermore, the cationic sago starch was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, XRD, and field emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM.
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A review on cationic starch and nanocellulose as paper coating components. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:578-598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chemelli A, Gomernik F, Thaler F, Huber A, Hirn U, Bauer W, Spirk S. Cationic starches in paper-based applications-A review on analytical methods. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115964. [PMID: 32122498 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on cationic starches with a low degree of substitution (<0.06) which are mainly used for production of paper-based products. After a brief introduction on starch in general, cationization pathways and importance of cationic starches in paper production, this review emphasizes on the analytical challenges from different perspectives. These include the different length scales of starches when in solution: the macromolecular level, their assembly into nm aggregates and finally hydrocolloids with hundreds of nanometers of diameter. We give an overview on the current state of the art on the analysis of such challenging samples and aim at providing a guideline for obtaining and presenting reliable analytical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chemelli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Florian Gomernik
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ferula Thaler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Huber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 24, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Guo P, Wang W, Dai S, Shen S, Zhang W, Lian Y, Dou H. Ultrasound-assisted dissolution and characterization of maize starch using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multiple detectors. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Zia-ud-Din, Xiong H, Fei P. Physical and chemical modification of starches: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2691-2705. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1087379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zia-ud-Din
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanguo Xiong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Fei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Fan DM, Lin LF, Wang LY, Huang LL, Hu B, Gu XH, Zhao JX, Zhang H. The influence of metal ions on the dielectric enhancement and radical generation of rice starch during microwave processing. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 94:266-270. [PMID: 27713011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the enrichment of rice starch with metal ions on its capability to generate free radicals during microwave processing was investigated. The underlying mechanism was explored from two aspects: dielectric and thermal properties. Rice starch was modified with ions of iron, copper, manganese and calcium. The modified starches were analyzed in terms of dielectric properties, activation energy (Ea) and thermodynamic characteristics of gelatinization. The quantity and character of the free radicals were analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The results showed that the metal ions could change the dielectric property and inter structure of rice starch, thus influencing the ability of rice starch to generate radicals under microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lu-Fen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lue-Lue Huang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian-Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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Lappalainen K, Kärkkäinen J, Rusanen A, Wik TR, Niemelä M, Madariaga AG, Komulainen S, Keiski RL, Lajunen M. Binding of some heavy metal ions in aqueous solution with cationized or sulphonylated starch or waste starch. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201500229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annu Rusanen
- Sustainable Chemistry Research Unit; University of Oulu; Finland
| | - Tiia-Riikka Wik
- Sustainable Chemistry Research Unit; University of Oulu; Finland
| | - Matti Niemelä
- Sustainable Chemistry Research Unit; University of Oulu; Finland
| | | | - Sanna Komulainen
- Sustainable Chemistry Research Unit; University of Oulu; Finland
| | - Riitta L. Keiski
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering Research Group; University of Oulu; Finland
| | - Marja Lajunen
- Sustainable Chemistry Research Unit; University of Oulu; Finland
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Modification of potato peel waste with base hydrolysis and subsequent cationization. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 132:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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