1
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Preparation of cellulose-based chromatographic medium for biological separation: A review. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463297. [PMID: 35809519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2
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Research progress on the utilisation of embedding technology and suitable delivery systems for improving the bioavailability of nattokinase: A review. FOOD STRUCTURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2021.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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3
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Abstract
Spray drying is a versatile technology that has been applied widely in the chemical, food, and, most recently, pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on engineering advances and the most significant applications of spray drying for pharmaceuticals. An in-depth view of the process and its use is provided for amorphous solid dispersions, a major, growing drug-delivery approach. Enhanced understanding of the relationship of spray-drying process parameters to final product quality attributes has made robust product development possible to address a wide range of pharmaceutical problem statements. Formulation and process optimization have leveraged the knowledge gained as the technology has matured, enabling improved process development from early feasibility screening through commercial applications. Spray drying's use for approved small-molecule oral products is highlighted, as are emerging applications specific to delivery of biologics and non-oral delivery of dry powders. Based on the changing landscape of the industry, significant future opportunities exist for pharmaceutical spray drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Baumann
- Small Molecules, Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA; , ,
| | - Molly S Adam
- Small Molecules, Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA; , ,
| | - Joel D Wood
- Small Molecules, Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Bend, Oregon 97701, USA; , ,
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4
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Druel L, Kenkel A, Baudron V, Buwalda S, Budtova T. Cellulose Aerogel Microparticles via Emulsion-Coagulation Technique. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1824-1831. [PMID: 32011867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose aerogel microparticles were made via emulsification/nonsolvent induced phase separation/drying with supercritical CO2. Cellulose was dissolved in NaOH-based solvent with and without additives in order to control solution gelation. Two emulsions, cellulose solution/oil and cellulose nonsolvent/oil, were mixed to start nonsolvent induced phase separation (or coagulation) of cellulose inside each cellulose droplet leading to the formation of so-called microgels. Different options of triggering coagulation were tested, by coalescence of droplets of cellulose solution and cellulose nonsolvent and by diffusion of nonsolvent partly soluble in the oil, accompanied by coalescence. The second option was found to be the most efficient for stabilization of the shape of coagulated cellulose microgels. The influence of gelation on particle formation and aerogel properties was investigated. The aerogel particles' diameter was around a few tens of microns, and the specific surface area was 250-350 m2/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Druel
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Amelie Kenkel
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France.,Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victor Baudron
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sytze Buwalda
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
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5
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Wu JH, Wang XJ, Li SJ, Ying XY, Hu JB, Xu XL, Kang XQ, You J, Du YZ. Preparation of Ethyl Cellulose Microspheres for Sustained Release of Sodium Bicarbonate. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2019; 18:556-568. [PMID: 31531041 PMCID: PMC6706755 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sustained release of thermal-instable and water-soluble drugs with low molecule weight is a challenge. In this study, sodium bicarbonate was encapsulated in ethyl cellulose microspheres by a novel solid-in-oil-in-oil (S/O/O) emulsification method using acetonitrile/soybean oil as new solvent pairs. Properties of the microspheres such as size, recovery rate, morphology, drug content, and drug release behavior were evaluated to investigate the suitable preparation techniques. In the case of that the ratio of the internal and external oil phase was 1: 9, Tween 80 as a stabilizer resulted in the highest drug content (2.68%) and a good spherical shape of microspheres. After the ratio increased to 1: 4, the microspheres using Tween 80 as the stabilizer also had high drug content (1.96%) and exhibited a sustained release behavior, with 70% of drug released within 12 h and a sustained release of more than 40 h. Otherwise, different emulsification temperatures at which acetonitrile was evaporated could influence the drug release behaviour of microspheres obtained. This novel method is a potential and effective method to achieve the encapsulation and the sustained release of thermal-instable and water-soluble drugs with low molecule weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shu-Juan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Ying
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jing-Bo Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xu-Qi Kang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jian You
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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6
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Zhou J, Chen Y, Luo M, Deng F, Lin S, Wu W, Li G, Nan K. Dual cross-linked chitosan microspheres formulated with spray-drying technique for the sustained release of levofloxacin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:568-576. [PMID: 30652515 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1569025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengmeng Luo
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fen Deng
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wencan Wu
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guqiang Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantan, China
| | - Kaihui Nan
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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7
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Ganesan K, Budtova T, Ratke L, Gurikov P, Baudron V, Preibisch I, Niemeyer P, Smirnova I, Milow B. Review on the Production of Polysaccharide Aerogel Particles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2144. [PMID: 30384442 PMCID: PMC6265924 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of the production of polysaccharide aerogel (bio-aerogel) particles from lab to pilot scale is surveyed in this article. An introduction to various droplets techniques available in the market is given and compared with the lab scale production of droplets using pipettes and syringes. An overview of the mechanisms of gelation of polysaccharide solutions together with non-solvent induced phase separation option is then discussed in the view of making wet particles. The main steps of particle recovery and solvent exchange are briefly described in order to pass through the final drying process. Various drying processes are overviewed and the importance of supercritical drying is highlighted. In addition, we present the characterization techniques to analyse the morphology and properties of the aerogels. The case studies of bio-aerogel (agar, alginate, cellulose, chitin, κ-carrageenan, pectin and starch) particles are reviewed. Potential applications of polysaccharide aerogel particles are briefly given. Finally, the conclusions summarize the prospects of the potential scale-up methods for producing bio-aerogel particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathirvel Ganesan
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Materials Research, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- MINES Paris Tech, PSL Research University, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Lorenz Ratke
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Materials Research, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Victor Baudron
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Imke Preibisch
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Philipp Niemeyer
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Materials Research, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Barbara Milow
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Materials Research, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
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8
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Guan X, Liu X, Xu B, Liu X, Kong Z, Song M, Fu A, Li Y, Guo P, Li H. Carbon Wrapped Ni₃S₂ Nanocrystals Anchored on Graphene Sheets as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery and the Study on Their Capacity Evolution. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8100760. [PMID: 30261632 PMCID: PMC6215149 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ni3S2 nanocrystals wrapped by thin carbon layer and anchored on the sheets of reduced graphene oxide (Ni3S2@C/RGO) have been synthesized by a spray-coagulation assisted hydrothermal method and combined with a calcination process. Cellulose, dissolved in Thiourea/NaOH aqueous solution is chosen as carbon sources and mixed with graphene oxide via a spray-coagulation method using graphene suspension as coagulation bath. The resulted cellulose/graphene suspension is utilized as solvent for dissolving of Ni(NO3)2 and then used as raw materials for hydrothermal preparation of the Ni3S2@C/RGO composites. The structure of the composites has been investigated and their electrochemical properties are evaluated as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The Ni3S2@C/RGO sample exhibits increasing reversible capacities upon cycles and shows a superior rate performance as well. Such kinds of promising performance have been ascribed to the wrapping effect of carbon layer which confines the dislocation of the polycrystals formed upon cycles and the enhanced conductivity as the integration of RGO conductive substrate. Discharge capacities up to 850 and 630 mAh·g−1 at current densities of 200 and 5000 mA·g−1, respectively, are obtained. The evolution of electrochemical performance of the composites with structure variation of the encapsulated Ni3S2 nanocrystals has been revealed by ex-situ TEM and XRD measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianggang Guan
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xuehua Liu
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Binghui Xu
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhen Kong
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Meiyun Song
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Aiping Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yanhui Li
- College of Electromechanic Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Peizhi Guo
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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9
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Liu D, Kong Z, Liu X, Fu A, Wang Y, Guo YG, Guo P, Li H, Zhao XS. Spray-Drying-Induced Assembly of Skeleton-Structured SnO 2/Graphene Composite Spheres as Superior Anode Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:2515-2525. [PMID: 29271631 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional skeleton-structured assemblies of graphene sheets decorated with SnO2 nanocrystals are fabricated via a facile and large-scalable spray-drying-induced assembly process with commercial graphene oxide and SnO2 sol as precursors. The influences of different parameters on the morphology, composition, structure, and electrochemical performances of the skeleton-structured SnO2/graphene composite spheres are studied by XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques. Electrochemical properties of the composite spheres as the anode electrode for lithium-ion batteries are evaluated. After 120 cycles under a current density of 100 mA g-1, the skeleton-structured SnO2/graphene spheres still display a specific discharge capacity of 1140 mAh g-1. It is roughly 9.5 times larger than that of bare SnO2 clusters. It could still retain a stable specific capacity of 775 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles under a high current density of 2000 mA g-1, exhibiting extraordinary rate ability. The superconductivity of the graphene skeleton provides the pathway for electron transportation. The large pore volume deduced from the skeleton structure of the SnO2/graphene composite spheres increases the penetration of electrolyte and the diffusion of lithium ions and also significantly enhances the structural integrity by acting as a mechanical buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Liu
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Laboratory of New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Basis for State Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhen Kong
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Laboratory of New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Basis for State Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Laboratory of New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Basis for State Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Aiping Fu
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Laboratory of New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Basis for State Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- College of Physics, Qingdao University , No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu-Guo Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peizhi Guo
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Laboratory of New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Basis for State Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Laboratory of New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Basis for State Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiu Song Zhao
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Laboratory of New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Basis for State Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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10
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Feng L, Yang H, Dong X, Lei H, Chen D. pH-sensitive polymeric particles as smart carriers for rebar inhibitors delivery in alkaline condition. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Feng
- Shandong Peninsula Blue Economy and Engineering Research Institute, Weifang University of Science and Technology; Shouguang Weifang 262700 People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection; Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academic of Sciences; Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqing Dong
- Shandong Peninsula Blue Economy and Engineering Research Institute, Weifang University of Science and Technology; Shouguang Weifang 262700 People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Lei
- Shandong Peninsula Blue Economy and Engineering Research Institute, Weifang University of Science and Technology; Shouguang Weifang 262700 People's Republic of China
| | - Di Chen
- Shandong Peninsula Blue Economy and Engineering Research Institute, Weifang University of Science and Technology; Shouguang Weifang 262700 People's Republic of China
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11
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Spray drying assisted assembly of ZnO nanocrystals using cellulose as sacrificial template and studies on their photoluminescent and photocatalytic properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Cao X, Zhu B, Zhang X, Dong H. Polymyxin B immobilized on cross-linked cellulose microspheres for endotoxin adsorption. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Truong-Le V, Lovalenti PM, Abdul-Fattah AM. Stabilization challenges and formulation strategies associated with oral biologic drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 93:95-108. [PMID: 26277263 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of proteins to mucosal tissues of GI tract typically utilize formulations which protect against proteolysis and target the mucosal tissues. Using case studies from literature and the authors' own work, the in-process stability and solid state storage stability of biopharmaceuticals formulated in delivery systems designed for oral delivery to the GI tract will be reviewed. Among the range of delivery systems, biodegradable polymer systems for protection and controlled release of proteins have been the most studied; hence these systems will be covered in greater depth. These delivery systems include polymeric biodegradable microspheres or nanospheres that contain proteins or vaccines, which are designed to reduce the number of administrations/inoculations and the total protein dose required to achieve the desired biological effect. Specifically, this review will include a landscape survey of the systems that have been studied, the manufacturing processes involved, stability through the manufacturing process, key pharmaceutical formulation parameters that impact stability of the encased proteins, and storage stability of the encapsulated proteins in these delivery systems.
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Wittmar A, Vorat D, Ulbricht M. Two step and one step preparation of porous nanocomposite cellulose membranes doped with TiO2. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile and easily up-scalable method for the preparation of catalytically active TiO2 doped cellulose membranes has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wittmar
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II
- Universität Duisburg-Essen
- 45141 Essen
- Germany
- CENIDE – Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen
| | - Dimitri Vorat
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II
- Universität Duisburg-Essen
- 45141 Essen
- Germany
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II
- Universität Duisburg-Essen
- 45141 Essen
- Germany
- CENIDE – Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen
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