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Hossen MT, Kundu CK, Pranto BMRR, Rahi MS, Chanda R, Mollick S, Siddique AB, Begum HA. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity studies of nanocellulose extracted from okra ( Abelmoschus Esculentus) fiber. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25270. [PMID: 38333876 PMCID: PMC10850511 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose, especially originating from a natural source, has already shown immense potential to be considered in various fields, namely packaging, papermaking, composites, biomedical engineering, flame retardant, and thermal insulating materials, etc. due to its environmental friendliness and novel functionalities. Thus, a thorough characterization of nanocellulose is a hot research topic of research communities in a view to judge its suitability to be used in a specific area. In this work, a kind of green and environment-friendly nanocellulose was successfully prepared from okra fiber through a series of multi-step chemical treatments, specifically, scouring, alkali treatment, sodium chlorite bleaching, and sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Several characterization techniques were adopted to understand the morphology, structure, thermal behavior, crystallinity, and toxicological effects of prepared nanocellulose. Obtained data revealed the formation of rod-shaped nanocellulose and compared to raw okra fiber, their size distributions were significantly smaller. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns displayed that compared to the crystalline region, the amorphous region in raw fiber is notably larger, and in obtained nanocellulose, the crystallinity index increased significantly. Moreover, variations in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks depicted the successful removal of amorphous regions, namely, lignin and hemicelluloses from the surface of fiber. Thermostability of synthesized nanocellulose was confirmed by both Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Cytotoxicity assessment showed that the okra fiber-derived nanocellulose exhibited lower to moderate cellular toxicity in a dose-dependent manner where the LD50 value was 60.60 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tanvir Hossen
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Chanchal Kumar Kundu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - BM Riaz Rahman Pranto
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sifat Rahi
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Rajesh Chanda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Swaraz Mollick
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Bakr Siddique
- Department of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Hosne Ara Begum
- Department of Yarn Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka, 1208, Bangladesh
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Bolat F, Ghitman J, Necolau MI, Vasile E, Iovu H. A Comparative Study of the Impact of the Bleaching Method on the Production and Characterization of Cotton-Origin Nanocrystalline Cellulose by Acid and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3446. [PMID: 37631504 PMCID: PMC10458172 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to environmental concerns, as well as its exceptional physical and mechanical capabilities, biodegradability, and optical and barrier qualities, nanocellulose has drawn a lot of interest as a source of reinforcing materials that are nanometer sized. This article focuses on how to manufacture cellulose nanomaterials from cotton by using different types of acids such as H2SO4 and HCI in different concentrations and in the presence of enzymes such as cellulase and xylanase. Two different types of bleaching methods were used before acid and enzyme hydrolysis. In the first method, cellulose was extracted by bleaching the cotton with H2O2. In the second method, NaOCl was utilized. For both methods, different concentrations of acids and enzymes were used to isolate nanocellulose materials, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) at different temperatures. All obtained nanocellulose materials were analyzed through different techniques such as FT-IR, Zeta potentials, DLS, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, XRD, and SEM. The characteristic signals related to cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were confirmed with the aid of Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. According to the XRD results, the samples' crystallinity percentages range from 54.1% to 63.2%. The SEM image showed that long fibers break down into small fibers and needle-like features are seen on the surface of the fibers. Using different types of bleaching has no significant effect on the thermal stability of samples. The results demonstrate a successful method for synthesizing cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) from cotton through enzymatic hydrolysis, but the results also demonstrated that the choice of bleaching method has a significant impact on the hydrodynamic properties and crystallinity of both CNC and CNF samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faik Bolat
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (F.B.); (J.G.); (M.I.N.)
| | - Jana Ghitman
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (F.B.); (J.G.); (M.I.N.)
| | - Madalina Ioana Necolau
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (F.B.); (J.G.); (M.I.N.)
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Department of Oxide Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1–7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (F.B.); (J.G.); (M.I.N.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
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Isolation and Characterization Cellulose Nanosphere from Different Agricultural By-Products. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132534. [PMID: 35808579 PMCID: PMC9269051 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanospheres (CN) have been considered a leading type of nanomaterial that can be applied as a strengthening material in the production of nanocomposites. This work aimed to isolate and characterize the properties of CN from different agricultural by-products. CNs were successfully isolated from rice straw, corncob, Phulae pineapple leaf and peel using acid hydrolysis (60% H2SO4) combined with homogenization-sonication (homogenized at 12,000 rpm for 6 min and ultrasonicated for 10 min). The results showed that the CN from rice straw (RS-CN) and corncob (CC-CN) exhibited high yields (22.27 and 22.36%) (p < 0.05). All hydrolyzed CNs exhibited a spherical shape with a diameter range of 2 to 127 nm. After acid hydrolysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results showed no impurities. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the structure of cellulose was changed from cellulose-I to cellulose-II. However, cellulose-I remained in pineapple peel cellulose nanosphere (PP-CN). The crystalline index (CI) ranged from 43.98 to 73.58%, with the highest CI obtained in the CC-CN. The CN from all sources presented excellent thermal stability (above 300 °C). The functional properties, including water absorption Index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and swelling capacity were investigated. PP-CN showed the highest WAI and swelling capacity, while the PL-CN had the highest WSI (p < 0.05). Among all samples, CC-CN showed the highest extraction yield, small particle size, high CI, and desirable functional properties to be used as a material for bio-nanocomposites film.
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Shaikh HM, Anis A, Poulose AM, Al-Zahrani SM, Madhar NA, Alhamidi A, Alam MA. Isolation and Characterization of Alpha and Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) Trunk Mesh. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111893. [PMID: 34200274 PMCID: PMC8200950 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pure cellulosic polymers obtained from waste lignocellulose offer great potential for designing novel materials in the concept of biorefinery. In this work, alpha-cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose were isolated from the date palm trunk mesh (DPTM) through a series of physicochemical treatments. Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment was used to remove soluble extractives, and concentrated alkali pretreatment was used to eliminate the lignin portion selectively to obtain alpha-cellulose in approximately 94% yield. Further treatments of this cellulose yielded nanocrystalline cellulose. The structure–property relationship studies were carried out by characterizing the obtained polymers by various standard methods and analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX-XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Almost 65% yield of pure cellulose was achieved, out of which 94% is the alpha-cellulose. This cellulose shows good thermal stability and crystallinity. The microscopic analysis of the nanocellulose showed a heterogeneous mix of irregular-shaped particles with a size range of 20–60 nm. The percentage crystallinity of alpha-cellulose and nanocellulose was found to be 68.9 and 71.8, respectively. Thus, this study shows that, this DPTM-based low-cost waste biomass can be a potential source to obtain cellulose and nano-cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid M. Shaikh
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-41-1176747
| | - Arfat Anis
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Anesh Manjaly Poulose
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Saeed M. Al-Zahrani
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Niyaz Ahamad Madhar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Alhamidi
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohammad Asif Alam
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
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Abidi SMS, Dar AI, Acharya A. Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticle-Conjugated Cellulose Nanoonions Alleviate Aβ42 Fibrillation-Induced Toxicity via Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Ion Homeostasis. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2419-2435. [PMID: 33945268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and Aβ42 fibrillation have been established as the main models for the treatment of systemic lysozyme amyloidosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Several antiamyloidogenic nanomaterials have been developed over the period; however, their intracellular mechanism of action is still not well understood. In this context, plant-based, gold-conjugated, injectable, hydrophilic cellulose nanoonions (CNOs), viz., DH-CNO (∼60 ± 5 nm) and LC-CNO (∼55 ± 12 nm), were developed from their respective hydrophobic cellulose nanocrystals (DH-CNC and LC-CNC) using a single-step chemical template-mediated process. This unique nanocellulose architecture was chemically and morphologically characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Further, the different biophysical studies documented marked the inhibition/disintegration potential of gold-conjugated LC-CNO against HEWL and Aβ42 peptide aggregation. It was further observed that inhibition of protein fibrillation could be achieved within ∼10 min when the same materials were used under photoirradiation conditions. In vitro protein aggregation studies using HEK293 cells suggested that gold-conjugated LC-CNO could effectively reduce the cellular toxicity via regulation of oxidative stress and ion homeostasis. The outcome of the present study will help in designing cellulose-based novel functional nanochaperones against various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M S Abidi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh201002, India
| | - Aqib Iqbal Dar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh201002, India
| | - Amitabha Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh201002, India
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A review on processing techniques of bast fibers nanocellulose and its polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:1314-1328. [PMID: 30208300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of nanocellulose has increasingly gained attentions from various research fields, especially the field of polymer nanocomposites owing to the growing environmental hazardous of petroleum based fiber products. Meanwhile, the searching of alternative cellulose sources from different plants has become the interests for producing nanocellulose with varying characterizations that expectedly suit in specific field of applications. In this content the long and strong bast fibers from plant species was gradually getting its remarkable position in the field of nanocellulose extraction and nanocomposites fabrications. This review article intended to present an overview of the chemical structure of cellulose, different types of nanocellulose, bast fibers compositions, structure, polylactic acid (PLA) and the most probable processing techniques on the developments of nanocellulose from different bast fibers especially jute, kenaf, hemp, flax, ramie and roselle and its nanocomposites. This article however more focused on the fabrication of PLA based nanocomposites due to its high firmness, biodegradability and sustainability properties in developed products towards the environment. Along with this it also explored a couple of issues to improve the processing techniques of bast fibers nanocellulose and its reinforcement in the PLA biopolymer as final products.
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Spagnol C, Fragal EH, Witt MA, Follmann HD, Silva R, Rubira AF. Mechanically improved polyvinyl alcohol-composite films using modified cellulose nanowhiskers as nano-reinforcement. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 191:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Li C, Zhang M, Zhong H, He H, Feng Y, Yin X. Synthesis of a bioadsorbent from jute cellulose, and application for aqueous Cd (II) removal. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 189:152-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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