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The Characterization and Functional Properties of Euglena gracilis Paramylon Treated with Different Methods. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:7811014. [PMID: 35966503 PMCID: PMC9371794 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7811014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis paramylon (EGP) is a polymeric polysaccharide composed of linear β-1,3 glucan. The water insolubility of EGP severely limits its application. This work aimed to improve the functional characteristics of EGP by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) degradation and carboxymethylated modification. The results showed that the crystallinity of EGP degraded by H2O2 and carboxymethylated modification decreased by 14% and 46%, and the thermal degradation temperature was significantly descending in a crystallinity-dependent manner. In addition, the results showed that H2O2 degradation and carboxymethylation significantly improved the adsorption capacity of EGP for oil, dyes, and metal ions, and their water solubility increased by 9% and 85%. This result will provide a valuable theoretical basis for the development and utilization of EGP.
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Shibakami M. Preparation of Paramylon Multifilament by Using the Viscose Method. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Shibakami
- Biomedical Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Central 6th, 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan
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Gao L, Zhao X, Liu M, Zhao X. Characterization and Antibacterial Activities of Carboxymethylated Paramylon from Euglena gracilis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153022. [PMID: 35893986 PMCID: PMC9332863 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramylon from Euglena gracilis (EGP) is a polymeric polysaccharide composed of linear β-1,3 glucan. EGP has been proved to have antibacterial activity, but its effect is weak due to its water insolubility and high crystallinity. In order to change this deficiency, this experiment carried out carboxymethylated modification of EGP. Three carboxymethylated derivatives, C-EGP1, C-EGP2, and C-EGP3, with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.14, 0.55, and 0.78, respectively, were synthesized by varying reaction conditions, such as the mass of chloroacetic acid and temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis confirmed the success of the carboxymethylated modification. The Congo red (CR) experiment, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry (TG) were used to study the conformation, surface morphology, crystalline nature, and thermostability of the carboxymethylated EGP. The results showed that carboxymethylation did not change the triple helix structure of the EGP, but that the fundamental particles’ surface morphology was destroyed, and the crystallization area and thermal stability decreased obviously. In addition, the water solubility test and antibacterial experiment showed that the water solubility and antibacterial activity of the EGP after carboxymethylation were obviously improved, and that the water solubility of C-EGP1, C-EGP2, and C-EGP3 increased by 53.31%, 75.52%, and 80.96% respectively. The antibacterial test indicated that C-EGP3 had the best effect on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.50 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL. The diameters of the inhibition zone of C-EGP3 on E. coli and S. aureus were 11.24 ± 0.15 mm and 12.05 ± 0.09 mm, and the antibacterial rate increased by 41.33% and 43.67%.
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Feuzing F, Mbakidi JP, Marchal L, Bouquillon S, Leroy E. A review of paramylon processing routes from microalga biomass to non-derivatized and chemically modified products. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119181. [PMID: 35450615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan, similar to curdlan, produced as intracellular granules by the microalga Euglena gracilis, a highly versatile and robust strain, able to grow under various trophic conditions, with valorization of CO2, wastewaters, or food byproducts as nutrients. This review focuses in particular on the various processing routes leading to new potential paramylon based products. Due to its crystalline structure, involving triple helices stabilized by internal intermolecular hydrogen bonds, paramylon is neither water-soluble nor thermoplastic. The few solvents able to disrupt the triple helices, and to fully solubilize the polymer as random coils, allow non derivatizing shaping into films, fibers, and even nanofibers by a specific self-assembly mechanism. Chemical modification in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions is also possible. The non-selective or regioselective substitution of the hydroxyl groups of glucosidic units leads to water-soluble ionic derivatives and thermoplastic paramylon esters with foreseen applications ranging from health to bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérica Feuzing
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Mbakidi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Luc Marchal
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France
| | - Sandrine Bouquillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France.
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Hosseinkhani N, McCauley JI, Ralph PJ. Key challenges for the commercial expansion of ingredients from algae into human food products. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ansar R, Saqib S, Mukhtar A, Niazi MBK, Shahid M, Jahan Z, Kakar SJ, Uzair B, Mubashir M, Ullah S, Khoo KS, Lim HR, Show PL. Challenges and recent trends with the development of hydrogel fiber for biomedical applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:131956. [PMID: 34523459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel is the most emblematic soft material which possesses significantly tunable and programmable characteristics. Polymer hydrogels possess significant advantages including, biocompatible, simple, reliable and low cost. Therefore, research on the development of hydrogel for biomedical applications has been grown intensely. However, hydrogel development is challenging and required significant effort before the application at an industrial scale. Therefore, the current work focused on evaluating recent trends and issues with hydrogel development for biomedical applications. In addition, the hydrogel's development methodology, physicochemical properties, and biomedical applications are evaluated and benchmarked against the reported literature. Later, biomedical applications of the nano-cellulose-based hydrogel are considered and critically discussed. Based on a detailed review, it has been found that the surface energy, intermolecular interactions, and interactions of hydrogel adhesion forces are major challenges that contribute to the development of hydrogel. In addition, compared to other hydrogels, nanocellulose hydrogels demonstrated higher potential for drug delivery, 3D cell culture, diagnostics, tissue engineering, tissue therapies and gene therapies. Overall, nanocellulose hydrogel has the potential for commercialization for different biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Ansar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan.
| | - Sidra Saqib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmad Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research, Jaranwala Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Zaib Jahan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Salik Javed Kakar
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Bushra Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Hooi Ren Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Shibakami M. Nanofibers made from acetylparamylons by a soaking method. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Daglio Y, Rodríguez MC, Prado HJ, Matulewicz MC. Paramylon and synthesis of its ionic derivatives: Applications as pharmaceutical tablet disintegrants and as colloid flocculants. Carbohydr Res 2019; 484:107779. [PMID: 31445311 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paramylon, a high molecular weight polysaccharide, is a linear and unbranched (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan. Despite its numerous biological benefits, the poor aqueous solubility of crystalline paramylon is a drawback that has hampered some of its applications. In an effort to make this biomaterial amenable to practical uses, cationic and anionic paramylon derivatives were obtained. The degrees of substitution of both products were determined. The products were characterized by FT-IR spectrocopy, ESI mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C and 1H-13C NMR and SEM microscopy. These techniques confirmed the success of the substitution reactions. 1H NMR analysis was used to develop alternative methods for an approximate estimation of the degree of substitution. 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectra were assigned for both derivatives. New applications of native, cationic and anionic paramylon were found. Native paramylon showed similar performance as pharmaceutical tablet disintegrant than sodium croscarmellose. Cationic paramylon behavior as colloid flocculant was comparable with commercial cationic polyacrylamides. The anionic derivative could eventually be used in the formulation of matrix controlled release systems or as a suspending agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmín Daglio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Rodríguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor J Prado
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica II, Junín 956, 1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María C Matulewicz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria-Pabellón 2, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Creation of Straight-Chain Cationic Polysaccharide-Based Bile Salt Sequestrants Made from Euglenoid β-1,3-Glucan as Potential Antidiabetic Agents. Pharm Res 2018; 36:23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hasan MT, Sun A, Mirzaei M, Te'o J, Hobba G, Sunna A, Nevalainen H. A comprehensive assessment of the biosynthetic pathways of ascorbate, α-tocopherol and free amino acids in Euglena gracilis var. saccharophila. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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