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Mei Z, Kuzhir P, Godeau G. Update on Chitin and Chitosan from Insects: Sources, Production, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:297. [PMID: 38786507 PMCID: PMC11118814 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9050297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects, renowned for their abundant and renewable biomass, stand at the forefront of biomimicry-inspired research and offer promising alternatives for chitin and chitosan production considering mounting environmental concerns and the inherent limitations of conventional sources. This comprehensive review provides a meticulous exploration of the current state of insect-derived chitin and chitosan, focusing on their sources, production methods, characterization, physical and chemical properties, and emerging biomedical applications. Abundant insect sources of chitin and chitosan, from the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Dictyoptera, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera orders, were comprehensively summarized. A variety of characterization techniques, including spectroscopy, chromatography, and microscopy, were used to reveal their physical and chemical properties like molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, and crystallinity, laying a solid foundation for their wide application, especially for the biomimetic design process. The examination of insect-derived chitin and chitosan extends into a wide realm of biomedical applications, highlighting their unique advantages in wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and antimicrobial therapies. Their intrinsic biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties position them as promising candidates for innovative solutions in diverse medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Mei
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 Institut de Physique de Nice, 17 rue Julien Laupêtre, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Pavel Kuzhir
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 Institut de Physique de Nice, 17 rue Julien Laupêtre, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Guilhem Godeau
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 Institut de Physique de Nice, 17 rue Julien Laupêtre, 06200 Nice, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut Méditerranéen du Risque de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, 9 rue Julien Laupêtre, 06200 Nice, France
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Phytochemical Profiling, Isolation, and Pharmacological Applications of Bioactive Compounds from Insects of the Family Blattidae Together with Related Drug Development. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248882. [PMID: 36558015 PMCID: PMC9782659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), insects from the family Blattidae have a long history of application, and their related active compounds have excellent pharmacological properties, making them a prominent concern with significant potential for medicinal and healthcare purposes. However, the medicinal potential of the family Blattidae has not been fully exploited, and many problems must be resolved urgently. Therefore, a comprehensive review of its chemical composition, pharmacological activities, current research status, and existing problems is necessary. In order to make the review clearer and more systematic, all the contents were independently elaborated and summarized in a certain sequence. Each part started with introducing the current situation or a framework and then was illustrated with concrete examples. Several pertinent conclusions and outlooks were provided after discussing relevant key issues that emerged in each section. This review focuses on analyzing the current studies and utilization of medicinal insects in the family Blattidae, which is expected to provide meaningful and valuable relevant information for researchers, thereby promoting further exploration and development of lead compounds or bioactive fractions for new drugs from the insects.
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Nutritional Composition, Health Benefits, and Application Value of Edible Insects: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243961. [PMID: 36553703 PMCID: PMC9777846 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, edible insects have been used as food to alleviate hunger and improve malnutrition. Some insects have also been used as medicines because of their therapeutic properties. This is not only due to the high nutritional value of edible insects, but more importantly, the active substances from edible insects have a variety of biofunctional activities. In this paper, we described and summarized the nutritional composition of edible insects and discussed the biological functions of edible insects and their potential benefits for human health. A summary analysis of the findings for each active function confirms that edible insects have the potential to develop functional foods and medicines that are beneficial to humans. In addition, we analyzed the issues that need to be considered in the application of edible insects and the current status of edible insects in food and pharmaceutical applications. We concluded with a discussion of regulations related to edible insects and an outlook on future research and applications of edible insects. By analyzing the current state of research on edible insects, we aim to raise awareness of the use of edible insects to improve human health and thus promote their better use and development.
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Barbi S, Montorsi M, Maistrello L, Caldironi M, Barbieri L. Statistical optimization of a sustainable fertilizer composition based on black soldier fly larvae as source of nitrogen. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20505. [PMID: 36443376 PMCID: PMC9705433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a statistical optimization of a sustainable coating for core-shell NPK (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium) fertilizers was investigated. The environmental green coating was enriched in nitrogen using a biomass and renewable source, namely the nitrogen rich fraction of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia Illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) reared on vegetable waste. A rational approach was proposed with the aim of calculating the best formulation of the coating, considering both its manufacturing behavior, such as adhesion to the core, and its physical properties, such as homogeneity or plasticity. From a circular economy perspective, together with the nitrogen-rich fraction from BSFL (from 51 to 90 wt.%), water and glycerol were considered for the coating formulation in different proportion: from 10 to 32 wt.% and from 0 to 17 wt.% respectively. The Design of Experiments technique was implemented to limit the total number of tests for the coating formulation (18 tests). ANOVA was employed, with the aim of obtaining mathematical models to derive a better precise and objective formulation. The results show that the use of glycerol can be avoided, as well as only a limited amount of water (11 wt.%) is necessary to obtain an optimized coating formulation, thereafter, satisfying the more relevant technological and physical properties for the coating manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Barbi
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Monia Montorsi
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Interdepartmental Center for Applied Research and Services in Advanced Mechanics and Motoring, INTER-MECH-Mo.Re., University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10/1, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Lara Maistrello
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Interdepartmental Center for Agri-Food Biological Resources Improvement and Valorization, BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Matteo Caldironi
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Law, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via San Geminiano 3, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Luisa Barbieri
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Interdepartmental Center for Applied Research and Services in Advanced Mechanics and Motoring, INTER-MECH-Mo.Re., University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10/1, 41125 Modena, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10/1, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Crossing Phylums: Butterfly Wing as a Natural Perfusable Three-Dimensional (3D) Bioconstruct for Bone Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13020068. [PMID: 35735923 PMCID: PMC9225241 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of promising technologies in tissue engineering, finding a biomimetic 3D bio-construct capable of enhancing cell attachment, maintenance, and function is still a challenge in producing tailorable scaffolds for bone regeneration. Here, osteostimulatory effects of the butterfly wings as a naturally porous and non-toxic chitinous scaffold on mesenchymal stromal cells are assessed. The topographical characterization of the butterfly wings implied their ability to mimic bone tissue microenvironment, whereas their regenerative potential was validated after a 14-day cell culture. In vivo analysis showed that the scaffold induced no major inflammatory response in Wistar rats. Topographical features of the bioconstruct upregulated the osteogenic genes, including COL1A1, ALP, BGLAP, SPP1, SP7, and AML3 in differentiated cells compared to the cells cultured in the culture plate. However, butterfly wings were shown to provide a biomimetic microstructure and proper bone regenerative capacity through a unique combination of various structural and material properties. Therefore, this novel platform can be confidently recommended for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Park SJ, Kim KY, Baik MY, Koh YH. Sericulture and the edible-insect industry can help humanity survive: insects are more than just bugs, food, or feed. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:657-668. [PMID: 35646418 PMCID: PMC9133288 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most serious threat which humans face is rapid global climate change, as the Earth shifts rapidly into a regime less hospitable to humans. To address the crisis caused by severe global climate change, it will be necessary to modify humankind's way of life. Because livestock production accounts for more than 14.5% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is critical to reduce the dependence of humans on protein nutrients and calories obtained from livestock. One way to do so is to use insects as food. Compared with typical livestock, farming edible insects (or "mini-livestock") produce fewer GHG emissions, require less space and water, involve shorter life cycles, and have higher feed conversion rates. It has been recently reported that consumption of certain insects can prevent or treat human diseases. This review goes beyond entomophagy to entomotherapy and their application to the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kee-Young Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Baik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Innovation and Health, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Republic of Korea
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Cabrera-Barjas G, Radovanović N, Arrepol GB, de la Torre AF, Valdés O, Nešić A. Valorization of food waste to produce intelligent nanofibrous β-chitin films. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:92-99. [PMID: 34246675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficient use of waste from food processing industry is one of the innovative approaches within sustainable development, because it can be transferred into added value products, which could improve economic, energetic and environmental sectors. In this context, the squid pen waste from seafood industry was used as raw material to obtain nanofibrous β-chitin films. In order to extend functionality of obtained films, elderberry extract obtained from biomass was added at different concentrations. The tensile strength of chitin-elderberry extract films was improved by 52%, elongation at break by 153% and water vapor barrier by 65%. The obtained material showed distinct color change when subjected to acidic or basic solutions. It was proven by CIELab color analysis that all color changes could be easily perceived visually. In addition, the obtained nanofibrous film was successfully used to monitor the freshness of Hake fish. Namely, when the film was introduced in a package that contained fresh fish, its color was efficiently changed within the time during the storage at 4 °C. The obtained results demonstrated that food processing waste could be efficiently valorized, and could give sustainable food package design as a spoilage indicator of high protein food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neda Radovanović
- University of Belgrade, Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gaston Bravo Arrepol
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Coronel, Chile
| | - Alexander F de la Torre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oscar Valdés
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Aleksandra Nešić
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Coronel, Chile; University of Belgrade, Department of Chemical Dynamics and Permanent Education, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Chen YM, Pekdemir S, Bilican I, Koc-Bilican B, Cakmak B, Ali A, Zang LS, Onses MS, Kaya M. Production of natural chitin film from pupal shell of moth: Fabrication of plasmonic surfaces for SERS-based sensing applications. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117909. [PMID: 33838796 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available types of chitin or chitin isolate are usually in powder form and are nanofibrous in microstructure. However, the surface characteristics of natural chitin in the body of insects are currently understudied. Herein, natural chitin film was successfully produced from bio-waste of insect pupae of the Japanese giant silkworm. Two different surface morphologies of the chitin film were observed. We report for the first time a micropapillary surface structure of chitin which was observed on the dorsal side of the film. To further potential of the micropapillary structured natural chitin in sensing applications, we develop a protocol for generating a nanoscopic film of Ag using thermal evaporation. The Ag-deposited natural chitin films exhibited surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity to an extent depending on the structure of the film. In conclusion, materials science has been expanded by addition of a natural, three-dimensional chitin film with utilizable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Sami Pekdemir
- ERNAM - Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Ismail Bilican
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Technical Vocational School, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey; Science and Technology Application and Research Center, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Behlul Koc-Bilican
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Betul Cakmak
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, 550025, Guiyang, China.
| | - M Serdar Onses
- ERNAM - Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey.
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Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan from Two Commonly Reared Edible Cricket Species, and Its Application as a Hypolipidemic and Antimicrobial Agent. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-derived chitin and chitosan have gained interest as alternative sources to that derived from crustaceans; however, little information is available on chitin from the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and tropical banded cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus), two cricket species commonly reared in the United States for human consumption. In this study, chitin was successfully isolated and purified from these two cricket species; using FTIR, chitins were found to be in alpha-crystalline form. Cricket chitosan was produced from both species with varying degrees of deacetylation (DDA) by varying alkaline conversion duration. G. sigillatus chitosan was larger (524 kDa) than A. domesticus chitosan (344 kDa). Both cricket chitosans showed similar (p > 0.05) lipid-binding capacity to that of shrimp chitosan. Both chitosans were as effective at inhibiting microbial growth of surrogate foodborne pathogens as the commercial shrimp chitosan. At a concentration of 0.50 mg/mL cricket chitosan, approximately 100% of Listeria innocua growth was inhibited, due to a contribution of both chitosan and the solvent-acetic acid. At the same concentration, growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited 90% by both cricket chitosan samples with ~80% DDA, where a decrease in the DDA led to decreased antimicrobial activity. However, varying the DDA had no effect on chitosan’s lipid-binding capacity. As more edible insects become a normalized protein source in our diet, the use of by-products, such as chitin and chitosan, derived from insect protein processing, show promising applications for the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Cabrera-Barjas G, González C, Nesic A, Marrugo KP, Gómez O, Delattre C, Valdes O, Yin H, Bravo G, Cea J. Utilization of Marine Waste to Obtain β-Chitin Nanofibers and Films from Giant Humboldt Squid Dosidicus gigas. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:184. [PMID: 33810536 PMCID: PMC8065767 DOI: 10.3390/md19040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-chitin was isolated from marine waste, giant Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas, and further converted to nanofibers by use of a collider machine under acidic conditions (pH 3). The FTIR, TGA, and NMR analysis confirmed the efficient extraction of β-chitin. The SEM, TEM, and XRD characterization results verified that β-chitin crystalline structure were maintained after mechanical treatment. The mean particle size of β-chitin nanofibers was in the range between 10 and 15 nm, according to the TEM analysis. In addition, the β-chitin nanofibers were converted into films by the simple solvent-casting and drying process at 60 °C. The obtained films had high lightness, which was evidenced by the CIELAB color test. Moreover, the films showed the medium swelling degree (250-290%) in aqueous solutions of different pH and good mechanical resistance in the range between 4 and 17 MPa, depending on film thickness. The results obtained in this work show that marine waste can be efficiently converted to biomaterial by use of mild extractive conditions and simple mechanical treatment, offering great potential for the future development of sustainable multifunctional materials for various industrial applications such as food packaging, agriculture, and/or wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Parque Industrial Coronel, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 3349001, Chile; (G.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Cristian González
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4051381, Chile;
| | - Aleksandra Nesic
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Parque Industrial Coronel, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 3349001, Chile; (G.B.); (J.C.)
- Department of Chemical Dynamics and Permanent Education, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica-Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kelly P. Marrugo
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070371, Chile;
| | - Oscar Gómez
- Carbon and Catalysis Laboratory (CarboCat), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Clermont Auvergne INP, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Institute Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Oscar Valdes
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Gaston Bravo
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Parque Industrial Coronel, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 3349001, Chile; (G.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Juan Cea
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Parque Industrial Coronel, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 3349001, Chile; (G.B.); (J.C.)
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Mohan K, Ganesan AR, Muralisankar T, Jayakumar R, Sathishkumar P, Uthayakumar V, Chandirasekar R, Revathi N. Recent insights into the extraction, characterization, and bioactivities of chitin and chitosan from insects. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 105:17-42. [PMID: 32901176 PMCID: PMC7471941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Insects are a living resource used for human nutrition, medicine, and industry. Several potential sources of proteins, peptides, and biopolymers, such as silk, chitin, and chitosan are utilized in industry and for biotechnology applications. Chitosan is an amino-polysaccharide derivative of chitin that consists of linear amino polysaccharides with d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine units. Currently, the chief commercial sources of chitin and chitosan are crustacean shells that accumulate as a major waste product from the marine food industry. Existing chitin resources have some natural challenges, including insufficient supplies, seasonal availability, and environmental pollution. As an alternative, insects could be utilized as unconventional but feasible sources of chitin and chitosan. Scope and approach This review focuses on the recent sources of insect chitin and chitosan, particularly from the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Dictyoptera, and Odonata orders. In addition, the extraction methods and physicochemical characteristics are discussed. Insect chitin and chitosan have numerous biological activities and could be used for food, biomedical, and industrial applications. Key findings and conclusions Recently, the invasive and harmful effects of insect species causing severe damage in agricultural crops has led to great economic losses globally. These dangerous species serve as potential sources of chitin and are underutilized worldwide. The conclusion of the present study provides better insight into the conversion of insect waste-derived chitin into value-added products as an alternative chitin source to address food security related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 316, India
| | - Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Technology (CEST), Fiji National University, 5529, Fiji
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Muralisankar
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India
| | - Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | | | | | - Nagarajan Revathi
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 316, India
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Natural β-chitin-protein complex film obtained from waste razor shells for transdermal capsaicin carrier. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:508-515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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İlk S, Ramanauskaitė A, Koç Bilican B, Mulerčikas P, Çam D, Onses MS, Torun I, Kazlauskaitė S, Baublys V, Aydın Ö, Zang LS, Kaya M. Usage of natural chitosan membrane obtained from insect corneal lenses as a drug carrier and its potential for point of care tests. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110897. [PMID: 32409054 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is an indispensable biopolymer for use as a drug carrier thanks to its non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, antimicrobial, and anti-oxidative nature. In previous studies, chitosan was first dissolved into weak acids and formed into gel, then used for carrying pharmaceutically active compounds such as nanoparticles, capsules, composites, and films. Using the produced chitosan gel after dissolving it in weak acids has advantages, such as ease of processing for loading the required amount of active substance and making the desired shape and size. However, dissolved chitosan loses some of its natural properties such as fibrous structure, crystallinity, and thermal stability. In this study, for the first time, three-dimensional chitosan lenses obtained from an insect's (Tabanus bovinus) compound eyes, with the original shape intact, were tested as a drug carrier. A model drug, quercetin, was loaded into chitosan membrane, and its release profile was examined. Also, a point-of-care test was conducted for both chitin and chitosan membranes. Chitin and chitosan membranes obtained from insect corneal lenses were characterized by using FTIR, TGA, elemental analysis, and surface wettability analysis as well as stereo, binocular, and scanning electron microscopies. It was observed that chitosan membrane could be used as a drug carrier material. Both chitin and chitosan membranes will be improved for lateral flow assay, and these membranes can be tested for other bioengineering applications in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedef İlk
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240 Niğde, Turkey
| | - Aurelija Ramanauskaitė
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Behlül Koç Bilican
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Povilas Mulerčikas
- Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio str. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dilek Çam
- Department of Biology, Çankırı Karatekin University, 18100 Çankırı, Turkey
| | - M Serdar Onses
- ERNAM - Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ilker Torun
- ERNAM - Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Vykintas Baublys
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ömer Aydın
- ERNAM - Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- Jilin Engineering Research Center of Resource Insects Industrialization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey.
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Wang H, Rehman KU, Feng W, Yang D, Rehman RU, Cai M, Zhang J, Yu Z, Zheng L. Physicochemical structure of chitin in the developing stages of black soldier fly. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:901-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Kabalak M, Aracagök D, Torun M. Extraction, characterization and comparison of chitins from large bodied four Coleoptera and Orthoptera species. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:402-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Surface properties of chitin-glucan nanopapers from Agaricus bisporus. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:677-687. [PMID: 31954796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The structural component of fungal cell walls comprises of chitin covalently bonded to glucan; this constitutes a native composite material (chitin-glucan, CG) combining the strength of chitin and the toughness of glucan. It has a native nano-fibrous structure in contrast to nanocellulose, for which further nanofibrillation is required. Nanopapers can be manufactured from fungal chitin nanofibrils (FChNFs). FChNF nanopapers are potentially applicable in packaging films, composites, or membranes for water treatment due to their distinct surface properties inherited from the composition of chitin and glucan. Here, chitin-glucan nanofibrils were extracted from common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cell walls utilizing a mild isolation procedure to preserve the native quality of the chitin-glucan complex. These extracts were readily disintegrated into nanofibre dimensions by a low-energy mechanical blending, thus making the extract dispersion directly suitable for nanopaper preparation using a simple vacuum filtration process. Chitin-glucan nanopaper morphology, mechanical, chemical, and surface properties were studied and compared to chitin nanopapers of crustacean (Cancer pagurus) origin. It was found that fungal extract nanopapers had distinct physico-chemical surface properties, being more hydrophobic than crustacean chitin.
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17
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Huet G, Hadad C, Husson E, Laclef S, Lambertyn V, Araya Farias M, Jamali A, Courty M, Alayoubi R, Gosselin I, Sarazin C, Van Nhien AN. Straightforward extraction and selective bioconversion of high purity chitin from Bombyx eri larva: Toward an integrated insect biorefinery. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 228:115382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Physicochemical and in vitro cytotoxic properties of chitosan from mushroom species (Boletus bovinus and Laccaria laccata). Carbohydr Polym 2019; 221:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Kato Y, Tsutsumi S, Fujiwara N, Yamamoto H. Measurements of the Hansen solubility parameters of mites and cockroaches to improve pest control applications. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01853. [PMID: 31206091 PMCID: PMC6558302 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pests, such as cockroaches and mites, can negatively affect agriculture and human health. Many pesticides have been developed to control these pests. The surfaces of pests are hydrophobic, so an insecticide in an aqueous solution will be repelled by the surface of a pest and therefore will not be effective. Adding a spreading agent (e.g., a surfactant) will improve the ability of a pesticide solution to wet pest surfaces and therefore improve the ability of the active ingredient to permeate and kill pests. Efficiently killing insects requires the insecticidal component to have an affinity for the pest surface. This affinity was assessed here using the Hansen solubility parameter, which is a quantitative measure of the affinity between two substances. We determined HSPs of mites and cockroaches using Hansen solubility sphere method. The HSPs of mites were δd = 16.4 (MPa)1/2, δp = 2.6 (MPa)1/2, and δh = 4.7 (MPa)1/2. The one HSPs of cockroaches were δd = 15.5 (MPa)1/2, δp = 20.4 (MPa)1/2, δh = 20.2 (MPa)1/2, and others were δd = 17.6 (MPa)1/2, δp = 2.8 (MPa)1/2, and δh = 3.8 (MPa)1/2. The HSPs of cockroaches showed two values of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. Finally, we proposed new derived guidelines for using Hansen solubility parameters in research into pest control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kato
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Kansai University, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tsutsumi
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Kansai University, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Kansai University, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Kansai University, Japan
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Montroni D, Fermani S, Morellato K, Torri G, Naggi A, Cristofolini L, Falini G. β-Chitin samples with similar microfibril arrangement change mechanical properties varying the degree of acetylation. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 207:26-33. [PMID: 30600008 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is widespread in nature and is increasingly used in synthetic process for the production of new biomaterials. Chitin degree of acetylation, crystalline structure and microfibril arrangement differentiate chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Nevertheless, no information are available on the relationship between the mechanical properties and the degree of acetylation (DA) in chitin samples in which the microfibril arrangement does not change. Here, samples of β-chitin with decreasing DA, up to chitosan, were prepared using the squid pen of Loligo vulgaris. These samples were characterized by CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analyses, synchrotron X-ray fiber diffraction and tensile tests. The results showed a similar microfibril arrangement decreasing the DA, except for the chitosan sample. The mechanical properties showed an increase of the maximum strain and a reduction of the maximum stress and Young's modulus, decreasing the DA. These changes, not linear with the DA, were related to structural changes at molecular structure level. The knowledge deriving from this study is of interest both for the understanding of the mechanical properties of chitinous biological samples, but also for the design and synthesis of new biomacromolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devis Montroni
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kavin Morellato
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni" Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni" Milano, via Giuseppe Colombo 81, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIN), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy.
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