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Yoshiba K, Yasuda Y, Sato M, Matsuda Y. Solvent stabilizing effects on the order-disorder transition of schizophyllan in aqueous mixtures of carboxylic acids. Biopolymers 2024:e23604. [PMID: 38818788 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Schizophyllan is a triple helical β-1,3-D-glucan, and shows the cooperative order-disorder transition in the aqueous solution at the triple helix state. In this paper, the solvent stabilizing effects of two carboxylic acids, acetic acid and citric acid, on the cooperative order-disorder transition of aqueous schizophyllan solution were investigated from DSC and SEC-MALS measurements. The transition temperature (Tr) was shifted to higher temperature with increasing the molar fraction of carboxylic acid in the mixture (x). The transition enthalpy (ΔHr) was increased with increasing x. These solvent stabilizing effects indicate that these carboxylic acid molecules were selectively associated with the branched side chains of schizophyllan to stabilize the ordered state. The composition dependencies of Tr and ΔHr were analyzed by the linear cooperative transition theory to estimate the association parameters between the side chains and carboxylic acid. The theoretical parameters obtained were compared with those for the other active substances for the transition to discuss the molecular interactions between the triple helix and carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yoshiba
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yota Yasuda
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Mana Sato
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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2
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Wang P, Yang B, Perumal E, Wu Z. Mechanism and kinetics of 1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol cleavage catalyzed by Cu/Beta zeolite. INT J CHEM KINET 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng‐sen Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Bo‐lun Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Emayavaramban Perumal
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Zhi‐qiang Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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3
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Yoshiba K, Yasuda Y, Christensen BE, Kondo C, Miyazaki Y, Nakano M. Association with Imidazole in the Cooperative Order-Disorder Transition in Aqueous Solution of Schizophyllan. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1748-1756. [PMID: 35089712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Schizophyllan, a triple helical polysaccharide, exhibits cooperative order-disorder transition (CODT) in aqueous solutions. The transition transforms the ordered structure (triple helix I) formed between the branched side chains and solvent molecules into the disordered structure (triple helix II) without dissociation of the triple helix. The CODT behaviors in H2O-imidazole mixtures containing HCl with different molar ratios of imidazole/HCl were investigated by adiabatic calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry on two schizophyllan solutions with different molar masses. The transition temperature (Tr) and the transition enthalpy (ΔHr) significantly depended on both of the mole fractions of imidazole and imidazole/HCl. The composition dependences of Tr and ΔHr in H2O-imidazole mixtures were analyzed with linear cooperative transition theory for the solvent-stabilizing effect in the mixture with active compounds. Theoretical analyses confirmed that both imidazole and imidazolium ions in the solutions competitively interact with the side chain of the triple helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yoshiba
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho 1-5-1, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yota Yasuda
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho 1-5-1, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Bjørn E Christensen
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Chisaki Kondo
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyazaki
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nakano
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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4
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Zhong C, Tian W, Chen H, Yang Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Chen P, Zhu S, Li P, Du B. Structural characterization and immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale leaves. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14023. [PMID: 34873736 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two kinds of polysaccharides from leaves of Dendrobium officinale, namely DLP-1 and DLP-2, were obtained by hot water extraction, ethanol sedimentation, and chromatographic separation using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 columns. They were composed of different monosaccharides and the content of monosaccharides varied significantly while DLP-1 (Mw 1.38 × 106 Da) was mainly composed of mannose (71.69%) and glucose (22.89%), and DLP-2 (Mw 1.93 × 106 Da) was constituted by rhamnose (35.05%), arabinose (24.12%), and galactose (25.65%). A triple-helical conformation was exhibited by both of them. The scanning electron microscope image of DLP-1 showed an irregular and large lamellar shape, as well as a smooth surface and a porous interior, illustrating they had an amorphous structure. In contrast, DLP-2 revealed a rough, loose, and uneven surface consisting of large sponge-like particles. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that (1→4)-β-D-Manp, (1→4)-β-D-Glcp, and (1→4)-2-O-acetyl-β-D-Manp were the main linkage types of DLP-1, whereas DLP-2 was constituted by a large amount of (1→4)-β-D-Manp, (1→4)-β-D-Glcp, and other residues. Besides, DLP-1 and DLP-2 stimulated the proliferation and phagocytic capacities of RAW 264.7 cells and improved the production of nitric oxide, interleukin-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. These results proved that both DLP-1 and DLP-2 possessed excellent immunoregulatory bioactivities and could be functional food or adjuvant drug. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The leaf of Dendrobium officinale is a by-product with huge biomass. The lack of systematic research on its chemical composition and pharmacologic effect, leading to a great waste of resources. In order to maximize the value of D. officinale, this study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics and immunologic effects of two polysaccharide fractions (DLP-1 and DLP-2) from D. officinale leaves, showing that DLP-1 and DLP-2 in D. officinale leaves could be used as anti-inflammatory agents to avoid wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfei Zhong
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenni Tian
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhu Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlan Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyang Zhu
- Hua An Tang Biotech Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Du
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Triple-helix polysaccharides: Formation mechanisms and analytical methods. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117962. [PMID: 33838830 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triple helix conformation of polysaccharides is generally believed to be associated with their biological activities. However, the formation mechanisms and analytical methods for the triple helix polysaccharides, to our best knowledge, have not been systematically investigated. This article reviews specifically the literature on the formation and characterization of triple-helix polysaccharides. The formation mechanisms and related structural-conformation-bioactivity relationships are discussed; various analytical methods for characterizing triple-helix polysaccharides are summarized. This review devotes to a better understanding of the formation of polysaccharides based triple-helix structure and related analytical methods. These could provide some insights and inspirations for their applications in both food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Bettini S, Valli L, Giancane G. Applications of Photoinduced Phenomena in Supramolecularly Arranged Phthalocyanine Derivatives: A Perspective. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163742. [PMID: 32824375 PMCID: PMC7463501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the description of several examples of supramolecular assemblies of phthalocyanine derivatives differently functionalized and interfaced with diverse kinds of chemical species for photo-induced phenomena applications. In fact, the role of different substituents was investigated in order to tune peculiar aggregates formation as well as, with the same aim, the possibility to interface these derivatives with other molecular species, as electron donor and acceptor, carbon allotropes, cyclodextrins, protein cages, drugs. Phthalocyanine photo-physical features are indeed really interesting and appealing but need to be preserved and optimized. Here, we highlight that the supramolecular approach is a versatile method to build up very complex and functional architectures. Further, the possibility to minimize the organization energy and to facilitate the spontaneous assembly of the molecules, in numerous examples, has been demonstrated to be more useful and performing than the covalent approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bettini
- Department of Engineering of Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Via Giuseppe Giusti, 9, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Valli
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Via Giuseppe Giusti, 9, 50121 Florence, Italy;
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriele Giancane
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, INSTM, Via Giuseppe Giusti, 9, 50121 Florence, Italy;
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, Via D. Birago, 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Feng Y, Zhang J, Wen C, Sedem Dzah C, Chidimma Juliet I, Duan Y, Zhang H. Recent advances in Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, physicochemical characterization and bioactivities. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Preparation, deproteinization, characterization, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Medemia argun fruit. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:919-926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Aqueous/brine solutions viscosity and surface properties of hydrophobically modified scleroglucans: Role of grafted chain length. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Tang S, Wang T, Huang C, Lai C, Fan Y, Yong Q. Arabinogalactans from Larix principis-rupprechtii: An investigation into the structure-function contribution of side-chain structures. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Single-chain conformation of carboxylated schizophyllan, a triple helical polysaccharide, in dilute alkaline aqueous solution. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Yoshiba K, Saheki T, Christensen BE, Dobashi T. Conformation and cooperative order-disorder transition in aqueous solutions of β-1,3-d-glucan with different degree of branching varied by the Smith degradation. Biopolymers 2019; 110:e23315. [PMID: 31180595 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
β-1,3-d-glucan with different degrees of branching were obtained by selectively and gradually removing side chains from schizophyllan, a water-soluble triple helical polysaccharide, using the Smith degradation. Size exclusion chromatography combined with a multi-angle light scattering detection was performed in aqueous 0.1 M NaCl. The degree of branching decreased after the Smith degradation, while the molar mass distributions were almost unchanged. The molecular conformation of the Smith-degraded β-1,3-d-glucan was analyzed on the basis of the molar mass dependency of the radius gyration, and found to be comparable to the original triple helix of schizophyllan. Differential scanning calorimetry in deuterium oxide-hexadeuterodimethylsulfoxide mixtures was performed to investigate the effects of the degree of branching on the cooperative order-disorder transition. Removal of side chains affects both the transition temperature and transition enthalpy. The ordered structure is formed by the residual side chains in the triplex unit, so that the linear cooperative system of the triplex is maintained after the Smith degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yoshiba
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Saheki
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - Bjørn E Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Toshiaki Dobashi
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
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Guo MZ, Meng M, Duan SQ, Feng CC, Wang CL. Structure characterization, physicochemical property and immunomodulatory activity on RAW264.7 cells of a novel triple-helix polysaccharide from Craterellus cornucopioides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 126:796-804. [PMID: 30594621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the study, a new triple-helix polysaccharide with favorable stability was purified from C. cornucopioides. Its structural characterization, stability and solution behavior were investigated by the GC-MS, periodate oxidation-smith degradation, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, Scanning electron microscope, Congo-red, CD, TGA and DSC analysis. The results showed that Craterellus cornucopioide polysaccharide (CCP) possessed the molecular weight of 1.97 × 103 kDa, is mainly composed of mannose (48.73%), galactose (17.37%), glucose (15.97%) and xylose (17.93%), respectively. It was a heteroglycan with (1 → 3)‑linked‑β‑d‑Manp‑(1 → 6)‑linked α‑d‑Galp backbone distributed by (1 → 4)‑linked‑α‑d‑Xylp‑t‑α‑d‑Manp and t‑β‑d‑Glup units at O-6. The result of TGA and DSC assay indicated that CCP has a favorable thermal stability. MTT and Scanning electro microscopy (SEM) assay showed that CCP could significantly improve the proliferation activity and induce cells activation of RAW264.7 in a certain range of concentrations and period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Z Guo
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - M Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - S-Q Duan
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - C-C Feng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - C-L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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14
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Liu Z, Wang D, Sun X, Sun Q, Wu Y, Xu Y. Construction and Characterization of Phthalocyanine-Loaded Particles of Curdlan and Their Photosensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113323. [PMID: 30366405 PMCID: PMC6274969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimize the physicochemical properties of phthalocyanine (PC), we examined its behavior in particles of triple helix glucan curdlan (CUR). CUR was denatured and renatured in DMSO, in the presence of PC. Infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that PC and CUR formed an inclusion complex, in which PC was trapped inside CUR molecules. This redshifted the absorption peak of PC, which would improve its usefulness as a photosensitizer, because infrared light can penetrate more deeply into human tissues. The conductivity of the solution of CUR-PC was higher than the conductivities of either a CUR solution or a PC dispersion, indicating that CUR-PC is more water soluble than PC. In addition, CUR-PC was highly stable in water. Thus, the use of CUR as a carrier of PC improves several of its physical properties. PC is used as a photosensitizer for killing cancer cells, but its use is hampered by its low solubility. Further, its absorption range limits its use to a depth of 1–3 mm in tissues. CUR-PC, with its high solubility and infrared absorption peak, was highly effective as a photosensitizer. It killed 84% of HeLa cells under 15 min of long wavelength radiation and had little cytotoxicity in the absence of light. These results demonstrate that CUR-PC has promise as a photosensitizer, as well as provide theoretical support for a wide range of applications for PC and CUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xun Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Qingjie Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Yanjiang Wu
- Dalian Bangchuidao Marine Products Co., Ltd. Dalian 116000, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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15
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Synergistic effect of B-type oligomeric procyanidins from lotus seedpod in combination with water-soluble Poria cocos polysaccharides against E. coli and mechanism. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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16
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Yoshiba K, Dobashi T, Ulset AST, Christensen BE. Cooperative Order–Disorder Transition of Carboxylated Schizophyllan in Water–Dimethylsulfoxide Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:6551-6558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Yoshiba
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Dobashi
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ann-Sissel T. Ulset
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
| | - Bjørn E. Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway
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