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Belardi I, Marrocchi A, Alfeo V, Sileoni V, De Francesco G, Paolantoni M, Marconi O. Sequential Extraction and Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Monitoring in the Biorefining of Brewer's Spent Grain. Molecules 2023; 28:7992. [PMID: 38138483 PMCID: PMC10745478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The brewing industry plays a significant role in producing a substantial annual volume of by-products, which contributes to the global accumulation of food waste. The primary by-product generated is brewer's spent grain (BSG), a lignocellulosic biomass rich in proteins, fiber, and moisture content. Leveraging biorefining and valorization techniques for BSG represents a promising strategy to enhance sustainability, resilience, and circularity within the brewing chain. To date, most studies have focused on extracting proteins from BSG. Yet, it is crucial to note that the fiber part of BSG also holds considerable potential for biorefining processes. This study introduces a novel sequential extraction method designed to integrally recover the major components of BSG. Notably, it introduces a reactive extraction approach that enables the simultaneous extraction and tuneable functionalization of the hemicellulose component. Additionally, the study assesses the utility of the attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy as a user-friendly tool to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the fractionation process. This spectroscopic technique can provide valuable insights into the changes and composition of BSG throughout the extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilary Belardi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Assunta Marrocchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Alfeo
- Italian Brewing Research Centre (CERB), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Valeria Sileoni
- Department of Economic and Legal Sciences, Universitas Mercatorum, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni De Francesco
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Italian Brewing Research Centre (CERB), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Marco Paolantoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Ombretta Marconi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Italian Brewing Research Centre (CERB), University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
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Cailotto S, Massari D, Gigli M, Campalani C, Bonini M, You S, Vomiero A, Selva M, Perosa A, Crestini C. N-Doped Carbon Dot Hydrogels from Brewing Waste for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4052-4061. [PMID: 35155899 PMCID: PMC8829871 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The brewery industry annually produces huge amounts of byproducts that represent an underutilized, yet valuable, source of biobased compounds. In this contribution, the two major beer wastes, that is, spent grains and spent yeasts, have been transformed into carbon dots (CDs) by a simple, scalable, and ecofriendly hydrothermal approach. The prepared CDs have been characterized from the chemical, morphological, and optical points of view, highlighting a high level of N-doping, because of the chemical composition of the starting material rich in proteins, photoluminescence emission centered at 420 nm, and lifetime in the range of 5.5-7.5 ns. With the aim of producing a reusable catalytic system for wastewater treatment, CDs have been entrapped into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix and tested for their dye removal ability. The results demonstrate that methylene blue can be efficiently adsorbed from water solutions into the composite hydrogel and subsequently fully degraded by UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cailotto
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Daniele Massari
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Gigli
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Carlotta Campalani
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonini
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Shujie You
- Division
of Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Alberto Vomiero
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- Division
of Material Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Selva
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Alvise Perosa
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI
− Italian Research Center for Colloids and Surface Science, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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Castillo-Cervantes JN, Gómora-Herrera DR, Navarrete-Bolaños J, Likhanova NV, Olivares-Xometl O, Lijanova IV. A complete in-situ analysis of UV–vis and 2D-FTIR spectra of the molecular interaction between RO16 (azo dye) and synthesized ammonium-based ionic liquids. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
This review was based on updated research on how to use brewer’s spent grains (BSG). The use of BSG was considered both in food, as an ingredient or using value-added components derived from brewer’s spent grain, or in non-food products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, construction, or food packaging. BSG is a valuable source of individual components due to its high nutritional value and low cost that is worth exploiting more to reduce food waste but also to improve human health and the environment. From the bioeconomy point of view, biological resources are transformed into bioenergetically viable and economically valuable products. The pretreatment stage of BSG biomass plays an important role in the efficiency of the extraction process and the yield obtained. The pretreatments presented in this review are both conventional and modern extraction methods, such as solvent extractions or microwave-assisted extractions, ultrasonic-assisted extractions, etc.
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Paz A, Outeiriño D, Pérez Guerra N, Domínguez JM. Enzymatic hydrolysis of brewer's spent grain to obtain fermentable sugars. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 275:402-409. [PMID: 30605827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a feedstock with the potential to be converted into value-added bioproducts. The use of enzymatic hydrolysis allows the cleavage of lignocellulose into their monomeric units, but there are some drawbacks that make its use in industrial biocatalysis unfeasible. In the present study, we describe the hydrolysis of brewer's spent grain (BSG) with an enzymatic cocktail produced by Aspergillus niger CECT 2700 and its comparison with commercial enzymes. In addition, it was determined whether pretreating the BSG (non-pressurized alkaline hydrolysis or treatment with cholinium glycinate ionic liquid) is necessary. Results show that both pretreatments enhanced xylose release (10.55 ± 0.07 g/L and 8.14 ± 0.13 g/L respectively), meanwhile the hydrolysis of raw BSG with the enzymatic cocktail produced solutions containing high levels of glucose (18.45 ± 1.66 g/L) and xylose (6.38 ± 0.26 g/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Paz
- Industrial Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering Group "BiotecnIA", Chemical Engineering Department, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - David Outeiriño
- Industrial Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering Group "BiotecnIA", Chemical Engineering Department, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Nelson Pérez Guerra
- Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - José Manuel Domínguez
- Industrial Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering Group "BiotecnIA", Chemical Engineering Department, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Gomes JM, Silva SS, Reis RL. Biocompatible ionic liquids: fundamental behaviours and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4317-4335. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00016j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bio- and eco-friendly nature of biocompatible ionic liquids contributes to their widespread use in a wide range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- 4806-909 Guimarães
- Portugal
| | - Simone S. Silva
- 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- 4806-909 Guimarães
- Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics
- University of Minho
- Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- 4806-909 Guimarães
- Portugal
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