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Janković B, Kojić M, Milošević M, Rosić M, Waisi H, Božilović B, Manić N, Dodevski V. Upcycling of the Used Cigarette Butt Filters through Pyrolysis Process: Detailed Kinetic Mechanism with Bio-Char Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3054. [PMID: 37514442 PMCID: PMC10383087 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermo-chemical conversion via the pyrolysis of cigarette butt (CB) filters was successfully valorized and upcycled in the pre-carbonization and carbonization stages. The pre-carbonization stage (devolatilization) of the precursor material (cellulose acetate filter, r-CAcF) was analyzed by micro-scale experiments under non-isothermal conditions using TG-DTG-DTA and DSC techniques. The results of a detailed kinetic study showed that the decomposition of r-CAcF takes place via complex mechanisms, including consecutive reaction steps and two single-step reactions. Consecutive stages include the α-transition referred to as a cellulose polymorphic transformation (cellulose I → II) through crystallization mechanism changes, where a more thermodynamically ordered system was obtained. It was found that the transformation rate of cellulose I → II ('cellulose regeneration') is strongly affected by the presence of alkali metals and the deacetylation process. Two single-step reactions showed significant overlapping behavior, which involves a nucleation-controlled scission mechanism (producing levoglucosan, gaseous products, and abundant radicals) and hydrolytic decomposition of cellulose by catalytic cleavage of glycosidic bonds with the presence of an acidic catalyst. A macro-scale experiment showed that the operating temperature and heating rate had the most notable effects on the total surface area of the manufactured carbon. A substantial degree of mesoporosity with a median pore radius of 3.1695 nm was identified. The presence of macroporosity on the carbon surface and acidic surface functional groups was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Janković
- Department of Physical Chemistry, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Kojić
- Department of Radiation Chemistry and Physics, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Milošević
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Rosić
- Department of Material Science, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hadi Waisi
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University UNION-Nikola Tesla, Cara Dušana 62-64, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana Božilović
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University UNION-Nikola Tesla, Cara Dušana 62-64, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Manić
- Fuel and Combustion Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dodevski
- Department of Material Science, "Vinča" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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Gadaleta G, De Gisi S, Sorrentino A, Sorrentino L, Notarnicola M, Kuchta K, Picuno C, Oliviero M. Effect of Cellulose-Based Bioplastics on Current LDPE Recycling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4869. [PMID: 37445182 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of bioplastics in the market has led to their presence in municipal solid waste streams alongside traditional fossil-based polymers, particularly low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which bioplastics often end up mixed with. This study aimed to assess the impact of cellulose acetate plasticized with triacetin (CAT) on the mechanical recycling of LDPE. LDPE-CAT blends with varying CAT content (0%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by weight) were prepared by melt extrusion and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis (thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry), dynamic rheological measurements, and tensile tests. The results indicate that the presence of CAT does not significantly affect the chemical, thermal, and rheological properties of LDPE, and the addition of CAT at different levels does not promote LDPE degradation under typical processing conditions. However, the addition of CAT negatively impacts the processability and mechanical behavior of LDPE, resulting in the reduced quality of the recycled material. Thus, the presence of cellulose-based bioplastics in LDPE recycling streams should be avoided, and a specific sorting stream for bioplastics should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gadaleta
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona n. 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabino De Gisi
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona n. 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), P.le E. Fermi n. 1, I-80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Sorrentino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), P.le E. Fermi n. 1, I-80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona n. 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Kerstin Kuchta
- Circular Resource Engineering and Management, Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstraße n. 15, D-21079 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Oliviero
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), P.le E. Fermi n. 1, I-80055 Portici, Italy
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Effects of plasticizers on the properties of breathable cellulose diacetate films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Viscoelastic Properties of Fully Biomass-Based Transparent Plastic Comprising Cellulose Acetate and Citrate Ester. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093038. [PMID: 35591372 PMCID: PMC9103588 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Viscoelastic properties including melt processability were evaluated for a fully biomass-based glassy plastic comprising cellulose acetate (CA) and triethyl citrate (TEC). The TEC exerted an excellent plasticizing effect without dissolving the CA crystals. Pure CA has poor melt processability. In contrast, the TEC-plasticized CA had good melt-processability at 205 °C, which is lower than the degradation temperature of CA. Extrusion was possible even at 1000 s−1 without any flow instabilities, similar to conventional plastics showing good processability at extrusion. Furthermore, there was marked strain-hardening behavior in the transient elongational viscosity, suggesting that various processing operations are possible, such as a long-chain branched polymer. This biomass-based plastic can be used as a substitute for conventional glassy plastics because it is highly transparent and its softening temperature is above 100 °C.
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Liu X, Xiao Y, Zhang Z, You Z, Li J, Ma D, Li B. Recent Progress in
Metal‐Organic
Frameworks@Cellulose Hybrids and Their Applications. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongli Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule‐Based Material Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Yun Xiao
- General English Department, College of Foreign Languages Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule‐Based Material Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Zifeng You
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule‐Based Material Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Jinli Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule‐Based Material Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Dingxuan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Laboratory of Eco‐chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Baiyan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, TKL of Metal and Molecule‐Based Material Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
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Cindradewi AW, Bandi R, Park CW, Park JS, Lee EA, Kim JK, Kwon GJ, Han SY, Lee SH. Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Film Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibril. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172990. [PMID: 34503030 PMCID: PMC8434040 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, cellulose acetate (CA)/cellulose nanofibril (CNF) film was prepared via solvent casting. CNF was used as reinforcement to increase tensile properties of CA film. CNF ratio was varied into 3, 5, and 10 phr (parts per hundred rubbers). Triacetin (TA) and triethyl citrate (TC) were used as two different eco-friendly plasticizers. Two different types of solvent, which are acetone and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), were also used. CA/CNF film was prepared by mixing CA and CNF in acetone or NMP with 10% concentration and stirred for 24 h. Then, the solution was cast in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dish followed by solvent evaporation for 12 h at room temperature for acetone and 24 h at 80 °C in an oven dryer for NMP. The effect of solvent type, plasticizers type, and CNF amount on film properties was studied. Good dispersion in NMP was evident from the morphological study of fractured surface and visible light transmittance. The results showed that CNF has a better dispersion in NMP which leads to a significant increase in tensile strength and elastic modulus up to 38% and 65%, respectively, compared with those of neat CA. CNF addition up to 5 phr loading increased the mechanical properties of the film composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azelia Wulan Cindradewi
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Rajkumar Bandi
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Chan-Woo Park
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Ji-Soo Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
- National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Lee
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Gu-Joong Kwon
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Song-Yi Han
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8323
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