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Castro C, Niknafs S, Gonzalez-Ortiz G, Tan X, Bedford MR, Roura E. Dietary xylo-oligosaccharides and arabinoxylans improved growth efficiency by reducing gut epithelial cell turnover in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:35. [PMID: 38433214 PMCID: PMC10910751 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-00991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main roles of the intestinal mucosa is to protect against environmental hazards. Supplementation of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) is known to selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria and improve gut health and function in chickens. XOS may have an impact on the integrity of the intestinal epithelia where cell turnover is critical to maintain the compatibility between the digestive and barrier functions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of XOS and an arabinoxylan-rich fraction (AXRF) supplementation on gut function and epithelial integrity in broiler chickens. METHODS A total of 128 broiler chickens (Ross 308) were assigned into one of two different dietary treatments for a period of 42 d: 1) control diet consisting of a corn/soybean meal-based diet; or 2) a control diet supplemented with 0.5% XOS and 1% AXRF. Each treatment was randomly distributed across 8 pens (n = 8) with 8 chickens each. Feed intake and body weight were recorded weekly. On d 42, one male chicken per pen was selected based on average weight and euthanized, jejunum samples were collected for proteomics analysis. RESULTS Dietary XOS/AXRF supplementation improved feed efficiency (P < 0.05) from d 1 to 42 compared to the control group. Proteomic analysis was used to understand the mechanism of improved efficiency uncovering 346 differentially abundant proteins (DAP) (Padj < 0.00001) in supplemented chickens compared to the non-supplemented group. In the jejunum, the DAP translated into decreased ATP production indicating lower energy expenditure by the tissue (e.g., inhibition of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways). In addition, DAP were associated with decreased epithelial cell differentiation, and migration by reducing the actin polymerization pathway. Putting the two main pathways together, XOS/AXRF supplementation may decrease around 19% the energy required for the maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSIONS Dietary XOS/AXRF supplementation improved growth efficiency by reducing epithelial cell migration and differentiation (hence, turnover), actin polymerization, and consequently energy requirement for maintenance of the jejunum of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Castro
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Shahram Niknafs
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Xinle Tan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Pesti GM, Choct M. The future of feed formulation for poultry: Toward more sustainable production of meat and eggs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:71-87. [PMID: 37799133 PMCID: PMC10550521 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for feed formulation are based on minimizing costs, not maximizing profits. Complex models of bird growth and reproduction as functions of genetic, feed and other environmental variables are being developed, but their adaptation has been slow. The development of profit maximizing models will evolve to center on the production functions of broilers and layers. The production functions are the relationship between the value of products (mainly meat and eggs) and the cost of feed. The production function is the tool used to maximize profits subject to all the various inputs, not just feed or nutrition. The production function is subject to the law of diminishing returns. The most profitable output levels are those where the marginal value (price) of the meat or eggs is just equal to the marginal cost of the inputs including feed, housing, processing and all other costs. Anything that affects the production function, bird genetics, feed quality, housing and environment, will be considered to maximize profits for the poultry firm. The profit maximizing models of poultry firms will improve as various technical improvements are made: metabolizable energy to describe ingredients will evolve to net energy systems that consider that the heat production (and therefore energetic efficiency) of broilers is different depending on the ingredients used to formulate the feed and the environmental temperatures under which they are reared. Amino acid needs will include a method to find the birds' needs for the non-essential amino acids. "Digestible" amino acid assays will differentiate between digestion and absorption to best balance various sources. The carbohydrate fractions of feed ingredients will be determined to optimize the use of exogenous enzymes. The value of meat and egg co-products will reduce overall costs (e.g., organic fertilizer for crop enhancement). Future profit maximizing production models will be ever evolving processes where field conditions and results are continually being utilized to re-calibrate the technical models so that the management team can use them with cost and return projections to decide on the best choices of inputs and outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene M. Pesti
- Poultry Hub Australia, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mingan Choct
- The University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Lin Y, Lourenco JM, Olukosi OA. Effects of xylanase, protease, and xylo-oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilization, short chain fatty acids, and microbiota in Eimeria-challenged broiler chickens fed high fiber diet. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:430-442. [PMID: 38033611 PMCID: PMC10686808 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A 21-d experiment was conducted to study the effect of xylanase, protease, and xylo-oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilization, gene expression of nutrient transporters, cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and cecal microbiota profile of broilers challenged with mixed Eimeria spp. The study utilized 392 zero-d-old male broiler chicks allocated to 8 treatments in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, as follows: corn-soybean meal diet with no enzyme (Con); Con plus xylanase alone (XYL); Con plus xylanase combined with protease (XYL + PRO); or Con plus xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS); with or without Eimeria challenge. Diets were based on a high-fiber (100 g/kg soluble fibers and 14 g/kg insoluble fibers) basal diet. At d 15, birds in challenged treatment were gavaged with a solution containing Eimeria maxima, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria tenella oocysts. At d 21, birds were sampled. Eimeria depressed (P < 0.01) growth performance and nutrient utilization, whereas supplementation had no effect. There were significant Eimeria × supplementation interactions for the sugar transporters GLUT5 (P = 0.02), SGLT1 (P = 0.01), SGLT4 (P < 0.01), and peptide transporter PepT1 (P < 0.01) in jejunal mucosa. Eimeria challenge increased the expression of GM-CSF2 (P < 0.01) and IL-17 (P = 0.04) but decreased (P = 0.03) IL-1β expression in the cecal tonsil. Eimeria × supplementation interactions for cecal acetate, butyrate, and total SCFA showed that concentrations increased or tended to be greater in the supplemented treatments, but only in non-challenged birds. Birds challenged with Eimeria spp. had higher concentrations of isobutyrate (P < 0.01), isovalerate (P < 0.01), and valerate (P = 0.02) in cecal content. Eimeria challenge significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the microbial richness and diversity, and increased (P < 0.01) the proportion of Anaerostipes butyraticus, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, and Lactobacillus pontis. In conclusion, Eimeria infection depressed growth performance, nutrient utilization with regulating nutrient transporters. Furthermore, Eimeria challenge shifted the microbial profile and reduced microbial richness and diversity. On the other hand, enzyme supplementation showed limited benefits, which included increased concentrations of SCFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jeferson M. Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Wu W, Zhou H, Chen Y, Guo Y, Yuan J. Debranching enzymes decomposed corn arabinoxylan into xylooligosaccharides and achieved prebiotic regulation of gut microbiota in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:34. [PMID: 36890602 PMCID: PMC9996988 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn arabinoxylan (AX) is a complicated and multibranched antinutritional factor, thereby proving the use of endo-xylanase (EX) to be marginally valid. This study focused on specific types of AX-degrading enzymes (ADEs) to exert the synergy of debranching enzymes and track the prebiotic potential of enzymatic hydrolysates. This study investigated the effects of ADEs on the growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, absorption functions, changes in polysaccharide components, fermentation, and gut microbiota of broiler chickens. Five hundred seventy-six five-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chickens were randomly allocated into eight treatments with six replicates each. Corn basal diets supplemented with or without enzymes were fed for a 21-day period, specifically including EX, its compatible use with arabinofuranosidase (EXA) or ferulic acid esterase (EXF), and compound groups with the above three enzymes (XAF). RESULTS Specific ADEs stimulated the jejunal villus height and goblet cell number and evidently decreased the crypt depth (P < 0.05), while the ratio of ileal villus height to crypt depth was significantly increased in EXF (P < 0.05). Maltase activities of ileal mucosa in XAF groups were extremely enhanced (P < 0.01), and EX boosted the activity of Na+-K+ ATPase in the small intestine (P < 0.01). The insoluble AX concentrations comparatively lessened, thereby notably raising the sundry xylooligosaccharide (XOS) yield in the ileal chyme (P < 0.05), which was dominant in xylobiose and xylotriose. Improvements in the abundance and diversity of ileal microbial communities within the EXA, EXF, and XAF treatments were observed (P < 0.05). Positive correlations between microbiota and XOS were revealed, with xylobiose and xylotriose being critical for ten beneficial bacteria (P < 0.05). EXF increased the BWG and FCR of broiler chickens in this phase (P < 0.05), which was attributed to the thriving networks modified by Lactobacillus. The intracecal contents of acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid were greatly enhanced in most ADE groups, such as EXF (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Debranching enzymes appreciably targeted corn AX to release prebiotic XOS in the posterior ileum and facilitated intracaecal fermentation. It was beneficial for improving gut development, digestion and absorption and modulating the microflora to promote the early performance of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Huajin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Recent advances in oral delivery of bioactive molecules: Focus on prebiotic carbohydrates as vehicle matrices. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Optimization of Compound Ratio of Exogenous Xylanase and Debranching Enzymes Supplemented in Corn-Based Broiler Diets Using In Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion and Response Surface Methodology. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192641. [PMID: 36230382 PMCID: PMC9558992 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to explore the zymogram of endo-xylanase (EX) and debranching enzymes (arabinofuranosidase [EA] and ferulic acid esterase [EF]) supplemented in the corn−soybean meal-based diet of broilers. An in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion model was adopted. According to single-factor, completely random design, the optimal supplemental levels of individual carbohydrase were determined by reducing sugars (RS) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Response surface method (RSM) was used to predict the proper compound ratio of three carbohydrases. Results showed that shifts were different for feedstuffs such as corn−soybean meal−distillers dried grains with solubles, corn hull, and wheat bran, revealing that the net increase of RS or IVDMD distinctly dropped when degrading corn and related by-products by EX (p < 0.05). There was a significant quadratic relationship between the above response metrics and addition levels of each enzyme (p < 0.05). The determined dosage was 54 U/g EX, 5.0 U/g EA, and 0.4 U/g of EF, respectively. The optimistic zymogram of carbohydrases in corn basal substrates was judged by the IVDMD screening (R2 = 0.9089, p < 0.001). Conclusively, the in vitro assay and RSM were convenient and rapid methods for the optimization of xylan-degrading zymogram, and also testified asthenic hydrolysis of corn arabinoxylan by EX, thus highlighting the synergistic combinations with debranching enzymes.
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Impact of fermentable fiber, xylo-oligosaccharides and xylanase on laying hen productive performance and nutrient utilization. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102210. [PMID: 36334432 PMCID: PMC9627098 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of feeding xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), fermentable fiber in the form of wheat bran (WB), and xylanase (XYL) on laying hen productive performance and nutrient digestibility. The hypothesis was that the WB would provide the microbiota in the hindgut with fermentable dietary xylan, and the XOS and XYL would further upregulate xylan fermentation pathways, resulting in improved nutrient utilization. Isa Brown hens (n = 96) were obtained at 39 wk of age. They were fed 12 dietary treatments, 8 hens per treatment, for 56 d. A commercial laying hen ration was fed, and for half of the treatments 10% of this ration was directly replaced with WB. The diets were then supplemented with either 1) no supplements; 2) XOS 50 g/t; 3) XOS 2000 g/t; 4) XYL (16,000 BXU/kg); 5) XYL + XOS 50 g/t, or 6) XYL + XOS 2,000 g/t. Hen performance and egg quality were measured every 14 d. On d56, ileum digesta samples were collected for determination of starch, nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP), XOS, protein, energy, and starch digestibility. Ceca digesta samples were also collected for analysis of XOS, short chain fatty acid (SCFA), xylanase and cellulase activity and microbial counts. Feeding 2,000 g/t XOS increased ileal protein digestibility. Combined 2,000 g/t XOS and XYL increased cecal Bifidobacteria concentration. This combination also increased cecal xylanase activity in birds fed the control diet. Cecal cellulase activity was improved by feeding WB, XYL, and 2,000 g/t XOS. XYL increased cecal lactate production. Feeding 2,000 g/t XOS with WB increased insoluble NSP degradability and shell breaking strength at d56. In summary, supplementing laying hen diets with fermentable fiber, XYL and XOS increases utilization of dietary xylan, improving nutrient utilization, performance, and gastrointestinal health.
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Morgan NK, Wallace A, Bedford MR. Improving sorghum digestion in broilers by targeting fermentation of xylan. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 10:198-206. [PMID: 35785249 PMCID: PMC9207292 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was to examine if it is possible to accelerate sorghum digestion in broiler chickens by targeting fermentation of the xylan. Cobb 500 broilers (n = 960, 80 birds per treatment) were fed 12 sorghum-soybean meal-based dietary treatments fed as 3 phases (starter d 0 to 12, grower d 13 to 23, finisher d 24 to 35), with 8 replicate pens of 10 birds per treatment. For half of the treatments (n = 6), 10% of the sorghum in the diet was directly replaced with 10% wheat bran, as a source of fermentable fibre. The diets were supplemented with either 0, 50 or 2,000 mg/kg xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), with or without xylanase application. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion corrected for mortality (cFCR) was determined at d 0 to 35, and male and female body weight were measured on d 35. On d 35, ileum and caeca samples were collected from 2 birds per pen, for determination of caecal cellulase and xylanase activity, microbiota composition and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration, and ileal XOS concentration. Supplementation with 2,000 mg/kg XOS caused increased BWG at d 0 to 35 (P = 0.007) and enhanced caecal propionic, valeric and succinic acid concentration (P < 0.05). Wheat bran increased FI (P = 0.018) and BWG (P = 0.016), as well as caecal Bifidobacteria concentration (P < 0.001). Ileal XOS concentration was greatest when feeding combined wheat bran, 2,000 mg/kg XOS, and xylanase, resulting in increased caecal total SCFA, acetic acid and butyric acid concentration, and xylanase and cellulase activity (P < 0.05). Results from this study present that feed efficiency in birds fed sorghum-based diets is improved as a consequence of supplementing with fermentable fibre, xylanase and XOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K. Morgan
- University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author. University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia.
| | - Andrew Wallace
- University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael R. Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Business Park, Marlborough, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom
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Mehta D, Purohit A, Bajarh P, Yadav K, Shivhare U, Yadav SK. Cold plasma processing improved the extraction of xylooligosaccharides from dietary fibers of rice and corn bran with enhanced in-vitro digestibility and anti-inflammatory responses. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jahan AA, González Ortiz G, Moss AF, Bhuiyan MM, Morgan NK. Role of supplemental oligosaccharides in poultry diets. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2067805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Jahan
- Department of Animal Science, University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | | | - A. F. Moss
- Department of Animal Science, University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - M. M. Bhuiyan
- Department of Animal Science, University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - N. K. Morgan
- Department of Animal Science, University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Department of Food Science and Agriculture, Curtin University, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Roque-Borda CA, Souza Saraiva MDM, Monte DFM, Rodrigues Alves LB, de Almeida AM, Ferreira TS, de Lima TS, Benevides VP, Cabrera JM, Claire S, Meneguin AB, Chorilli M, Pavan FR, Junior AB, Vicente EF. HPMCAS-Coated Alginate Microparticles Loaded with Ctx(Ile 21)-Ha as a Promising Antimicrobial Agent against Salmonella Enteritidis in a Chicken Infection Model. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:472-481. [PMID: 35230825 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) in poultry is most often transmitted by the fecal-oral route, which can be attributed to high population density. Upon encountering the innate immune response in a host, the pathogen triggers a stress response and virulence factors to help it survive in the host. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hypromellose acetate/succinate (HPMCAS)-coated alginate microparticles containing the Ctx(Ile21)-Ha antimicrobial peptide (AMP) on both intestinal colonization and systemic infection of laying hens challenged with S. Enteritidis. The applied AMP microsystem reduced the bacterial load of S. Enteritidis in the liver, with a statistical significance between groups A (control, no Ctx(Ile21)-Ha peptide) and B (2.5 mg of Ctx(Ile21)-Ha/kg) at 2 days postinfection (dpi), potentially indicating the effectiveness of Ctx(Ile21)-Ha in the first stage of infection by S. Enteritidis. In addition, the results showed a significant decrease in the S. Enteritidis counts in the spleen and cecal content at 5 dpi; remarkably, no S. Enteritidis counts were observed in livers at 5, 7, and 14 dpi, regardless of the Ctx(Ile21)-Ha dosage (p-value <0.0001). Using the Chi-square test, the effect of AMP microparticles on S. Enteritidis fecal excretion was also evaluated, and a significantly lower bacterial excretion was observed over 21 days in groups B and C, in comparison with the untreated control (p-value <0.05). In summary, the use of HPMCAS-Ctx(Ile21)-Ha peptide microcapsules in laying hens drastically reduced the systemic infection of S. Enteritidis, mainly in the liver, indicating a potential for application as a feed additive against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
- Universidad Católica de Santa María, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Arequipa, Peru 04013
| | - Mauro de Mesquita Souza Saraiva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Daniel F. M. Monte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Lucas Bocchini Rodrigues Alves
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Taísa Santiago Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Túlio Spina de Lima
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Valdinete Pereira Benevides
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Julia Memrava Cabrera
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Sunil Claire
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom B15 2TT
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil 14801-902
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil 14801-902
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil 14801-902
| | - Angelo Berchieri Junior
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo, Brazil 17602-496
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Exogenous Enzymes Influenced Eimeria-Induced Changes in Cecal Fermentation Profile and Gene Expression of Nutrient Transporters in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092698. [PMID: 34573663 PMCID: PMC8470256 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two 21-day experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous enzymes on growth performance, tight junctions, and nutrient transporters, jejunal oligosaccharides and cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) of broiler chickens challenged with mixed Eimeria. Two different basal diets: high fiber-adequate protein (HFAP; Expt. 1) or low fiber-low protein (LFLP; Expt. 2) were used in the two experiments. In each experiment, birds were allocated to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (with or without protease and xylanase combination; with or without Eimeria challenge). In Expt. 1, with HFAP diets, Eimeria upregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of claudin-1, but downregulated (p < 0.05) glucose transporters GLUT2/GLUT5. On the contrary, enzymes downregulated (p < 0.05) claudin-1 and alleviated the Eimeria-depressed GLUT2/GLUT5 expression. In both experiments, Eimeria decreased (p < 0.05) cecal saccharolytic SCFA and increased (p < 0.05) cecal branched-chain fatty acids. The challenge × enzyme interaction (p < 0.05) showed that enzymes reversed the Eimeria effects on fermentation pattern shift. In conclusion, Eimeria altered tight junctions and nutrient transporters expression promoted cecal proteolytic fermentation and inhibited saccharolytic fermentation. Exogenous enzymes showed the potential of alleviating the Eimeria-induced intestinal gene expression changes and reversing the unfavorable cecal fermentation pattern.
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Jimenez-Moya B, Martin D, Soler-Rivas C, Barroeta AC, Tres A, Sala R. Acid versus crude oils for broiler chicken diets: In vitro lipid digestion and bioaccessibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Roque-Borda CA, Silva HRL, Crusca Junior E, Serafim JA, Meneguin AB, Chorilli M, Macedo WC, Teixeira SR, Guastalli EAL, Soares NM, Blair JMA, Pikramenou Z, Vicente EF. Alginate-based microparticles coated with HPMCP/AS cellulose-derivatives enable the Ctx(Ile 21)-Ha antimicrobial peptide application as a feed additive. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1236-1247. [PMID: 33965488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microencapsulation is a potential biotechnological tool, which can overcome antimicrobial peptides (AMP) instabilities and reduce toxic side effects. Thus, this study evaluates the antibacterial activities of the Ctx(Ile21)-Ha AMP against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and non-resistant bacteria and develop and characterize peptide-loaded microparticles coated with the enteric polymers hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP). Ctx(Ile21)-Ha was obtained by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) method, purified and characterized by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry. The peptide exhibited potent antibiotic activities against Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR), Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR), and Staphylococcus aureus (MDR). Ctx(Ile21)-Ha microencapsulation was performed by ionic gelation with high efficiency, maintaining the physical-chemical stability. Ctx(Ile21)-Ha coated-microparticles were characterized by DSC, TGA, FTIR-Raman, XRD and SEM. Hemolytic activity assay demonstrated that hemolysis was decreased up to 95% compared to single molecule. In addition, in vitro release control profile simulating different portions of gastrointestinal tract was performed and showed the microcapsules' ability to protect the peptide and release it in the intestine, aiming pathogen's location, mainly by Salmonella sp. Therefore, use of microencapsulated Ctx(Ile21)-Ha can be allowed as an antimicrobial controller in monogastric animal production as an oral feed additive (antimicrobial controller), being a valuable option for molecules with low therapeutic indexes or high hemolytic rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Hanyeny Raiely Leite Silva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Edson Crusca Junior
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aparecida Serafim
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo CEP 17602-496, Brazil
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Wagner Costa Macedo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo CEP 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Silvio Rainho Teixeira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo CEP 19060-900, Brazil
| | | | - Nilce Maria Soares
- Poultry Health Specialized Laboratory, Biological Institute, Bastos, São Paulo CEP 17690000, Brazil
| | - Jessica M A Blair
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo CEP 17602-496, Brazil.
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