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Wang K, Teng W, Wu N, Gu S, Zhou T, Zhang Y. Preparation and evaluation of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide-modified chitosan sponge for acute liver injury protection. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127126. [PMID: 37778573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a porous sponge material was formed by physically mixing chitosan (CS) and Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP). After removing the water by freeze-drying, the CS/ASP sponge was obtained. The prepared sponges exhibited excellent swelling properties, thermal stability and biocompatibility as well as improvements over the insufficient mechanical properties of pure chitosan sponges. Notably, the ASP released from the CS/ASP sponge could be effectively absorbed by the liver, which endowed the CS/ASP sponge with effective liver-protective effects against CCl4-induced acute liver injury; these protective effects surpassed those of both blank CS and CS/Dextran sponges. The underlying protective mechanism may involve the activation of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling pathway and the inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis. Understanding CS/ASP sponges may provide new insights and inspire new methods for the clinical application of ASP. At the same time, we hope to suggest future directions for the development of polysaccharide preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Wangtianzi Teng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Nire Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - SaiSai Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, PR China.
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2
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Chen L, Tan H, Feng R, Ma L, Zhang Y, Yi H, Yin L, Liu W, Hu L, Zhu W. Effect of modified starches on the quality of skins of glutinous rice dumplings. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127139. [PMID: 37793518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the influence of modified starches on the quality of skins of glutinous rice dumplings (SGRDs), including changes in textural properties, pasting parameters, microstructure, color, transparency, and sensory quality. The results showed that the addition of a single acetylated-modified cassava or potato starch or composite modified cassava and potato starch in a ratio of 2:1 can improve the quality of SGRDs. The springiness and lightness of SGRDs increased, and the transparency increased from 3.22 % to 6.18 %. The cooked samples had delicate mouth-feel, uniform color and luster, good transparency, no depression, and low weight loss and did not stick to the teeth. Moreover, the total consumer acceptability score increased from 60.67 to 89.33, indicating that these products were widely accepted by consumers. However, the addition of hydroxypropyl-modified cassava starch or its composite with other two modified starches had no apparent effect on the quality of SGRDs. In conclusion, the quality of SGRDs were significantly improved by the addition of single or composite acetylated-modified starches. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the quality of SGRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 643000, China; Solid-state Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin 643000, China; Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Oil Cinnamon, Yibin 643000, China
| | - Hongxia Tan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruizhang Feng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 643000, China; Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Oil Cinnamon, Yibin 643000, China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haitao Yi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 643000, China
| | - Liguo Yin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 643000, China; Solid-state Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin 643000, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 643000, China; Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Oil Cinnamon, Yibin 643000, China
| | - Lianqing Hu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 643000, China; Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Oil Cinnamon, Yibin 643000, China
| | - Wenyou Zhu
- Solid-state Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin 643000, China.
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Omrani Z, Pourmadadi M, Yazdian F, Rashedi H. Preparation and characterization of pH-sensitive chitosan/starch/MoS 2 nanocomposite for control release of curcumin macromolecules drug delivery; application in the breast cancer treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:125897. [PMID: 37481179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, chitosan (CS), Starch (S), and Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) were combined to create a nanocarrier that was utilized to treat breast cancer using the MCF-7 cell line. To analyze the features of the nanocarrier, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) tests were performed, respectively, to discover physical interactions and chemical bonding. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analyses were performed and reported to determine the structural characteristics and morphology of nanoparticles, size distribution, and surface charge of nanocarriers, respectively. The average size of the nanocomposite was measured at around 279 nm, and the surface charge of the nanocarrier was determined to be +86.31 mV. The entrapment and drug loading efficiency of nanocarriers were 87.25 % and 46.5 %, respectively, which is an acceptable value. The kinetics and release mode of the drug were investigated, and it was found that the synthesized nanocarrier was sensitive to pH and that its release was stable. The amount of the nanocarriers' toxicity and cell death were evaluated using MTT tests and flow cytometry, respectively. In the present study, the nanocarrier was wholly nontoxic and had anticancer properties against the MCF-7 cell line. This nanocarrier is very important due to its non-toxicity and sensitivity to pH and can be used in drug delivery and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Omrani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrab Pourmadadi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Rashedi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Fan B, Gu J, Deng B, Guo W, Zhang S, Li L, Li B. Positively Charged-Amylose-Entangled Au-Nanoparticles Acting as Protein Carriers and Potential Adjuvants to SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccines. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37330942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread worldwide. To protect and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, varieties of subunit vaccines based on spike (S) proteins have been approved for human applications. Here, we report a new subunit vaccine design strategy that functions as both an antigen carrier and an adjuvant in immunization to elicit high-level immune responses. The complex of 2-hydroxypropyl-trimethylammonium chloride chitosan and amylose entangles Au nanoparticles (HTCC/amylose/AuNPs) forming 40 nm nanocarriers with a positive charge. The obtained positively charged nanoparticles reveal many merits, including the larger S protein loading capacity in PBS buffer, higher cellular uptake ability, and lower cell cytotoxicity, supporting their potential as safe vaccine nanocarriers. Two functionalized nanoparticle subunit vaccines are prepared via loading full-length S proteins derived from SARS-CoV-2 variants. In mice, both prepared vaccines elicit high specific IgG antibodies, neutralize antibodies, and immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2a. The prepared vaccines also elicit robust T- and B-cell immune responses and increase CD19+ B cells, CD11C+ dendritic cells, and CD11B+ macrophages at the alveoli and bronchi of the immunized mice. Furthermore, the results of skin safety tests and histological observation of organs indicated in vivo safety of HTCC/amylose/AuNP-based vaccines. Summarily, our prepared HTCC/amylose/AuNP have significant potential as general vaccine carriers for the delivery of different antigens with potent immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Weilu Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Pharmaceutical, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Shuaifeng Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
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5
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Homthawornchoo W, Hakimi NFSM, Romruen O, Rawdkuen S. Dragon Fruit Peel Extract Enriched-Biocomposite Wrapping Film: Characterization and Application on Coconut Milk Candy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020404. [PMID: 36679292 PMCID: PMC9863164 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based film is an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based packaging film. The effects of biocomposite wrapping film enhanced with dragon fruit peel extract (0, 2% w/v, respectively) and currently used commercial packaging film (polypropylene; PP) on coconut milk caramels during storage (30 °C, 75% RH, nine days) were studied. Both 0% and 2% DPE-enriched biocomposite films were thicker and had higher water vapor permeability and solubility than the PP film but poorer mechanical characteristics. In addition, the 2% film possessed antioxidants and antioxidant ability. A FESEM micrograph revealed the rough surface and porous path of the biocomposite films. Over the storage time, the moisture content, water activity, and springiness of the coconut milk caramel candy wrapped in the PP and all DPE-enriched biocomposite films were not significantly altered. However, the lipid oxidation as the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and hardness of all coconut caramels were significantly (p < 0.05) increased during storage. Furthermore, the hardness of coconut candy covered in the control (0% DPE) biocomposite film was more pronounced on day nine of storage. However, the changes in quality characteristics of the coconut candy wrapped in each film type need to be better established. The investigating factors influencing the quality deterioration of coconut milk candy should be further identified to mitigate their effects and extend the shelf-life of the coconut candy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantida Homthawornchoo
- Innovative Food Packaging and Biomaterials Unit, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (S.R.); Tel.: +66-5391-6751 (W.H.); +66-5391-6739 (S.R.)
| | - Nur Fairuza Syahira Mohamad Hakimi
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Food Sciences and Technology Program, School of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 45100, Malaysia
| | - Orapan Romruen
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Saroat Rawdkuen
- Innovative Food Packaging and Biomaterials Unit, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (S.R.); Tel.: +66-5391-6751 (W.H.); +66-5391-6739 (S.R.)
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6
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Buccal films: A review of therapeutic opportunities, formulations & relevant evaluation approaches. J Control Release 2022; 352:1071-1092. [PMID: 36351519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the mucoadhesive film technology is hard to ignore, owing to perceived superior patient acceptability versus buccal tablets, and significant therapeutic opportunities compared to conventional oral drug delivery systems, especially for those who suffer from dysphagia. In spite of this, current translation from published literature into the commercial marketplace is virtually non-existent, with no authorised mucoadhesive buccal films available in the UK and very few available in the USA. This review seeks to provide an overview of the mucoadhesive buccal film technology and identify key areas upon which to focus scientific efforts to facilitate the wider adoption of this patient-centric dosage form. Several indications and opportunities for development were identified, while discussing the patient-related factors influencing the use of these dosage forms. In addition, an overview of the technologies behind the manufacturing of these films was provided, highlighting manufacturing methods like solvent casting, hot melt extrusion, inkjet printing and three-dimensional printing. Over thirty mucoadhesive polymers were identified as being used in film formulations, with details surrounding their mucoadhesive capabilities as well as their inclusion alongside other key formulation constituents provided. Lastly, the importance of physiologically relevant in vitro evaluation methodologies was emphasised, which seek to improve in vivo correlations, potentially leading to better translation of mucoadhesive buccal films from the literature into the commercial marketplace.
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7
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Chitosan based architectures as biomedical carriers. Carbohydr Res 2022; 522:108703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tabboon P, Pongjanyakul T, Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N. In Vitro Release, Mucosal Permeation and Deposition of Cannabidiol from Liquisolid Systems: The Influence of Liquid Vehicles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091787. [PMID: 36145536 PMCID: PMC9503133 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the influence of liquid vehicles on the release, mucosal permeation and deposition of cannabidiol (CBD) from liquisolid systems. Various vehicles, including EtOH, nonvolatile low- and semi-polar solvents, and liquid surfactants, were investigated. The CBD solution was converted into free-flowing powder using carrier (microcrystalline cellulose) and coating materials (colloidal silica). A physical mixture of the CBD and carrier–coating materials was prepared as a control. The non-crystalline state of CBD in the liquisolid systems was confirmed using XRD, FTIR and SEM studies. The CBD liquisolid powder prepared with volatile and nonvolatile solvents had a better CBD release performance than the CBD formed as the surfactant-based and control powders. The liquisolid systems provided the CBD permeation flux through porcine esophageal mucosa ranging from 0.68 ± 0.11 to 13.68 ± 0.74 µg·cm−2·h−1, with the CBD deposition levels of 0.74 ± 0.04 to 2.62 ± 0.30 μg/mg for the dry mucosa. Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether showed significant CBD permeation enhancement (2.1 folds) without an increase in mucosal deposition, while the surfactants retarded the permeation (6.7–9.0 folds) and deposition (1.5–3.2 folds) significantly. In conclusion, besides the drug release, liquid vehicles significantly influence mucosal permeation and deposition, either enhanced or suppressed, in liquisolid systems. Special attention must be paid to the selection and screening of suitable liquid vehicles for liquisolid systems designed for transmucosal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peera Tabboon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thaned Pongjanyakul
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ekapol Limpongsa
- College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (N.J.); Tel.: +66-80-5194956 (E.L.); +66-81-9749228 (N.J.)
| | - Napaphak Jaipakdee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (N.J.); Tel.: +66-80-5194956 (E.L.); +66-81-9749228 (N.J.)
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Tabboon P, Pongjanyakul T, Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N. Mucosal Delivery of Cannabidiol: Influence of Vehicles and Enhancers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081687. [PMID: 36015313 PMCID: PMC9412444 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the mucosal permeation and deposition of cannabidiol (CBD) with neat and binary vehicles were investigated. Permeation experiments were performed using static diffusion cells coupled with fresh porcine esophageal mucosa. The CBD-vehicle solutions were applied at a fixed dose (~5 mg/cm2), and the corresponding permeation parameters were calculated. In neat vehicles, the permeation flux (Jss) ranged from 0.89 ± 0.15 to 179.81 ± 23.46 µg·cm-2·h-1, while the CBD deposition ranged from 11.5 ± 1.8 to 538.3 ± 105.3 μg·cm-2. Propylene glycol (PG) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) yielded the highest permeability (Ps) and CBD deposition, while medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) yielded the lowest Ps and deposition. This was due to the difference in apparent partition coefficient (K), which is related to the solubility of CBD in the vehicle. The PG:DEGEE binary vehicle boosted Jss (1.5-1.6 fold) and deposition (2.0-2.7 folds) significantly, compared to neat DEGEE. The combination of DEGEE with MCT dramatically enhanced Jss (11-44 fold) and deposition (1.6-4.7 fold). The addition of lipophilic enhancers, laurocapram, and oleic acid, to PG:DEGEE and DEGEE:MCT vehicles significantly reduced Jss (0.3-0.7 fold) and deposition (0.4-0.8 fold) while nerolidol had no effect. These permeation reductions were found to be related to modification of the K and/or diffusivity values. This study provides useful basic information for the development of CBD formulations intended for transmucosal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peera Tabboon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thaned Pongjanyakul
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ekapol Limpongsa
- College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (N.J.); Tel.: +66-80-5194956 (E.L.); +66-81-9749228 (N.J.)
| | - Napaphak Jaipakdee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (N.J.); Tel.: +66-80-5194956 (E.L.); +66-81-9749228 (N.J.)
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10
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Multiple Roles of Chitosan in Mucosal Drug Delivery: An Updated Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050335. [PMID: 35621986 PMCID: PMC9146108 DOI: 10.3390/md20050335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is a linear polysaccharide obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, which, after cellulose, is the second biopolymer most abundant in nature, being the primary component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects. Since joining the pharmaceutical field, in the early 1990s, CS attracted great interest, which has constantly increased over the years, due to its several beneficial and favorable features, including large availability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, simplicity of chemical modifications, mucoadhesion and permeation enhancer power, joined to its capability of forming films, hydrogels and micro- and nanoparticles. Moreover, its cationic character, which renders it unique among biodegradable polymers, is responsible for the ability of CS to strongly interact with different types of molecules and for its intrinsic antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic activities. However, its pH-dependent solubility and susceptibility to ions presence may represent serious drawbacks and require suitable strategies to be overcome. Presently, CS and its derivatives are widely investigated for a great variety of pharmaceutical applications, particularly in drug delivery. Among the alternative routes to overcome the problems related to the classic oral drug administration, the mucosal route is becoming the favorite non-invasive delivery pathway. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the applications of CS and its derivatives in novel formulations intended for different methods of mucosal drug delivery.
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Chitosan film containing antifungal agent-loaded SLNs for the treatment of candidiasis using a Box-Behnken design. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 283:119178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Functionalization of legume proteins using high pressure processing: Effect on technofunctional properties and digestibility of legume proteins. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Tian S, Xing Y, Long Y, Guo H, Xu S, Ma Y, Wen C, Li Q, Liu X, Zhang L, Yang J. A Degradable-Renewable Ionic Skin Based on Edible Glutinous Rice Gel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5122-5133. [PMID: 35050566 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traditional wearable devices are commonly nonrecyclable and nondegradable, resulting in energy waste and environmental pollution. Here, a household degradable and renewable ionic skin based on edible glutinous rice gel is developed for a strain, temperature and salivary enzyme activity sensor. This gel depends on intermolecular and intramolecular H-bonds among amylopectin and amylose, and this presents excellent skin-like properties, including stretchability, self-healing property, and adhesion to various substrates. The glutinous rice gel-based skin sensor can be used to monitor vital signs and physiological parameters such as body temperature and heart rate. The sensor also achieves specific speech recognition and detects temperature and body micromovements, which provides the potential to reconstruct language or sensory/motor functions. More importantly, because of the excellent biocompatibility and degradability, the sensor can directly detect the activity of human salivary amylase, which is useful for diagnosing pancreas-, kidney-, and spleen-related diseases in the elderly. Finally, the raw material of ionic skin that originates from traditional grains is degradable and renewable as well as it can be used to prepare household wearable devices. Hence, this work not only extends the application of wearable electronics in daily life but also facilitates health monitoring in the elderly and improves their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Tian
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - Yihang Xing
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - You Long
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - Hongshuang Guo
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - Sijia Xu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - Chiyu Wen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - Qingsi Li
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - Xinmeng Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin301700, China
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14
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Fu Z, Guo S, Wang X, Huang Z, Bi C, Li F, Wu M. Structural, Thermal, Mechanical and Physicochemical Properties of Corn Starch and
Tremella fuciformis
Polysaccharide Based Composite Films. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong‐qiang Fu
- School of Artificial Intelligence Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Shao‐xiang Guo
- School of Artificial Intelligence Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xue‐ying Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Zhi‐gang Huang
- School of Artificial Intelligence Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Chong‐hao Bi
- School of Artificial Intelligence Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Fei‐fei Li
- Center for Food Evaluation State Administration for Market Regulation Beijing 100070 China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 China
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15
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Kaewkroek K, Petchsomrit A, Wira Septama A, Wiwattanapatapee R. Development of starch/chitosan expandable films as a gastroretentive carrier for ginger extract-loaded solid dispersion. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:120-131. [PMID: 35528854 PMCID: PMC9072700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroretentive expandable films were developed to provide controlled release of ginger extract (GE) for treatment of gastric diseases. The dosage form consisted of ginger extract solid dispersion (GE-SD) loaded in a starch/chitosan composite film, which was subsequently folded and inserted into a hard gelatin capsule. GE-SD was prepared by solvent evaporation using an optimum weight ratio of 1:1 for GE and PVP K30. Expandable films containing GE-SD were prepared by solvent casting combinations of chitosan and either rice-, glutinous rice - or pregelatinized maize starch with glycerin incorporated as a plasticizer. The optimized film formulation prepared from glutinous rice starch, exhibited tensile strength of 5.4 N/cm2 and high expansion in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), resulting in a 2.8-fold increase in area. The films resulted in sustained release of up to 90% of the content of 6-gingerol during 8 h exposure to SGF. Furthermore, the 6-gingerol released from the film displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
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16
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Tiozon RJN, Bonto AP, Sreenivasulu N. Enhancing the functional properties of rice starch through biopolymer blending for industrial applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:100-117. [PMID: 34619270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rice starch has been used in various agri-food products due to its hypoallergenic properties. However, rice starch has poor solubility, lower resistant starch content with reduced retrogradation and poor functional properties. Hence, its industrial applications are rather limited. The lack of comprehensive information and a holistic understanding of the interaction between rice starch and endo/exogenous constituents to improve physico-chemical properties is a prerequisite in designing industrial products with enhanced functional attributes. In this comprehensive review, we highlight the potentials of physically mixing of biopolymers in upgrading the functional characteristics of rice starch as a raw material for industrial applications. Specifically, this review tackles rice starch modifications by adding natural/synthetic polymers and plasticizers, leading to functional blends or composites in developing sustainable packaging materials, pharma- and nutraceutical products. Moreover, a brief discussion on rice starch chemical and genetic modifications to alter starch quality for the deployment of rice starch industrial application is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhowell Jr N Tiozon
- Consumer driven Grain Quality and Nutrition unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines; Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Aldrin P Bonto
- Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft, Avenue, Manila 0922, Philippines; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd, Sampaloc, Manila, 1008, Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer driven Grain Quality and Nutrition unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines.
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17
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Limpongsa E, Soe MT, Jaipakdee N. Modification of release and penetration behavior of water-soluble active ingredient from ball-milled glutinous starch matrix via carboxymethylcellulose blending. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2271-2280. [PMID: 34785201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This present work describes the possible advantages of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) blending with ball-milled glutinous starch (BMGS) on the modification of release and penetration of model water-soluble active ingredient, lidocaine hydrochloride, from the blended matrix. The 20-67% CMC mass containing CMC-BMGS matrices were fabricated by casting the aqueous dispersion of CMC-BMGS onto the tray and oven-dried. BMGS and CMC were compatible as revealed by SEM and ATR-FTIR. Irrespective of the CMC mass, all CMC-BMGS matrices showed comparable matrix mass, thickness, moisture content, moisture absorption as well as mechanical and mucoadhesive properties. The surface pH of CMC-BMGS tended to increase with the CMC mass. Depends on CMC mass, matrix properties, release, and penetration rates were modulated significantly. CMC had shown a substantial role in the swelling and erosion behaviors of BMGS films, and thus modulated the release and penetration significantly. The release and penetration mechanisms of active ingredient from the CMC-BMGS matrices were Fickian diffusion-controlled, with rates of release and penetration ranging from 2.05 ± 0.21 to 7.55 ± 1.08%/min½, and from 3.48 ± 0.28 to 8.04 ± 0.64 μg/cm2/min½, respectively. The capability of CMC-BMGS matrices as mucoadhesive delivery systems to provide sustained delivery of water-soluble active ingredients was disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekapol Limpongsa
- College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand..
| | - May Thu Soe
- Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand..
| | - Napaphak Jaipakdee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand..
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18
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Lim LM, Hadinoto K. High-Payload Buccal Delivery System of Amorphous Curcumin-Chitosan Nanoparticle Complex in Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and Starch Films. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179399. [PMID: 34502305 PMCID: PMC8430606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery of curcumin (CUR) has limited effectiveness due to CUR’s poor systemic bioavailability caused by its first-pass metabolism and low solubility. Buccal delivery of CUR nanoparticles can address the poor bioavailability issue by virtue of avoidance of first-pass metabolism and solubility enhancement afforded by CUR nanoparticles. Buccal film delivery of drug nanoparticles, nevertheless, has been limited to low drug payload. Herein, we evaluated the feasibilities of three mucoadhesive polysaccharides, i.e., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), starch, and hydroxypropyl starch as buccal films of amorphous CUR–chitosan nanoplex at high CUR payload. Both HPMC and starch films could accommodate high CUR payload without adverse effects on the films’ characteristics. Starch films exhibited far superior CUR release profiles at high CUR payload as the faster disintegration time of starch films lowered the precipitation propensity of the highly supersaturated CUR concentration generated by the nanoplex. Compared to unmodified starch, hydroxypropyl starch films exhibited superior CUR release, with sustained release of nearly 100% of the CUR payload in 4 h. Hydroxypropyl starch films also exhibited good payload uniformity, minimal weight/thickness variations, high folding endurance, and good long-term storage stability. The present results established hydroxypropyl starch as the suitable mucoadhesive polysaccharide for high-payload buccal film applications.
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19
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Murugesan S, Scheibel T. Chitosan‐based
nanocomposites for medical applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Murugesan
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien Universität Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Karnataka Mangalore India
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien Universität Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI) University Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
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20
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He M, Zhu L, Yang N, Li H, Yang Q. Recent advances of oral film as platform for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120759. [PMID: 34098053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Orally drug delivery film has received extensive interest duo to a distinct set of its advantageous properties compared to the traditional orally administered dosages, including faster rate of drug absorption, higher bioavailability and better patient compliance for children and elders with swallowing deficiencies. In particular, its potential capacity of delivering proteins and peptides has further attracted great attention. Lately, tremendous advances have been made in designing and developing both novel mucoadhesive films and orodispersible films to fulfill specific accomplishments of drug delivery. This review aims to summarize those newly developed oral films, discussing their formulation strategies, manufacturing methods as well as advantages and limitations thereof. Conclusions and future perspectives are also provided in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengning He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lingmeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ni Yang
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Huijie Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qingliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Ningbo Wesdon Powder Pharma Coatings Co. Ltd., Ningbo 315042, China.
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21
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Wang S, Zuo A, Guo J. Types and evaluation of in vitro penetration models for buccal mucosal delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Pramanik S, Sali V. Connecting the dots in drug delivery: A tour d'horizon of chitosan-based nanocarriers system. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:103-121. [PMID: 33338522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most promising pharmaceutical research areas is developing advanced delivery systems for controlled and sustained drug release. The drug delivery system (DDS) can be designed to strengthen the pharmacological and therapeutic characteristics of different medicines. Natural polymers have resolved numerous commencing hurdles, which hindered the clinical implementation of traditional DDS. The naturally derived polymers furnish various advantages such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, inexpensiveness, easy availability, and biologically identifiable moieties, which endorse cellular activity in contrast to synthetic polymers. Among them, chitosan has recently been in the spotlight for devising safe and efficient DDSs due to its superior properties such as minimal toxicity, bio-adhesion, stability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. The primary amino group in chitosan shows exceptional qualities such as the rate of drug release, anti-microbial properties, the ability to cross-link with various polymers, and macrophage activation. This review intends to provide a glimpse into different practical utilization of chitosan as a drug carrier. The first segment of the review will give cognizance into the source of extraction and chitosan's remarkable properties. Further, we have endeavored to provide recent literature pertaining to chitosan applications in various drug delivery systems via different administration routes along with current patented chitosan formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheersha Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India; Department of Polymeric Medical Devices, Medical Devices Engineering, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India.
| | - Vaishnavi Sali
- C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, SNDT Women's University, Sir Vithaldas Thakersay, Santacruz West, Juhu, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400049, India
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