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Ferrara V, Vetri V, Pignataro B, Chillura Martino DF, Sancataldo G. Phasor-FLIM analysis of cellulose paper ageing mechanism with carbotrace 680 dye. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129452. [PMID: 38228201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Ageing of paper is a complex process of great relevance for application purposes because of its widespread use as support for information storage in books and documents, and as common low-cost and green packaging material, to name a few. A key factor in paper ageing is the oxidation of cellulose, a macromolecule of natural origin that constitutes the main chemical component of paper. Such a complex process results in changes in the cellulose polymeric chains in chemical and structural properties. The scope of this work is to explore the effects of oxidation of cellulose as one of the principal mechanisms of ageing of paper using a fluorescence-based approach. To this aim, fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) measurements on pure cellulose samples stained using Carbotrace 680 dye were performed, and data were analyzed by phasor approach. The comparison with results from conventional techniques allowed to map paper microstructure as a function of the sample oxidation degree correlating the fluorescence-lifetime changes to cellulose oxidation. A two-step oxidation kinetics that produced specific modification in paper organization was highlighted indicating that FLIM measurements using Carbotrace 680 dye may provide a simple tool to obtain information on the oxidation process also adding spatial information at sub-micrometric scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Ferrara
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Valeria Vetri
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Delia Francesca Chillura Martino
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (STeBiCeF), University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Sancataldo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
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2
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Zhao H, Zhan J, Yun H, Mu H, Zhang D, An L, Yao H, Zhang G. Deciphering the intricate dielectric relaxation processes of cellulose paper: Extraction of distribution of relaxation time and analysis of degradation characteristics. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121497. [PMID: 37985048 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose material is a dielectric with intricate microscopic relaxation processes due to its complex structure. However, conventional models and curve fitting methods used for tracing and analyzing these processes often fail to capture crucial dielectric information. This paper aimed to extract the Distribution of Relaxation Time (DRT), the most fundamental and effective dielectric information providing the time scale and relative contribution of all microscopic relaxation processes. First, a distributed extended Debye model with infinite branches was constructed based on the microscopic nature of dielectric relaxation. Then, an implicit equation of the DRT function was established, inspired by the mathematical principles of infinite subdivision and summation. To obtain the numeral solution of the DRT function, a regularization method was proposed and validated. Finally, the approach was applied to cellulose insulating paper with varying degradation degrees. The relaxation process with a long time constant played a significant role, and variations during the degradation process were attributed to reduced activation energy. With clear physical interpretation and robust mathematical foundation, our method sheds light on the intricate dielectric relaxation processes in cellulose. This not only enhances the theoretical understanding and practical application of cellulose materials but also provides valuable insights for the analysis and application of other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Jiangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Hao Yun
- China Nuclear Power Operation Technology Corporation., Ltd, Wuhan, China.
| | - Haibao Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Daning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lixuan An
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Huanmin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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3
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Shen J, Yang Z, Lian J, Li J, Li X, Xie Y, Wu Y, Feng Q, Zhang X. An all-natural, bioinspired, biodegradable electrical insulating composite based on lignocellulose and mica tailings. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127222. [PMID: 37797846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of modern electrical engineering puts forward urgent demand for high-performance electrical insulating materials. In this study, inspired by the layered structure of natural nacre, we present a novel biomimetic composite insulating film (referred to as M/C film) that is derived from agricultural waste corncobs and industrial waste mica tailings through a sol-gel-film transformation process. The novel insulating film has excellent tensile strength (94 MPa), high dielectric strength (68 kV mm-1), low dielectric loss, good heat resistance (T0 = 235 °C), and excellent UV shielding properties. Meanwhile, the M/C film presents environmental impacts much lower than those petrochemical-based plastic film as it can be 100 % recycled in a closed-loop recycling process and easily biodegraded in the environment (lignocellulose goes back to the carbon cycle and the mica return to the geological cycle). It is a potential alternative for petrochemical plastics and provides a possible way to utilize agricultural waste and mica tailings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Shen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zezhou Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jingyi Lian
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jun Li
- Technology Research and Development Center, Pamica Electric Material Hubei Co., Ltd., Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Xinhui Li
- Technology Research and Development Center, Pamica Electric Material Hubei Co., Ltd., Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yunjian Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Qinghua Feng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Technology Research and Development Center, Pamica Electric Material Hubei Co., Ltd., Xianning 437000, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
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4
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Sekula R, Immonen K, Metsä-Kortelainen S, Kuniewski M, Zydroń P, Kalpio T. Characteristics of 3D Printed Biopolymers for Applications in High-Voltage Electrical Insulation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112518. [PMID: 37299319 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology is constantly developing and has a wide range of applications; one application is electrical insulation, where the standard technology uses polymer-based filaments. Thermosetting materials (epoxy resins, liquid silicone rubbers) are broadly used as electrical insulation in high-voltage products. In power transformers, however, the main solid insulation is based on cellulosic materials (pressboard, crepe paper, wood laminates). There are a vast variety of transformer insulation components that are produced using the wet pulp molding process. This is a labor-intensive, multi-stage process that requires long drying times. In this paper, a new material, microcellulose-doped polymer, and manufacturing concept for transformer insulation components are described. Our research focuses on bio-based polymeric materials with 3D printability functionalities. A number of material formulations were tested and benchmark products were printed. Extensive electrical measurements were performed to compare transformer components manufactured using the traditional process and 3D printed samples. The results are promising but indicate that further research is still required to improve printing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sekula
- Hitachi Energy Research, ul. Pawia 7, 31-154 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kirsi Immonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Kivimiehentie 3, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Maciej Kuniewski
- Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science, and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Zydroń
- Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science, and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomi Kalpio
- Brinter, 4c Itäinen Pitkäkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Costa RDFS, Barbosa MLS, Silva FJG, Sousa SR, Pinto AG, Sousa VFC, Ferreira BO. The Impact of the Deterioration on Wood by Chlorine: An Experimental Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:969. [PMID: 36769978 PMCID: PMC9918198 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of disinfection and cleaning chemicals in several municipal facilities, such as swimming pools and drinking water treatment plants, causes the degradation of various types of wood, which leads to failures in equipment and the corresponding need for maintenance. This degradation creates added costs for municipalities, as well as the closure of certain facilities due to curative or preventive maintenance and, in many cases, public health issues, due to the water being contaminated with deteriorating products. Through a thorough study of the degradation effect on the products, more resistant materials can be found which are able to withstand these adversities and increase the lifespan of wood in regular contact with chemical agents. This is achievable by the determination of the cost-effectiveness of the substitute material to replace these components with alternative ones, with properties that better resist the deterioration effects promoted by aggressive environments. No studies have been found so far strictly focused on this matter. The objective of this study is to evaluate the degradation presented by two types of wood, beech and oak, which are exposed to the action of chlorine in municipal facilities. This degradation varies according to the chlorine content and the materials' time of contact with the chemical agent, allowing the selection of new materials which will provide an extended lifetime of the components, reducing maintenance drastically, as well as costs for the facilities and the risk to public health. The performed experimental tests have shown that the oak wood has the best results regarding chlorine degradation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúben D. F. S. Costa
- ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI—Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Francisco J. G. Silva
- ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI—Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana R. Sousa
- ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Vitor F. C. Sousa
- ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI—Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Quantitative Measurements of DP in Cellulose Paper Based on Terahertz Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15010247. [PMID: 36616596 PMCID: PMC9823725 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The power transformer is vital to the reliability of the power grid which is most commonly insulated with Kraft paper and immersed in mineral oil, among which the aged state of the paper is mainly correlated to the operating life of the transformer. Degree of polymerization (DP) is a direct parameter to assess the aged condition of insulating paper, but existing DP measurement by viscosity methods are destructive and complicated. In this paper, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was introduced to reach rapid, non-destructive detection of the DP of insulating paper. The absorption spectra of insulating paper show that characteristic peak regions at 1.8 and 2.23 THz both exhibit a log-linear quantitative relationship with DP, and their universalities are confirmed by conducting the above relationship on different types of insulating paper. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and molecular dynamics modeling further revealed that 1.8 and 2.23 THz were favorably associated with the growth of water-cellulose hydrogen bond strength and amorphous cellulose, respectively. This paper demonstrates the viability of applying THz-TDS to the non-destructive detection of DP in insulating paper and assigned the vibration modes of the characteristic absorption peaks.
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7
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Qiu J, Huang C, Yang J, Wang T, Xu G. Preparation of modified ammonium polyphosphate blended aqueous boron phenolic resin and its application to insulating paper. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Zhao L, Wei C, Ren J, Li Y, Zheng J, Jia L, Wang Z, Jia S. Biomimetic Nacreous Composite Films toward Multipurpose Application Structured by Aramid Nanofibers and Edge-Hydroxylated Boron Nitride Nanosheets. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhao
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chengmei Wei
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Junwen Ren
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lichuan Jia
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Wang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shenli Jia
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of the Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
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9
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DC and AC Tests of Moisture Electrical Pressboard Impregnated with Mineral Oil or Synthetic Ester—Determination of Water Status in Power Transformer Insulation. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15082859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the conductivity and permittivity of electrical pressboard—insulating liquid—water composites were investigated, and the electrical properties of the composites and water were analysed comparatively. Mineral oil and synthetic ester were used as insulating liquids. It was found that the presence of water caused an increase in the permeability of the composite in the frequency range below 100 Hz. The value of static permittivity determined by water in the content of 5 wt. % was approximately 15. To obtain this value caused by liquid water, its volume should be approximately five (oil) and four times (ester) higher than its actual content, respectively. The determined values of the activation energy of the DC conductivity of the composites were several times higher than the values of the activation energy of the conductivity of the liquid water. The experimental values of the dielectric relaxation times were many orders of magnitude higher than the dielectric relaxation times of water. This means that the experimental results obtained for the dielectric permittivity, the activation energy of conductivity and the dielectric relaxation times for moisture electrical pressboard impregnated by mineral oil or synthetic ester exclude the possibility of the presence of liquid water in the composites. It was found that the conductivity of the composites increased exponentially with increasing water content. Such dependencies are characteristic of hopping conductivity, caused by the quantum phenomenon of electron tunnelling between nanometre-sized potential wells. As the increase in conductivity is determined by the presence of water in the composites, therefore, the nanometre potential wells were single-water molecules or nanodrops.
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10
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Characterization of Two Historical Postage Stamps Made from Cotton Fibers and Their Restoration Trials Based on the Experimental Studies. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/4162311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient stamps are suffering from the destructive effects of different kinds of inks that were prepared from different ingredients. Two Egyptian historical postage stamps printed in blue and red printing inks were evaluated and examined for their composition using a light microscope, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopic analyses. Mechanical, chemical, and deacidification treatments were done for the two stamps. Model stamps were made from the cotton pulp in the book house to simulate historical stamp paper with an average thickness of 11 microns. The unprinted and printed paper samples with printing inks that aged and unaged were treated with 0.7% Klucel G, 0.2% TiO2 NP, or a mixture of 0.7% Klucel G + 0.2% TiO2 NP, and the color change was measured and compared with the blank samples. The two stamps are suffering from high pH, where the margin color of the stamps changed to yellow-brown with weakness of the stamp paper. By SEM examination, stamps have suffered from fibers’ weakness and dryness resulting from the self-oxidation reactions. EDS elemental composition of the red stamp showed the presence of C, O, Na, Al, Si, Mg, S, Ca, Ba, and Fe, while in the blue stamp, it was C, O, Na, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, and Ca. Raman spectrometer wavelengths turn out that the blueprinting ink of the stamp was characterized with spectra of ultramarine blue (lazurite), while hematite was characterized by the red stamp. FTIR analysis for the printing inks identified that gum Arabic sample and linseed oil were the binding and color medium, respectively. From the model trials, it was observed that the treatment of a mixture of Klucel G and TiO2 NP had the best properties for the consolidation of stamps. The two historical stamps were documented through different spectroscopic analyses, and from the restoration trials, it was observed that the mixture of 7% Klucel G + 0.2% TiO2 NP appeared to be a new and effective method for recovering the historical postage stamps.
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Al Marri MG, Al-Ghouti MA, Shunmugasamy VC, Zouari N. Date pits based nanomaterials for thermal insulation applications-Towards energy efficient buildings in Qatar. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247608. [PMID: 33770082 PMCID: PMC7996993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Air-conditioning systems make the most significant part of energy consumption in the residential sector. There is no denying that it is essential to produce a comfortable indoor thermal environment for residents in a building. The actual goal is to achieve thermal comfort level without putting too much cost on the ecological system by trying to conserve the amount of energy consumed. An effective way to help achieve such a goal is by incorporating thermal insulation in buildings. Thermal insulations help reduce thermal energy gained during the implementation of a desired thermal comfort level. This study aims to use an environmentally friendly nanoparticle of date pits to create thermal insulations that can be used in buildings. Different ratios of the nanoparticle of the date pits and sand composite were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the new materials. The material with nanoparticles of date pits and 50% by-volume epoxy provided good thermal insulation with thermal conductivity of 0.26 W⁄mK that could be used in the existing buildings. This has the potential to reduce the overall energy consumption by 4,494 kWh and thereby reduce CO2 emissions of a 570 m2 house by 1.8 tons annually. In conclusion, the future of using nanoparticles of date pits in construction is bright and promising due to their promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moza Ghorab Al Marri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar
| | | | - Nabil Zouari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar
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