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Qasim U, Suopajärvi T, Sirviö JA, Backman O, Xu C, Liimatainen H. Pickering Emulsions and Hydrophobized Films of Amphiphilic Cellulose Nanofibers Synthesized in Deep Eutectic Solvent. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4113-4122. [PMID: 37611236 PMCID: PMC10498439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a dual-functioning deep eutectic solvent system based on triethylmethylammonium chloride and imidazole was harnessed as a swelling agent and a reaction medium for the esterification of cellulose with n-octyl succinic anhydride (OSA). The modified or amphiphilic cellulose nanofibers (ACNFs), synthesized using three different OSA-to-anhydroglucose unit molar ratios (0.5:1, ACNF-1; 1:1, ACNF-2; and 1.5:1, ACNF-3), were further converted into nanofibers with degree of substitution (DS) values of 0.24-0.66. The ACNFs possessed a lateral dimension of 4.24-9.22 nm and displayed surface activity due to the balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics. The ACNFs made stable aqueous dispersions; however, the instability index of ACNF-3 (0.51) was higher than those of ACNF-1 (0.29) and ACNF-2 (0.33), which was attributed to the high DS-induced hydrophobicity, causing the instability in water. The amphiphilic nature of ACNFs promoted their performance as stabilizers in oil-in-water Pickering emulsions with average droplet sizes of 4.85 μm (ACNF-1) and 5.48 μm (ACNF-2). Self-standing films of ACNFs showed high contact angles for all the tested DS variants (97.48-114.12°), while their tensile strength was inversely related to DS values (ACNF-1: 115 MPa and ACNF-3: 49.5 MPa). Aqueous dispersions of ACNFs were also tested for coating fruits to increase their shelf life. Coatings improved their shelf life by decreasing oxygen contact and moisture loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Qasim
- Fibre
and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Terhi Suopajärvi
- Fibre
and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Juho Antti Sirviö
- Fibre
and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Oskar Backman
- Laboratory
of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo
Akademi University, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory
of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo
Akademi University, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - Henrikki Liimatainen
- Fibre
and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland
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Li J, Zhang F, Zhong Y, Zhao Y, Gao P, Tian F, Zhang X, Zhou R, Cullen PJ. Emerging Food Packaging Applications of Cellulose Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194025. [PMID: 36235973 PMCID: PMC9572456 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, which is synthesized by plants, bacteria, and animals, with source-dependent properties. Cellulose containing β-1,4-linked D-glucoses further assembles into hierarchical structures in microfibrils, which can be processed to nanocellulose with length or width in the nanoscale after a variety of pretreatments including enzymatic hydrolysis, TEMPO-oxidation, and carboxymethylation. Nanocellulose can be mainly categorized into cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) produced by acid hydrolysis, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) prepared by refining, homogenization, microfluidization, sonification, ball milling, and the aqueous counter collision (ACC) method, and bacterial cellulose (BC) biosynthesized by the Acetobacter species. Due to nontoxicity, good biodegradability and biocompatibility, high aspect ratio, low thermal expansion coefficient, excellent mechanical strength, and unique optical properties, nanocellulose is utilized to develop various cellulose nanocomposites through solution casting, Layer-by-Layer (LBL) assembly, extrusion, coating, gel-forming, spray drying, electrostatic spinning, adsorption, nanoemulsion, and other techniques, and has been widely used as food packaging material with excellent barrier and mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and stimuli-responsive performance to improve the food quality and shelf life. Under the driving force of the increasing green food packaging market, nanocellulose production has gradually developed from lab-scale to pilot- or even industrial-scale, mainly in Europe, Africa, and Asia, though developing cost-effective preparation techniques and precisely tuning the physicochemical properties are key to the commercialization. We expect this review to summarise the recent literature in the nanocellulose-based food packaging field and provide the readers with the state-of-the-art of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Feifan Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yaqi Zhong
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yadong Zhao
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Pingping Gao
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Fang Tian
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Rusen Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Cullen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Biofunctional Hyaluronic Acid/κ-Carrageenan Injectable Hydrogels for Improved Drug Delivery and Wound Healing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030376. [PMID: 35160366 PMCID: PMC8840380 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The in situ injectable hydrogel system offers a widespread range of biomedical applications in prompt chronic wound treatment and management, as it provides self-healing, maintains a moist wound microenvironment, and offers good antibacterial properties. This study aimed to develop and evaluate biopolymer-based thermoreversible injectable hydrogels for effective wound-healing applications and the controlled drug delivery of meropenem. The injectable hydrogel was developed using the solvent casting method and evaluated for structural changes using proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated the self-assembly of hyaluronic acid and kappa-carrageenan and the thermal stability of the fabricated injectable hydrogel with tunable gelation properties. The viscosity assessment indicated the in-situ gelling ability and injectability of the hydrogels at various temperatures. The fabricated hydrogel was loaded with meropenem, and the drug release from the hydrogel in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with a pH of 7.4 was 96.12%, and the simulated wound fluid with a pH of 6.8 was observed to be at 94.73% at 24 h, which corresponds to the sustained delivery of meropenem. Antibacterial studies on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli with meropenem-laden hydrogel showed higher zones of inhibition. The in vivo studies in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats presented accelerated healing with the drug-loaded injectable hydrogel, while 90% wound closure with the unloaded injectable hydrogel, 70% in the positive control group (SC drug), and 60% in the negative control group was observed (normal saline) after fourteen days. In vivo wound closure analysis confirmed that the developed polymeric hydrogel has synergistic wound-healing potential.
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Ishikawa G, Tsuji T, Tagawa S, Kondo T. Adsorption of Janus-Type Amphiphilic Cellulose Nanofibrils onto Microspheres of Semicrystalline Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gento Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Tsuji
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd., 282, Yonejima, Takaoka, Toyama 933-8533, Japan
| | - Satomi Tagawa
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Dong H, Ding Q, Jiang Y, Li X, Han W. Pickering emulsions stabilized by spherical cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 265:118101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ma T, Hu X, Lu S, Cui R, Zhao J, Hu X, Song Y. Cellulose nanocrystals produced using recyclable sulfuric acid as hydrolysis media and their wetting molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:405-414. [PMID: 34146558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully produced with good nanoscales and dispersibility, using a recycled sulfuric acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis process. This method, at the cost of an overall 25% increase in the hydrolysis time, could significantly reduce the dosage of H2SO4 by approximately 40% without affecting the per-batch yield and performance of CNCs. The obtained CNCs with an average diameter of 6.0-6.5 nm and an average length of 126-134 nm, were successfully applied in the preparation of oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions via high-pressure homogenization. The emulsions exhibited good storage stability when the concentration of CNC was 1.0 wt%. Further, understanding the wetting behaviors of surface modified CNCs with solvent is critical for the functional designing of Pickering emulsion. Hence, we gained insights into the wetting of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces of sulfate modified CNCs with water and organic solvent (hexadecane) droplets, using molecular dynamic simulation. The results showed that both surfaces had hydrophilic as well as lipophilic properties. Although the sulfate-grafted surface was more hydrophilic than unmodified CNC, substantial local wetting heterogeneities appeared for both solvents. It provides a deeper understanding of the interfacial interactions between modified CNCs and solvent molecules at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinna Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuyu Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ranran Cui
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
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