1
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Tarin M, Babaei M, Eshghi H, Matin MM, Saljooghi AS. Targeted delivery of elesclomol using a magnetic mesoporous platform improves prostate cancer treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Talanta 2024; 270:125539. [PMID: 38141466 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve the anticancer properties of elesclomol (ELC), targeted theranostic nanoparticles (NPs; APT-PEG-Au-MMNPs@ELC) were designed to increase the selectivity of the drug delivery system (DDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS ELC was synthesized and entrapped in the open porous structure of magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MMNPs). The pore entrance of MMNPs was then blocked using gold gatekeepers. Finally, the external surfaces of the particles were grafted with functional polyethylene glycol (PEG) and EpCAM aptamer to generate biocompatible and targeted NPs. In the next step, the physicochemical properties of prepared NPs were fully evaluated and their anticancer potential was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The targeted NPs were successfully synthesized with a final size diameter of 81.13 ± 7.41 nm. The results indicated a pH-dependent release pattern, which sustained for 72 h despite an initial rapid release. Upon exposure to APT-PEG-Au-MMNPs@ELC, higher cytotoxicity was observed in human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) as compared with control Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, indicating higher specificity of targeted NPs against EpCAM-positive cancerous cells. Moreover, APT-PEG-Au-MMNPs@ELC could induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells. In vivo results on a PC-3 xenograft tumor model demonstrated that targeted NPs could significantly inhibit tumor growth and diminish severe side effects of ELC, compared to the free drug. CONCLUSION Collectively, APT-PEG-Au-MMNPs@ELC could be considered a promising theranostic platform for the targeted delivery of ELC to improve its therapeutic effects in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Tarin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Babaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amir Sh Saljooghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Abrishami A, Bahrami AR, Saljooghi AS, Matin MM. Enhanced theranostic efficacy of epirubicin-loaded SPION@MSN through co-delivery of an anti-miR-21-expressing plasmid and ZIF-8 hybridization to target colon adenocarcinoma. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6215-6240. [PMID: 38446130 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Using targeted drug delivery systems has emerged as a promising approach to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy, particularly in combination with gene therapy. The overexpression of miR-21 plays a crucial role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, and targeted inhibition of miR-21 offers significant potential for enhancing CRC chemotherapy outcomes. In this study, a theranostic system based on mesoporous silica and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION@MSNs) was synthesized as a core-shell structure. After loading epirubicin (EPI) in the open pores of MSN, the plasmid expressing anti-miR-21 (pDNA) covered the outer surface with the help of a ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8) film. Afterward, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and AS1411 aptamer were conjugated to the surface to improve the protective, biocompatibility, and targeting abilities of the nanocarrier. Moreover, the physicochemical characteristics as well as the loading capacity and release profile of EPI and pDNA were fully evaluated. The uptake of the nanoparticles by CRC and normal cell lines in addition to the anticancer effects related to targeted combinational therapy were investigated in vitro. Finally, in vivo tests were performed on BALB/c mice bearing colorectal tumors to evaluate the effectiveness of the targeted nanoparticles, their possible side effects, and also their application in fluorescence and magnetic imaging in vivo. The successful synthesis of SPION@MSN-EPI/pDNA-ZIF-8-PEG-Apt nanoparticles (∼68 nm) and good loading efficiency and controlled release of EPI and pDNA were confirmed. Moreover, hemolysis and gel retardation assays demonstrated the biocompatibility and plasmid protection. Cellular uptake and expression of copGFP illustrated selective entry and transient transfection of targeted nanoparticles, consistent with the cytotoxicity results that indicated the synergistic effects of chemo-gene therapy. The results of animal studies proved the high antitumor efficiency of targeted nanoparticles with minimal tissue damage, which was in line with fluorescence and magnetic imaging results. The novel synthesized nanoparticles containing SPION@MSN-ZIF-8 were suitable for CRC theranostics, and the combined approach of chemo-gene therapy suppressed the tumor more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abrishami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sh Saljooghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Xu L, Cao Y, Xu Y, Li R, Xu X. Redox-Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticle for Nucleic Acid Delivery and Cancer Therapy: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300238. [PMID: 37573033 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer development and progression of cancer are closely associated with the activation of oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes. Nucleic acid drugs (e.g., siRNA, mRNA, and DNA) are widely used for cancer therapy due to their specific ability to regulate the expression of any cancer-associated genes. However, nucleic acid drugs are negatively charged biomacromolecules that are susceptible to serum nucleases and cannot cross cell membrane. Therefore, specific delivery tools are required to facilitate the intracellular delivery of nucleic acid drugs. In the past few decades, a variety of nanoparticles (NPs) are designed and developed for nucleic acid delivery and cancer therapy. In particular, the polymeric NPs in response to the abnormal redox status in cancer cells have garnered much more attention as their potential in redox-triggered nanostructure dissociation and rapid intracellular release of nucleic acid drugs. In this review, the important genes or signaling pathways regulating the abnormal redox status in cancer cells are briefly introduced and the recent development of redox-responsive NPs for nucleic acid delivery and cancer therapy is systemically summarized. The future development of NPs-mediated nucleic acid delivery and their challenges in clinical translation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Ya Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Rong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, P. R. China
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Zhang C, Tang S, Wang M, Li L, Li J, Wang D, Mi X, Zhang Y, Tan X, Yue S. "Triple-Punch" Strategy Exosome-Mimetic Nanovesicles for Triple Negative Breast Cancer Therapy. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38335265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant breast cancer, with high rates of relapse and metastasis. Because of the nonspecific targeting of chemotherapy and insurmountable aggressiveness, TNBC therapy lacks an effective strategy. Exosomes have been reported as an efficient drug delivery system (DDS). CD82 is a tumor metastasis inhibitory molecule that is enriched in exosomes. Aptamer AS1411 specifically targets TNBC cells due to its high expression of nucleolin. We generated a "triple-punch" cell membrane-derived exosome-mimetic nanovesicle system that integrated with CD82 overexpression, AS1411 conjugation, and doxorubicin (DOX) delivery. CD82 enrichment effectively inhibits the migration of TNBC cells. AS1411 conjugation specifically targets TNBC cells. DOX loading effectively inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of TNBC cells. Our results demonstrate a system of exosome-mimetic nanovesicles with "triple-punch" that may facilitate TNBC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Zhang
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuangshuang Tang
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Luhan Li
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dekun Wang
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue Mi
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tan
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shijing Yue
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Abdellatif AAH, Alshubrumi AS, Younis MA. Targeted Nanoparticles: the Smart Way for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:23. [PMID: 38267656 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a widespread cancer that starts in the digestive tract. It is the third most common cause of cancer deaths around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates an expected death toll of over 1 million cases annually. The limited therapeutic options as well as the drawbacks of the existing therapies necessitate the development of non-classic treatment approaches. Nanotechnology has led the evolution of valuable drug delivery systems thanks to their ability to control drug release and precisely target a wide variety of cancers. This has also been extended to the treatment of CRC. Herein, we shed light on the pertinent research that has been performed on the potential applications of nanoparticles in the treatment of CRC. The various types of nanoparticles in addition to their properties, applications, targeting approaches, merits, and demerits are discussed. Furthermore, innovative therapies for CRC, including gene therapies and immunotherapies, are also highlighted. Eventually, the research gaps, the clinical potential of such delivery systems, and a future outlook on their development are inspired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | | | - Mahmoud A Younis
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
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6
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Dong L, Li Y, Cong H, Yu B, Shen Y. A review of chitosan in gene therapy: Developments and challenges. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121562. [PMID: 37985064 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy, as a revolutionary treatment, has been gaining more and more attention. The key to gene therapy is the selection of suitable vectors for protection of exogenous nucleic acid molecules and enabling their specific release in target cells. While viral vectors have been widely used in researches, non-viral vectors are receiving more attention due to its advantages. Chitosan (CS) has been widely used as non-viral organic gene carrier because of its good biocompatibility and its ability to load large amounts of nucleic acids. This paper summarizes and evaluates the potential of chitosan and its derivatives as gene delivery vector materials, along with factors influencing transfection efficiency, performance evaluation, ways to optimize infectious efficiency, and the current main research development directions. Additionally, it provides an outlook on its future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Youqing Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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7
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Heidari R, Assadollahi V, Khosravian P, Mirzaei SA, Elahian F. Engineered mesoporous silica nanoparticles, new insight nanoplatforms into effective cancer gene therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127060. [PMID: 37774811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of nucleic acid to control the expression of genes relevant to tumor progression is a key therapeutic approach in cancer research. Therapeutics based on nucleic acid provide novel concepts for untreatable targets. Nucleic acids as molecular medications must enter the target cell to be effective and obstacles in the systemic delivery of DNA or RNA limit their use in a clinical setting. The creation of nucleic acid delivery systems based on nanoparticles in order to circumvent biological constraints is advancing quickly. The ease of synthesis and surface modification, biocompatibility, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness and high loading capability of nucleic acids have prompted the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) in gene therapy. The unique surface features of MSNs facilitate their design and decoration for high loading of nucleic acids, immune system evasion, cancer cell targeting, controlled cargo release, and endosomal escape. Reports have demonstrated successful therapeutic outcomes with the administration of a variety of engineered MSNs capable of delivering genes to tumor sites in laboratory animals. This comprehensive review of studies about siRNA, miRNA, shRNA, lncRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 delivery by MSNs reveals engineered MSNs as a safe and efficient system for gene transfer to cancer cells and cancer mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Heidari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Vahideh Assadollahi
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Pegah Khosravian
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Elahian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Human Stem Cells and Neuronal Differentiation Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
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8
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Jabbari A, Sameiyan E, Yaghoobi E, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. Aptamer-based targeted delivery systems for cancer treatment using DNA origami and DNA nanostructures. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123448. [PMID: 37757957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of conventional cancer treatment methods, nanomedicine has appeared as a promising alternative, allowing improved drug targeting and decreased drug toxicity. In the development of cancer nanomedicines, among various nanoparticles (NPs), DNA nanostructures are more attractive because of their precisely controllable size, shape, excellent biocompatibility, programmability, biodegradability, and facile functionalization. Aptamers are introduced as single-stranded RNA or DNA molecules with recognize their corresponding targets. So, incorporating aptamers into DNA nanostructures led to influential vehicles for bioimaging and biosensing as well as targeted cancer therapy. In this review, the recent developments in the application of aptamer-based DNA origami and DNA nanostructures in advanced cancer treatment have been highlighted. Some of the main methods of cancer treatment are classified as chemo-, gene-, photodynamic- and combined therapy. Finally, the opportunities and problems for targeted DNA aptamer-based nanocarriers for medicinal applications have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Jabbari
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Sameiyan
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Yaghoobi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Xie X, Yue T, Gu W, Cheng W, He L, Ren W, Li F, Piao JG. Recent Advances in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Delivering siRNA for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2483. [PMID: 37896243 PMCID: PMC10609930 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Silencing genes using small interfering (si) RNA is a promising strategy for treating cancer. However, the curative effect of siRNA is severely constrained by low serum stability and cell membrane permeability. Therefore, improving the delivery efficiency of siRNA for cancer treatment is a research hotspot. Recently, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have emerged as bright delivery vehicles for nucleic acid drugs. A comprehensive understanding of the design of MSN-based vectors is crucial for the application of siRNA in cancer therapy. We discuss several surface-functionalized MSNs' advancements as effective siRNA delivery vehicles in this paper. The advantages of using MSNs for siRNA loading regarding considerations of different shapes, various options for surface functionalization, and customizable pore sizes are highlighted. We discuss the recent investigations into strategies that efficiently improve cellular uptake, facilitate endosomal escape, and promote cargo dissociation from the MSNs for enhanced intracellular siRNA delivery. Also, particular attention was paid to the exciting progress made by combining RNAi with other therapies to improve cancer therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fanzhu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (X.X.); (T.Y.); (W.G.); (W.C.); (L.H.); (W.R.)
| | - Ji-Gang Piao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (X.X.); (T.Y.); (W.G.); (W.C.); (L.H.); (W.R.)
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10
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Abdellatif AAH, Scagnetti G, Younis MA, Bouazzaoui A, Tawfeek HM, Aldosari BN, Almurshedi AS, Alsharidah M, Rugaie OA, Davies MPA, Liloglou T, Ross K, Saleem I. Non-coding RNA-directed therapeutics in lung cancer: Delivery technologies and clinical applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 229:113466. [PMID: 37515959 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most aggressive and deadliest health threats. There has been an increasing interest in non-coding RNA (ncRNA) recently, especially in the areas of carcinogenesis and tumour progression. However, ncRNA-directed therapies are still encountering obstacles on their way to the clinic. In the present article, we provide an overview on the potential of targeting ncRNA in the treatment of lung cancer. Then, we discuss the delivery challenges and recent approaches enabling the delivery of ncRNA-directed therapies to the lung cancer cells, where we illuminate some advanced technologies including chemically-modified oligonucleotides, nuclear targeting, and three-dimensional in vitro models. Furthermore, advanced non-viral delivery systems recruiting nanoparticles, biomimetic delivery systems, and extracellular vesicles are also highlighted. Lastly, the challenges limiting the clinical trials on the therapeutic targeting of ncRNAs in lung cancer and future directions to tackle them are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Al Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Giulia Scagnetti
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mahmoud A Younis
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Abdellatif Bouazzaoui
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; Medical Clinic, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Hesham M Tawfeek
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Basmah N Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanood S Almurshedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alsharidah
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Al Rugaie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 991, Unaizah, Al Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael P A Davies
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Kehinde Ross
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Imran Saleem
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; Institute for Health Research, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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Li F, Gong J, Shi T, Ren X, Cui X, Xiao L, Liu J, Qiu F. The design and straightforward synthesis of multifunctional DNA microgels for the improved targeted delivery of antitumor drugs. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123242. [PMID: 37467815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional drug delivery platforms represent ideal approaches to reliably targeting pharmacological agents of interest to the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), yet the complicated synthesis processes, high costs, and toxicities associated with these agents have hindered their clinical application to date. In this study, the properties of the TME are leveraged to develop a multifunctional pNAB/AS DNA microgel that is able to actively target tumors. This microgel is generated by a straightforward one-step free radical precipitation polymerization procedure, exhibiting extremely high drug encapsulation efficiency (∼90%), and is responsive to three environmental stimuli including temperature, reduction, and an acidic pH while showing minimal drug leakage under physiological conditions. Through a synergistic combination of appropriate size and aptamer recognition, this microgel is able to reliably facilitate intratumoral drug accumulation and nuclear drug delivery. Critically, pNAB/AS-Dox treatment is associated with specific antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo while retaining a good biosafety profile and causing lower levels of off-target toxicity as compared to free drug treatment. Together, these findings emphasize the potential value of this multifunctional pNAB/AS DNA microgel as a platform amenable to targeted drug delivery to the TME, providing a foundation for further efforts to readily develop multifunctional drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jianing Gong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Taoran Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Jingbo Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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12
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Karayianni M, Sentoukas T, Skandalis A, Pippa N, Pispas S. Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Technological Aspects, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1849. [PMID: 37514036 PMCID: PMC10383118 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally occurring polymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin, which is an abundant carbohydrate found mainly in the shells of various marine and terrestrial (micro)organisms. Chitosan has been extensively used to construct nanoparticles (NPs), which are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, easy to prepare, and can function as effective drug delivery systems. Moreover, chitosan NPs have been employed in gene and vaccine delivery, as well as advanced cancer therapy, and they can also serve as new therapeutic tools against viral infections. In this review, we summarize the most recent developments in the field of chitosan-based NPs intended as nucleic acid delivery vehicles and gene therapy vectors. Special attention is given to the technological aspects of chitosan complexes for nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karayianni
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Sentoukas
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Athanasios Skandalis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
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13
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Iman M, Moosavian SA, Zamani P, Jaafari MR. Preparation of AS1411 aptamer-modified PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin and evaluation of its anti-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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14
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Natural Biopolymers as Smart Coating Materials of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020447. [PMID: 36839771 PMCID: PMC9965229 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with different types of responsive pore gatekeepers have shown great potential for the formulation of drug delivery systems (DDS) with minimal premature leakage and site-specific controlled release. New nanotechnological approaches have been developed with the objective of utilizing natural biopolymers as smart materials in drug delivery applications. Natural biopolymers are sensitive to various physicochemical and biological stimuli and are endowed with intrinsic biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity. Their use as biocompatible smart coatings has extensively been investigated in the last few years. This review summarizes the MSNs coating procedures with natural polysaccharides and protein-based biopolymers, focusing on their application as responsive materials to endogenous stimuli. Biopolymer-coated MSNs, which conjugate the nanocarrier features of mesoporous silica with the biocompatibility and controlled delivery provided by natural coatings, have shown promising therapeutic outcomes and the potential to emerge as valuable candidates for the selective treatment of various diseases.
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15
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Kamil Mohammad Al-Mosawi A, Bahrami AR, Nekooei S, Saljooghi AS, Matin MM. Using magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles armed with EpCAM aptamer as an efficient platform for specific delivery of 5-fluorouracil to colorectal cancer cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1095837. [PMID: 36686226 PMCID: PMC9853966 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1095837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Theranostic nanoparticles with both imaging and therapeutic capacities are highly promising in successful diagnosis and treatment of advanced cancers. Methods: Here, we developed magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and surface-decorated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) aptamer (Apt) for controlled release of 5-FU and targeted treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) both in vitro and in vivo. In this system, Au NPs are conjugated onto the exterior surface of MSNs as a gatekeeper for intelligent release of the anti-cancer drug at acidic conditions. Results: Nanocarriers were prepared with a final size diameter of 78 nm, the surface area and pore size of SPION-MSNs were calculated as 636 m2g-1, and 3 nm based on the BET analysis. The release of 5-FU from nanocarriers was pH-dependent, with an initial rapid release (within 6 h) followed by a sustained release for 96 h at pH 5.4. Tracking the cellular uptake by flow cytometry technique illustrated more efficient and higher uptake of targeted nanocarriers in HT-29 cells compared with non-targeted formula. In vitro results demonstrated that nanocarriers inhibited the growth of cancer cells via apoptosis induction. Furthermore, the targeted NPs could significantly reduce tumor growth in immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice bearing HT-29 tumors, similar to those injected with free 5-FU, while inducing less side effects. Conclusion: These findings suggest that application of Apt-PEG-Au-NPs@5-FU represents a promising theranostic platform for EpCAM-positive CRC cells, although further experiments are required before it can be practiced in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sirous Nekooei
- Department of Radiology, Qaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sh. Saljooghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,*Correspondence: Maryam M. Matin, ; Amir Sh. Saljooghi,
| | - Maryam M. Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Iran,*Correspondence: Maryam M. Matin, ; Amir Sh. Saljooghi,
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16
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Wang F, Duan H, Xu W, Sheng G, Sun Z, Chu H. Light-activated nanomaterials for tumor immunotherapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:1031811. [PMID: 36277335 PMCID: PMC9585221 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1031811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy mainly relies on activating the immune system to achieve antitumor treatment. However, the present tumor immunotherapy used in the clinic showed low treatment efficacy with high systematic toxicity. To overcome the shortcomings of traditional drugs for immunotherapy, a series of antitumor immunotherapies based on nanomaterials have been developed to enhance the body’s antitumor immune response and reduce systematic toxicity. Due to the noninvasiveness, remote controllability, and high temporal and spatial resolution of light, photocontrolled nanomaterials irradiated by excitation light have been widely used in drug delivery and photocontrolled switching. This review aims to highlight recent advances in antitumor immunotherapy based on photocontrolled nanomaterials. We emphasized the advantages of nanocomposites for antitumor immunotherapy and highlighted the latest progress of antitumor immunotherapy based on photoactivated nanomaterials. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of light-activated nanomaterials in antitumor immunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Duan
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhe Xu
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Sheng
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqian Chu
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongqian Chu,
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17
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Ashrafizadeh M, Hushmandi K, Mirzaei S, Bokaie S, Bigham A, Makvandi P, Rabiee N, Thakur VK, Kumar AP, Sharifi E, Varma RS, Aref AR, Wojnilowicz M, Zarrabi A, Karimi‐Maleh H, Voelcker NH, Mostafavi E, Orive G. Chitosan-based nanoscale systems for doxorubicin delivery: Exploring biomedical application in cancer therapy. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10325. [PMID: 36684100 PMCID: PMC9842052 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Green chemistry has been a growing multidisciplinary field in recent years showing great promise in biomedical applications, especially for cancer therapy. Chitosan (CS) is an abundant biopolymer derived from chitin and is present in insects and fungi. This polysaccharide has favorable characteristics, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of modification by enzymes and chemicals. CS-based nanoparticles (CS-NPs) have shown potential in the treatment of cancer and other diseases, affording targeted delivery and overcoming drug resistance. The current review emphasizes on the application of CS-NPs for the delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin (DOX), in cancer therapy as they promote internalization of DOX in cancer cells and prevent the activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) to reverse drug resistance. These nanoarchitectures can provide co-delivery of DOX with antitumor agents such as curcumin and cisplatin to induce synergistic cancer therapy. Furthermore, co-loading of DOX with siRNA, shRNA, and miRNA can suppress tumor progression and provide chemosensitivity. Various nanostructures, including lipid-, carbon-, polymeric- and metal-based nanoparticles, are modifiable with CS for DOX delivery, while functionalization of CS-NPs with ligands such as hyaluronic acid promotes selectivity toward tumor cells and prevents DOX resistance. The CS-NPs demonstrate high encapsulation efficiency and due to protonation of amine groups of CS, pH-sensitive release of DOX can occur. Furthermore, redox- and light-responsive CS-NPs have been prepared for DOX delivery in cancer treatment. Leveraging these characteristics and in view of the biocompatibility of CS-NPs, we expect to soon see significant progress towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesSabanci University, Üniversite CaddesiTuzla, IstanbulTurkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceIslamic Azad University, Science and Research BranchTehranIran
| | - Saied Bokaie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Ashkan Bigham
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials ‐ National Research Council (IPCB‐CNR)NaplesItaly
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Materials InterfacesPontedera, PisaItaly
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES)DehradunUttarakhandIndia,Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC)EdinburghUK
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR)Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore,Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeKent RidgeSingapore
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and BiomaterialsSchool of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and MaterialsCzech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana‐Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA,Xsphera Biosciences Inc.BostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marcin Wojnilowicz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) ManufacturingClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesIstinye UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Hassan Karimi‐Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduPR China,Department of Chemical EngineeringQuchan University of TechnologyQuchanIran,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein CampusJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) ManufacturingClaytonVictoriaAustralia,Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Melbourne Centre for NanofabricationVictorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication FacilityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA,Department of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Vitoria‐GasteizSpain,University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology–UIRMI(UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua)Vitoria‐GasteizSpain,Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research GroupVitoria‐GasteizSpain,Singapore Eye Research InstituteSingapore
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18
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Cui C, Guo T, Zhang S, Yang M, Cheng J, Wang J, Kang J, Ma W, Nian Y, Sun Z, Weng H. Bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles engineered with over-expressed pre-miRNA as delivery nanocarriers for cancer therapy. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 45:102585. [PMID: 35901958 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Escherichia coli as nanoscale spherical vesicles have been recently used in cancer therapy as drug carriers. However, most of them need complicated methods to load cargos. Herein, we proposed an inexpensive and potentially mass-produced method for the preparation of OMV engineered with over-expressed pre-miRNA. In this work, we found that OMV can be released and inherit over-expressed tRNALys-pre-miRNA from mother E. coli that directly used for the tumor therapy. The eukaryotic cells infection experiments revealed that the over-expressed pre-miRNA inside OMV could be released and processed into mature miRNAs with the aid of the camouflage of "tRNA scaffold". Moreover, the group in vivo treated with targeted OMVtRNA-pre-miR-126 obviously inhibited the expression of target oncogenic CXCR4, and significantly restrain the proliferation of breast cancer tissues. Together, these findings indicated that the OMV-based platform is a versatile and powerful strategy for personalized tumor therapy directly and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mingyan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jie Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuanru Nian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhaowei Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Haibo Weng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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19
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Akhtarkhavari T, Bahrami AR, M Matin M. Downregulation of miR-21 as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance in cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 932:175233. [PMID: 36038011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous achievements in the field of targeted cancer therapy, chemotherapy is still the main treatment option, which is challenged by acquired drug resistance. Various microRNAs are involved in developing drug-resistant cells. miR-21 is one of the first identified miRNAs involved in this process. Here, we conducted a literature review to categorize different mechanisms employed by miR-21 to drive drug resistance. miR-21 targets various genes involved in many pathways that can justify chemoresistance. It alters cancer cell metabolism and facilitates adaptation to the new environment. It also enhances drug detoxification in cancerous cells and increases genomic instability. We also summarized various strategies applied for the inhibition of miR-21 in order to reverse cancer drug resistance. These strategies include the delivery of antagomiRs, miRZip knockdown vectors, inhibitory small molecules, CRISPR-Cas9 technology, catalytic nucleic acids, artificial DNA and RNA sponges, and nanostructures like mesoporous silica nanoparticles, dendrimers, and exosomes. Furthermore, current challenges and limitations in targeting miR-21 are discussed in this article. Although huge progress has been made in the downregulation of miR-21 in drug-resistant cancer cells, there are still many challenges to be resolved. More research is still required to find the best strategy and timeline for the downregulation of miR-21 and also the most feasible approach for the delivery of this system into the tumor cells. In conclusion, downregulation of miR-21 would be a promising strategy to reverse chemoresistance, but still, more studies are required to clarify the aforementioned issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Akhtarkhavari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Genedy HH, Delair T, Montembault A. Chitosan Based MicroRNA Nanocarriers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091036. [PMID: 36145257 PMCID: PMC9500875 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectorization of microRNAs has shown to be a smart approach for their potential delivery to treat many diseases (i.e., cancer, osteopathy, vascular, and infectious diseases). However, there are barriers to genetic in vivo delivery regarding stability, targeting, specificity, and internalization. Polymeric nanoparticles can be very promising candidates to overcome these challenges. One of the most suitable polymers for this purpose is chitosan. Chitosan (CS), a biodegradable biocompatible natural polysaccharide, has always been of interest for drug and gene delivery. Being cationic, chitosan can easily form particles with anionic polymers to encapsulate microRNA or even complex readily forming polyplexes. However, fine tuning of chitosan characteristics is necessary for a successful formulation. In this review, we cover all chitosan miRNA formulations investigated in the last 10 years, to the best of our knowledge, so that we can distinguish their differences in terms of materials, formulation processes, and intended applications. The factors that make some optimized systems superior to their predecessors are also discussed to reach the highest potential of chitosan microRNA nanocarriers.
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21
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Dual-targeted and controlled release delivery of doxorubicin to breast adenocarcinoma: In vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121892. [PMID: 35671850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic drug that belongs to the anthracyclines family. Cardiotoxicity is one of the main limiting factor of prescribing DOX. To reduce its side effects and enhance the drug delivery to the targeted tissues, we aimed to establish a new targeted and controlled release drug delivery system for treatment of breast cancer. In this article, we tried to synthesize a new nanoplatform consisted of DOX conjugate with hydrazide and disulfide bonds to the hyaluronic acid (HA). Firstly, 4,4'-Dithiodibutyric acid (DTBH) was conjugated with HA. Then, 3-aminophenyl boronic acid monohydrate (APBA) was conjugated with DTBH-HA. Subsequently, DOX was added to DTBH-HA-APBA. HA is a natural polymer with the ability to target CD44, a cell surface adhesion receptor, which are highly overexpressed on the surface of variety of cancer cells. Other targeting agent, APBA can target sialic acid on the cancer cells surface and improve the tumor uptake. Formation of The DTBH-HA-APBA conjugate was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. Scanning emission electron microscopy (SEM) images of the DOX-DTBH-HA-APBA displayed a spherical shape with an average diameter of about 70 nm. In vitro drug release study showed considerably different release pattern of DOX from the formulation at acidic pH (5.4) which was higher than normal pH (7.4). Cellular uptake and cellular cytotoxicity analysis were examined in human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) as positive cell lines and Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) as negative cell line. Results confirmed that there is a remarkable difference between dual-targeted (DOX-DTBH-HA-APBA) and single targeted (DOX-DTBH-HA) formulations in both positive cell lines regarding internalization and cytotoxicity. In vivo studies indicated that dual-targeted formulation has the best efficacy with minimum side effects in mouse model. Fluorescence imaging of organs revealed that DOX-DTBH-HA-APBA showed greater DOX accumulation compared with DOX-DTBH-HA and free DOX in tumor site. Also, pathological evaluation indicated that there is no observable cardiotoxicity with final formulation.
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22
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Foglizzo V, Marchiò S. Nanoparticles as Physically- and Biochemically-Tuned Drug Formulations for Cancers Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102473. [PMID: 35626078 PMCID: PMC9139219 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Conventional antitumor drugs have limitations, including poor water solubility and lack of targeting capability, with consequent non-specific distribution, systemic toxicity, and low therapeutic index. Nanotechnology promises to overcome these drawbacks by exploiting the physical properties of diverse nanocarriers that can be linked to moieties with binding selectivity for cancer cells. The use of nanoparticles as therapeutic formulations allows a targeted delivery and a slow, controlled release of the drug(s), making them tunable modules for applications in precision medicine. In addition, nanoparticles are also being developed as cancer vaccines, offering an opportunity to increase both cellular and humoral immunity, thus providing a new weapon to beat cancer. Abstract Malignant tumors originate from a combination of genetic alterations, which induce activation of oncogenes and inactivation of oncosuppressor genes, ultimately resulting in uncontrolled growth and neoplastic transformation. Chemotherapy prevents the abnormal proliferation of cancer cells, but it also affects the entire cellular network in the human body with heavy side effects. For this reason, the ultimate aim of cancer therapy remains to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing their normal counterparts. Nanoparticle formulations have the potential to achieve this aim by providing optimized drug delivery to a pathological site with minimal accumulation in healthy tissues. In this review, we will first describe the characteristics of recently developed nanoparticles and how their physical properties and targeting functionalization are exploited depending on their therapeutic payload, route of delivery, and tumor type. Second, we will analyze how nanoparticles can overcome multidrug resistance based on their ability to combine different therapies and targeting moieties within a single formulation. Finally, we will discuss how the implementation of these strategies has led to the generation of nanoparticle-based cancer vaccines as cutting-edge instruments for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Foglizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Serena Marchiò
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-01199333239
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23
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Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Based on Different Targeting Mechanisms in the Targeted Therapy of Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092981. [PMID: 35566331 PMCID: PMC9099628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a usual digestive tract malignancy and the third main cause of cancer death around the world, with a high occurrence rate and mortality rate. Conventional therapies for CRC have certain side effects and restrictions. However, the exciting thing is that with the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles have gradually become more valuable drug delivery systems than traditional therapies because of their capacity to control drug release and target CRC. This also promotes the application of nano-drug targeted delivery systems in the therapy of CRC. Moreover, to make nanoparticles have a better colon targeting effect, many approaches have been used, including nanoparticles targeting CRC and in response to environmental signals. In this review, we focus on various targeting mechanisms of CRC-targeted nanoparticles and their latest research progress in the last three years, hoping to give researchers some inspiration on the design of CRC-targeted nanoparticles.
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24
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Ashrafizadeh M, Mirzaei S, Gholami MH, Hashemi F, Zabolian A, Raei M, Hushmandi K, Zarrabi A, Voelcker NH, Aref AR, Hamblin MR, Varma RS, Samarghandian S, Arostegi IJ, Alzola M, Kumar AP, Thakur VK, Nabavi N, Makvandi P, Tay FR, Orive G. Hyaluronic acid-based nanoplatforms for Doxorubicin: A review of stimuli-responsive carriers, co-delivery and resistance suppression. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118491. [PMID: 34420747 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important motivation for the use of nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures in cancer therapy emanates from the widespread emergence of drug resistance. Although doxorubicin (DOX) induces cell cycle arrest and DNA damage by suppressing topoisomerase activity, resistance to DOX has severely restricted its anti-cancer potential. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been extensively utilized for synthesizing nanoparticles as it interacts with CD44 expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Cancer cells can take up HA-modified nanoparticles through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Various types of nanostructures such as carbon nanomaterials, lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanocarriers have been modified with HA to enhance the delivery of DOX to cancer cells. Hyaluronic acid-based advanced materials provide a platform for the co-delivery of genes and drugs along with DOX to enhance the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy and overcome chemoresistance. In the present review, the potential methods and application of HA-modified nanostructures for DOX delivery in anti-cancer therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farid Hashemi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia; Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; Radiobiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - I J Arostegi
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - M Alzola
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Materials Interfaces, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore.
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25
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Lohiya G, Katti DS. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Based Combination of Niclosamide and Doxorubicin: Effect of Treatment Regimens on Breast Cancer Subtypes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7811-7824. [PMID: 35006763 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling acts as a major cancer driver and plays an important role in the development of resistance against cancer chemotherapy. Therefore, the combinatorial approach of downregulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling along with using a chemotherapeutic agent may improve cancer therapy. However, systemic administration of free anticancer agents is nonspecific and poses serious side effects. Hence, the present study aimed at developing mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-based targeted combination therapy of a Wnt signaling inhibitor, niclosamide (Nic), and a conventional anticancer agent, doxorubicin (Dox). The results demonstrated the reproducible synthesis of highly stable and monodispersed sub-100 nm spherical shaped NPs. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the individual drug formulations caused concentration-dependent cytotoxicity to all of the three breast cancer subtypes, with higher concentrations being more cytotoxic. Further, sequential and concurrent combination of Nic-loaded MSNs with Dox-loaded MSNs was synergistic and caused significantly enhanced death in all breast cancer subtypes. Quantification of the combinatorial efficacy suggested that multiple combinatorial pairs were synergistic in all of the breast cancer types for both (sequential and concurrent) treatment regimens. However, the extent of synergism varied between the two treatment regimens in different clinical subtypes of breast cancer. Overall, the combination of Nic-loaded MSNs with Dox-loaded MSNs holds promise to be developed as an efficient therapeutic option for breast cancer irrespective of the clinical subtype in both sequential and concurrent treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Lohiya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology─Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhirendra S Katti
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology─Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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