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Liu Z, Zhang H, Su H, Chen Y, Jing X, Wang D, Li S, Guan H, Meng L. Developing a multifunctional chitosan composite sponge for managing traumatic injuries. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:135895. [PMID: 39343274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Developing porous hemostatic sponges that are both biosafe and multifunctional remains a complex challenge. Conventional hemostatic techniques often fall short in managing bleeding effectively, leading to severe critical cases such as suboptimal hemostasis, increased infection risk, and complications arising from profuse bleeding. To address these deficits, our study introduces a novel multifunctional nanocomposite sponge that synergistically incorporates chitosan (CS), cellulose (Cel), graphene oxide (GO), and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. The resulting CS/Cel/GO/Ag developed demonstrates a swelling rate exceeding 3000 %, an absorption rate of over 2100 %, and the lowest stress surpassing 20 kPa at an initial 80 % strain. In vitro analyses reveal that the CS/Cel/GO/Ag sponge has excellent cytocompatibility, non-hemolytic nature, and competence in blood cell adherence and bacterial inhibition. In vivo evaluations further demonstrate that compared to conventional hemostatic methods, the sponge substantially enhances hemostatic efficacy, as evidenced by the marked reductions in clotting times and diminished blood loss compared to conventional hemostatic methods. Specifically, the test results of the CS/Cel/GO/Ag sponge across three different models are as follows: for the rat tail amputation model, the clotting time was 99 s, while blood loss was 222 mg; for the rat liver injury model, the clotting time was 129 s. while blood loss was 812 mg; for the rat femoral artery laceration model, the clotting time was 96 s, while blood loss was 758 mg. The compelling attributes of the CS/Cel/GO/Ag sponges position them as a promising solution for the acute management of bleeding. Their excellent performance indicates they have potential role to play in trauma care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Liu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huining Su
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xunan Jing
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Daquan Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shaohui Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hao Guan
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Lingjie Meng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
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2
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Fang R, Yu N, Wang F, Ding Z, Xu X, Zhang J. A hemoadhican-based sponge with anti-heparin interference for treating uncontrollable massive hemorrhage. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135097. [PMID: 39197604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Hemoadhican (HD) is an exopolysaccharide with a branched structure that has been reported for its high hemostatic ability. In this study, a HD-based hemostatic sponge was prepared through ultrasonic dissolution and freeze-drying without using any cross-linking agent. The sponge could spontaneously cross-link using hydrogen bonds to form adhesive mud within 3 s upon contact with blood. This sponge-mud mixture adhered tightly to the wound tissue, forming a pressure-resistant physical barrier that captures and locks in blood cells and platelets. Simultaneously, the hydrophobic methyl groups of HD sponges repel blood inwardly, effectively sealing the wound. The brush-like structure of HD molecules was suspected to penetrate wet tissues through topological entanglement, thereby enhancing wet adhesion. Compared with gauze and gelatin sponges, HD sponges achieved more effective hemostasis in animal models using rat and rabbit femoral arteries. In particular, HD sponges showed excellent hemostasis in heparin-induced hemorrhage models in mice and pigs. The in vivo experiment demonstrated the excellent biosafety of the HD sponge. Conclusively, the HD sponge is a safe and efficient rapid hemostatic material that is expected to become an alternative material for clinical hemostatic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; Key laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 210094, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; Key laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 210094, China
| | - Fa Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; Key laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 210094, China
| | - Zhao Ding
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; Key laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 210094, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; Key laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 210094, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; Key laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 210094, China.
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Ravishankar K, Km S, Sreekumar S, Sivan S, Kiran MS, Lobo NP, Jaisankar SN, Raghavachari D. Microwave-assisted synthesis of crosslinked ureido chitosan for hemostatic applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129648. [PMID: 38246465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a facile method for introducing hydrophilic ureido groups (NH2-CO-NH-) into chitosan using a microwave-assisted reaction with molten urea, with the aim of enhancing chitosan's interaction with blood components for improved hemostasis. The formation of the ureido groups through nucleophilic addition reaction between the amine groups in chitosan and in situ generated isocyanic acid was confirmed by FTIR, CP/TOSS 13C NMR, and CP/MAS 15N NMR spectroscopic techniques. However, in stark contrast to the glucans, the said modification introduced extensive crosslinking in chitosan. Spectroscopic studies identified these crosslinks as carbamate bridges (-NH-COO-), which were likely formed by the reaction between the ureido groups and hydroxyl groups of adjacent chains through an isocyanate intermediate. These carbamate bridges improved ureido chitosan's environmental stability, making it particularly resistant to changes in pH and temperature. In comparison to chitosan, the crosslinked ureido chitosan synthesized here exhibited good biocompatibility and cell adhesion, rapidly arrested the bleeding in a punctured artery with minimal hemolysis, and induced early activation and aggregation of platelets. These properties render it an invaluable material for applications in hemostasis, particularly in scenarios that necessitate stability against pH variations and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Ravishankar
- Polymer Science and Technology Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shelly Km
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreelekshmi Sreekumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Biological Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sisira Sivan
- Polymer Science and Technology Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikantan Syamala Kiran
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Biological Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nitin Prakash Lobo
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Centre for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation& Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sellamuthu N Jaisankar
- Polymer Science and Technology Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Dhamodharan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wang Q, Han Q, Xu X, Ding X, Nie X, Xu X, Liu X, Zhang C, Li J, Shi Q. Bioinspired Zn-MOF doped radial porous chitosan-based sponge with antibacterial and antioxidant properties for rapid hemostasis and wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:128960. [PMID: 38151078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel bioinspired radial porous zinc-based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) doped sodium alginate/chitosan derivatives/pullulan-based SA/PSCS/Pul/Zn-MOF (SPCP/Zn) composites sponge with excellent antioxidant and antibacterial properties was fabricated by the ice-templating method. Boric acid (BA) and Ca2+, which were respectively used as hydrogen- and ionic- bonding cross-linkers, provided strong mechanical properties for sponge matrix composed of SA, PSCS, and Pul. The obtained SPCP/Zn sponge exhibited uniform porous morphology, proper hydrophilicity, and admirable biocompatibility. In addition, the SPCP/Zn sponge achieved a sustained release of Zn2+ and gallic acid, which displayed powerful antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Importantly, the SPCP/Zn sponge exhibited shorter rapid hemostasis (20.4 ± 2.9 s) and lower blood loss (19.8 ± 4.3 mg). The SPCP/Zn sponge also showed faster wound closure ratio for the rat full-thickness skin defect model. It was revealed that SPCP/Zn sponge could significantly accelerate and enhance wound healing through downregulating inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and increasing the expression of growth factors (VEGF). Due to its excellent properties, the SPCP/Zn sponge may have promising potential in wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qiaoyi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China.
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Chemstry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China.
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China; Yantai Research Institute of Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Junqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials & Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.
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Liang P, Bi T, Zhou Y, Wang C, Ma Y, Xu H, Shen H, Ren W, Yang S. Carbonized Platycladus orientalis Derived Carbon Dots Accelerate Hemostasis through Activation of Platelets and Coagulation Pathways. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303498. [PMID: 37607318 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Achieving rapid and effective hemostasis remains a multidisciplinary challenge. Here, distinctive functional carbon dots derived from carbonized Platycladus orientalis (CPO-CDs) are developed using one-step hydrothermal method. The negatively charged surface of CPO-CDs retains partial functional groups from CPO precursor, exhibiting excellent water solubility and high biocompatibility. Both rat liver injury model and tail amputation model have confirmed the rapid and effective hemostatic performance of CPO-CDs on exogenous hemorrhage. Further, on endogenous blood-heat hemorrhage syndrome rat model, CPO-CDs could inhibit hemorrhage and alleviate inflammation response. Interestingly, the excellent hemostasis performance of CPO-CDs is ascribed to activate exogenous coagulation pathway and common coagulation pathway. More importantly, metabolomics of rat plasma suggests that the hemostasis effect of CPO-CDs is closely related to platelet functions. Therefore, the designed in vitro experiments are performed and it is discovered that CPO-CDs significantly promote platelets adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Further, the underlying mechanism investigation suggests that Src/Syk signal pathway plays a key role in platelets activation triggered by CPO-CDs. Overall, CPO-CDs with rapid and excellent hemostatic performance are discovered for the first time, which could be an excellent candidate for the treatment of hemorrhagic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- State Key Laboratories for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Tao Bi
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Chengmei Wang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yining Ma
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Houping Xu
- Preventive Treatment Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Hongping Shen
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Wei Ren
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- State Key Laboratories for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
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6
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Du Y, Bai Y, Lang S, Xing D, Ma L, Li K, Peng J, Li X, Liu G. Gelatin Sponges with a Uniform Interoperable Pore Structure and Biodegradability for Liver Injury Hemostasis and Tissue Regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5313-5327. [PMID: 37725632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Developing a hemostatic sponge that can effectively control bleeding from visceral injuries while guiding in situ tissue regeneration in incompressible wounds remains a challenge. Most of the existing hemostatic sponges degrade slowly, are relatively single-functioning, and cannot cope with complex environments. Herein, a biodegradable rapidly hemostatic sponge (GPZ) was created by dual-dynamic-bond cross-linking among Zn2+, protocatechualdehyde (PA)-containing catechol and aldehyde groups, and gelatin. GPZ had a uniformly distributed interconnected pore structure with excellent fluid absorption. It could effectively absorb the oozing blood and increase the blood concentration while stimulating platelet activation and accelerating blood coagulation. Compared to commercial hemostats, GPZ treatment significantly accelerated hemostasis in the rat liver defect model (∼0.33 min, ≥50% reduction in the hemostatic time) and in the rabbit liver defect model (∼1.02 min, ≥60% reduction in the hemostatic time). Additionally, GPZ had excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties that effectively protected the wound from infection and excessive inflammation. In the liver regeneration model, GPZ significantly increased the rate of hepatic tissue repair and promoted rapid functional recovery without complications and adverse reactions. Overall, we designed a simple and effective biodegradable rapid hemostatic sponge with good clinical translational potential for treating lethal incompressible bleeding and promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrui Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yangjing Bai
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University/Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiying Lang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dandan Xing
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Kaijun Li
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jinyu Peng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Dazhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, China
| | - Gongyan Liu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Gai Y, Yin Y, Guan L, Zhang S, Chen J, Yang J, Zhou H, Li J. Rational Design of Bioactive Materials for Bone Hemostasis and Defect Repair. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2023; 4:0058. [PMID: 37829507 PMCID: PMC10566342 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Everyday unnatural events such as trauma, accidents, military conflict, disasters, and even medical malpractice create open wounds and massive blood loss, which can be life-threatening. Fractures and large bone defects are among the most common types of injuries. Traditional treatment methods usually involve rapid hemostasis and wound closure, which are convenient and fast but may result in various complications such as nerve injury, deep infection, vascular injury, and deep hematomas. To address these complications, various studies have been conducted on new materials that can be degraded in the body and reduce inflammation and abscesses in the surgical area. This review presents the latest research progress in biomaterials for bone hemostasis and repair. The mechanisms of bone hemostasis and bone healing are first introduced and then principles for rational design of biomaterials are summarized. After providing representative examples of hemostatic biomaterials for bone repair, future challenges and opportunities in the field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Gai
- School of Medical Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Yin
- School of Medical Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Guan
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Medicine,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing Tiantan Hospital,
Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Shengchang Zhang
- School of Medical Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiatian Chen
- School of Medical Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junyuan Yang
- School of Medical Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huaijuan Zhou
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Medical Technology,
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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