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Chen T, Wen Y, Song X, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Tian X, Zeng S, Li J. Rationally designed β-cyclodextrin-crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels for cell spheroid formation and 3D tumor model construction. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122253. [PMID: 38823920 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In vitro tumor models are essential for understanding tumor behavior and evaluating tumor biological properties. Hydrogels that can mimic the tumor extracellular matrix have become popular for creating 3D in vitro tumor models. However, designing biocompatible hydrogels with appropriate chemical and physical properties for constructing tumor models is still a challenge. In this study, we synthesized a series of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogels with different β-CD densities and mechanical properties and evaluated their potential for use in 3D in vitro tumor model construction, including cell capture and spheroid formation. By utilizing a combination of β-CD-methacrylate (CD-MA) and a small amount of N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (BIS) as hydrogel crosslinkers and optimizing the CD-MA/BIS ratio, the hydrogels performed excellently for tumor cell 3D culture and spheroid formation. Notably, when we co-cultured L929 fibroblasts with HeLa tumor cells on the hydrogel surface, co-cultured spheroids were formed, showing that the hydrogel can mimic the complexity of the tumor extracellular matrix. This comprehensive investigation of the relationship between hydrogel mechanical properties and biocompatibility provides important insights for hydrogel-based in vitro tumor modeling and advances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taili Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yuting Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China; National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Yubei District, Chongqing 401120, China.
| | - Xia Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Zhongxing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Jingling Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Xuehao Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China; National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Yubei District, Chongqing 401120, China; NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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2
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Zhou C, Li L, Li D, Zhang R, Hu S, Zhong K, Yan B. Hyaluronic acid-based multifunctional bio-active coating integrated with cinnamaldehyde/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex for fruit preservation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132605. [PMID: 38788869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Natural preservatives such as cinnamaldehyde (CIN) are garnering increasing interest to replace their synthetic counterparts in maintaining fruit freshness and safety. However, their long-term effectiveness and widespread application have been greatly limited due to high volatility and potent aroma. To address these challenges, we developed a viable and simple strategy to prepare a multifunctional active coating for fruit preservation by incorporating host-guest inclusion complex of CIN and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) CIN@HP-β-CD into hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural polysaccharide with exceptional film-forming properties. The as-prepared HA/CIN@HP-β-CD coatings exhibited universal surface affinity, excellent antimicrobial performance, and satisfactory antioxidant properties with no potential toxicity. Release kinetic studies have demonstrated that CIN in the coating is continuously and slowly released. Furthermore, freshness preservation experiments on bananas and fresh-cut apples demonstrated that the developed coating is effective in preserving the color of fruit, decreasing the weight loss rate, preventing the microorganism's growth, and significantly extending the period of freshness, exhibiting the potential for application in fruit preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ling Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 643002, China
| | - Rongya Zhang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Shaodong Hu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Bin Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Ooi YJ, Wen Y, Zhu J, Song X, Li J. Codelivery of Doxorubicin and p53 Gene by β-Cyclodextrin-Based Supramolecular Nanoparticles Formed via Host-Guest Complexation and Electrostatic Interaction. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2980-2989. [PMID: 38587905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
We developed a supramolecular system for codelivery of doxorubicin (Dox) and p53 gene based on a β-CD-containing star-shaped cationic polymer. First, a star-shaped cationic polymer consisting of a β-CD core and 3 arms of oligoethylenimine (OEI), named CD-OEI, was used to form a supramolecular inclusion complex with hydrophobic Dox. The CD-OEI/Dox complex was subsequently used to condense plasmid DNA via electrostatic interactions to form CD-OEI/Dox/DNA polyplex nanoparticles with positive surface charges that enhanced the cellular uptake of both Dox and DNA. This supramolecular drug and gene codelivery system showed high gene transfection efficiency and effective protein expression in cancer cells. The codelivery of Dox and DNA encoding the p53 gene resulted in reduced cell viability and enhanced antitumor effects at low Dox concentrations. With its enhanced cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy, the system holds promise as a delivery carrier for potential combination cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jie Ooi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yuting Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Jingling Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Xia Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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4
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Yuan Y, Chen Q, Wang Z, Mi Y, Dong F, Tan W, Guo Z. Low molecular weight chitosan based GSH-responsive self-assembled cationic micelle with enhanced anti-tumor effect by combining oxidative damage and chemotherapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131736. [PMID: 38653433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
A novel cationic lipoic acid grafted low molecular weight chitosan (LCNE-LA) conjugate was constructed and further self-assembled into GSH-responsive cationic nanocarrier to achieve better antitumor effect by combining encapsulated chemotherapy and oxidative damage induced by ROS. The resultant LCNE-LA cationic micelle exhibited favorable physicochemical properties (low CMC, small size, positively zeta potential and good stability), excellent biosafety and desired redox sensitivity. Next, doxorubicin (Dox) was embedded into hydrophobic core to form stable Dox/LCNE-LA micelle that had superior loading capacity. The GSH-induced release behavior, cellular uptake ability, ROS generation and GSH consumption capacity and in vitro antitumor activity of Dox/LCNE-LA micelle were systematically evaluated. Consequently, Dox/LCNE-LA cationic micelle with positively charged could efficiently enter into cancer cell and redox-sensitive release Dox via disulfide-thiol exchange reaction, which usually expend abundant GSH and disrupt redox homeostasis. Studies further confirmed that Dox/LCNE-LA micelle could increase ROS and reduced GSH content which might cause oxidative damage to tumor cell. Antitumor activity indicated that Dox/LCNE-LA micelle achieved an excellent cancer-killing effect, which might be attributed to combination treatment of Dox and ROS induce oxidative damage. Overall, this research was expected to provide a platform for antitumor treatment by triggering Dox release and promoting ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yingqi Mi
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenqiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhanyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Ma Y, Morozova SM, Kumacheva E. From Nature-Sourced Polysaccharide Particles to Advanced Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312707. [PMID: 38391153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides constitute over 90% of the carbohydrate mass in nature, which makes them a promising feedstock for manufacturing sustainable materials. Polysaccharide particles (PSPs) are used as effective scavengers, carriers of chemical and biological cargos, and building blocks for the fabrication of macroscopic materials. The biocompatibility and degradability of PSPs are advantageous for their uses as biomaterials with more environmental friendliness. This review highlights the progresses in PSP applications as advanced functional materials, by describing PSP extraction, preparation, and surface functionalization with a variety of functional groups, polymers, nanoparticles, and biologically active species. This review also outlines the fabrication of PSP-derived macroscopic materials, as well as their applications in soft robotics, sensing, scavenging, water harvesting, drug delivery, and bioengineering. The paper is concluded with an outlook providing perspectives in the development and applications of PSP-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sofia M Morozova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Center of Fluid Physics and Soft Matter, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5/1 2-nd Baumanskaya street, Moscow, 105005, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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Shatan AB, Patsula V, Macková H, Mahun A, Lehotská R, Piecková E, Horák D. Silver-Sulfamethazine-Conjugated β-Cyclodextrin/Dextran-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Pathogen Inhibition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:371. [PMID: 38392744 PMCID: PMC10892808 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In the fight against antibiotic resistance, which is rising to dangerously high levels worldwide, new strategies based on antibiotic-conjugated biocompatible polymers bound to magnetic nanoparticles that allow the drug to be manipulated and delivered to a specific target are being proposed. Here, we report the direct surface engineering of nontoxic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) using biocompatible dextran (Dex) covalently linked to β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with the ability to form non-covalent complexes with silver-sulfamethazine (SMT-Ag). To achieve a good interaction of β-CD-modified dextran with the surface of the nanoparticles, it was functionalized with diphosphonic acid (DPA) that provides strong binding to Fe atoms. The synthesized polymers and nanoparticles were characterized by various methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), etc. The resulting magnetic ION@DPA-Dex-β-CD-SMT-Ag nanoparticles were colloidally stable in water and contained 24 μg of antibiotic per mg of the particles. When tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungi (yeast Candida albicans and mold Aspergillus niger), the particles showed promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia B. Shatan
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (A.B.S.); (V.P.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vitalii Patsula
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (A.B.S.); (V.P.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Hana Macková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (A.B.S.); (V.P.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrii Mahun
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (A.B.S.); (V.P.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Renáta Lehotská
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83 303 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Piecková
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Limbová 12, 83 303 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (A.B.S.); (V.P.); (H.M.); (A.M.)
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Li Q, Yan J, Jiang W, Zhang Y, Gao P, Tao L, Yin J. Asymmetric Cyclodextrin-Dimer-Involved Nanoassemblies by Selective Host-Guest Interactions: Concentration-Dependent Morphology Evolution and Light-Regulated Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:941-954. [PMID: 38241024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular assembly has attracted significant attention and has been applied to various applications. Herein, a β-γ-CD dimer was synthesized to complex different guest molecules, including single-strand polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified C60 (PEG-C60), photothermal conversion reagent (IR780), and dexamethasone (Dexa), according to the complexation constant-dependent specific selectivity. Spherical or cylindrical nanoparticles, monolayer or bilayer vesicles, and bilayer fusion vesicles were discovered in succession if the concentration of PEG-C60 was varied. Moreover, if near-infrared light was employed to irradiate these nanoassemblies, the thermo-induced morphological evolution, subsequent cargo release, photothermal effect, and singlet oxygen (1O2) generation were successfully achieved. The in vitro cell experiments confirmed that these nanoparticles possessed excellent biocompatibility in a normal environment and achieved superior cytotoxicity by light regulation. Such proposed strategies for the construction of multilevel structures with different morphologies can open a new window to obtain various host-guest functional materials and achieve further use for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Longxiang Tao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei, Anhui 230022, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
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Huang C, Qing L, Xiao Y, Tang J, Wu P. Insight into Steroid-Induced ONFH: The Molecular Mechanism and Function of Epigenetic Modification in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 14:4. [PMID: 38275745 PMCID: PMC10813482 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common refractory orthopedic disease, which is one of the common causes of hip pain and dysfunction. ONFH has a very high disability rate, which is associated with a heavy burden to patients, families, and society. The pathogenesis of ONFH is not completely clear. At present, it is believed that it mainly includes coagulation dysfunction, abnormal lipid metabolism, an imbalance of osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation, and poor vascularization repair. The prevention and treatment of ONFH has always been a great challenge for clinical orthopedic surgeons. However, recent studies have emphasized that the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat steroid-induced ONFH (SONFH) is a promising therapy. This review focuses on the role and molecular mechanism of epigenetic regulation in the progress of MSCs in the treatment of SONFH, and discusses the significance of the latest research in the treatment of SONFH from the perspective of epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (C.H.); (L.Q.); (Y.X.)
| | - Panfeng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Microsurgery, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; (C.H.); (L.Q.); (Y.X.)
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