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De Magistris AV, Rossi F, Valenti P, Anson A, Penninck DG, Agut A, Specchi S. CT features of gastrointestinal spindle cell, epithelial, and round cell tumors in 41 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:271-282. [PMID: 36382620 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is sparse published information on computed tomographic (CT) characteristics of canine gastrointestinal tumors. The purposes of this multi-center, retrospective, descriptive study were to describe the CT features of histologically-confirmed canine gastrointestinal spindle cell, epithelial, and round cell tumors and, when available, describe the corresponding ultrasound findings. The inclusion criteria were as follows: availability of pre-and post-contrast CT study, and a histopathological diagnosis of the lesions. Recorded parameters were tumor size, location, gastrointestinal wall layers involvement, lesion's growth and enhancement patterns, tumor margination, presence of stenosis, mineralization, ulcerations, lymphadenopathy, or other lesions in the abdomen/thorax. When available, ultrasound images were evaluated. Forty-one dogs met the inclusion criteria and had the following histological diagnoses: 21/41 (51%) spindle cells (7 leiomyomas, 14 leiomyosarcomas/gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)), 13/41 (32%) epithelial (adenocarcinoma), and 7/41 (17%) round cell (lymphoma) tumors. The growth pattern was concentric, eccentric, and mixed in epithelial, spindle cell, and round cell tumors, respectively. Spindle cell tumors had the largest main volume and involved the outer gastrointestinal layer with an unaffected inner layer. Leiomyosarcomas/GISTs showed irregular margins compared to leiomyomas. Only lymphomas showed multifocal gastrointestinal involvement. Nine carcinomas and six spindle cell tumors caused partial stenosis with secondary sub-obstruction. Mineralizations were more frequent in spindle cell tumors (10/21) and absent in lymphomas. Lymphadenomegaly was widespread in lymphomas, regional in leiomyosarcomas-GISTs and adenocarcinomas, and absent in leiomyomas. The reported CT features may be useful in prioritizing the differential diagnosis between spindle cell, epithelial, and round cell tumors, similar to those reported on ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V De Magistris
- Diagnostic Imaging department, Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi" Anicura Italy, Zola Predosa, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio Anicura Italy, Sasso Marconi, Italy
| | - P Valenti
- Diagnostic Imaging department, Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi" Anicura Italy, Zola Predosa, Italy.,Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa Anicura Italy, Samarate, Italy
| | - A Anson
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D G Penninck
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Agut
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Specchi
- Diagnostic Imaging department, Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi" Anicura Italy, Zola Predosa, Italy
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Tanaka T, Noguchi S, Wada Y, Nishida H, Akiyoshi H. Preliminary study of CT features of intermediate- and high-grade alimentary lymphoma and adenocarcinoma in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1065-1071. [PMID: 34663124 PMCID: PMC10812299 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211046847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CASE SERIES SUMMARY The ultrasonographic findings of many feline intestinal tumours are similar. This study evaluated the CT features of intermediate- and high-grade alimentary lymphoma and adenocarcinoma in cats. CT was performed on six cats with adenocarcinoma and 14 cats with lymphoma. Comparisons between tumour types were conducted, focusing on CT features, including obstruction (present or absent), growth patterns of lesions (symmetry or asymmetry), layering enhancement (present or absent), location of the lesion, number of lesions (solitary or multiple), lymphadenopathy (present or absent), location of lymphadenopathy, pulmonary metastasis (present or absent) and maximum thickness (mm) of the lesion. The cats with adenocarcinoma (n = 5/6 [83%]) experienced intestinal obstruction significantly more often than cats with lymphoma (n = 0/14 [0%]; P = 0.0004). Layering enhancement was observed significantly more often in cats with adenocarcinoma (n = 6/6 [100%]) than in cats with lymphoma (n = 1/14 [7%]; P = 0.0002). Lymphadenopathy was detected significantly more often in cats with lymphoma (n = 14/14 [100%]) than in cats with adenocarcinoma (n = 2/6 [33%]) (P = 0.003). In cats with lymphoma, the intestine (12.1 ± 3.9 mm) was significantly thicker than that in cats with adenocarcinoma (6.4 ± 2.3 mm; P = 0.005). RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION To the best of our knowledge, no reports have described the characteristics of feline intestinal tumours using CT. Layering enhancement was observed in cats with intestinal adenocarcinomas. No layering enhancement was observed in alimentary lymphoma in cats, but enlarged regional nodes were noted. Lesions with lymphoma were thicker than those with adenocarcinoma. These findings may help differentiate between adenocarcinomas and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
- Kinki Animal Medical Training institute, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wada
- Veterinary Medical Centre, College of Life, Environmental and Advanced Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Department of Advanced Clinical Medicine, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Small Intestinal Metastasis Secondary to Esophageal Carcinoma. Case Rep Surg 2021; 2021:9728424. [PMID: 34840850 PMCID: PMC8616704 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9728424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the frequent rapid spread of esophageal cancers to other organs, metastases to the small intestine are uncommon. As such, this paper describes a case of a 60-year-old male who developed a small intestinal obstruction due to metastasis from esophageal carcinoma. This patient had received radical esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma 14 months prior to the diagnosis. Furthermore, the important role of computed tomography scans played in composing the differential diagnosis will be explored. In order to relieve the obstruction, resection of the small intestine was performed, and the patient survived six months postoperatively.
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Systemic manifestations - do not forget the small bowel. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2021; 37:234-244. [PMID: 33606400 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic diseases can afflict the small bowel (SB) but be challenging to diagnose. In this review, we aim to provide a broad overview of these conditions and to summarise their management. RECENT FINDINGS Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is an important modality to investigate pathology in the SB. SB imaging can be complementary to SBCE for mural and extramural involvement and detection of multiorgan involvement or lymphadenopathy. Device assisted enteroscopy provides a therapeutic arm, to SBCE enabling histology and therapeutics to be carried out. SUMMARY SB endoscopy is essential in the diagnosis, management and monitoring of these multi-system conditions. Collaboration across SB centres to combine experience will help to improve the management of some of these rarer SB conditions.
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Abstract
This article summarises radiological imaging of the small bowel, with an emphasis on Crohn's disease. Different imaging techniques are discussed, including the advantages and disadvantages of each modality, and radiological findings for common small bowel pathologies are described, supplemented with pictorial examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilane Peiris
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark Wills
- Department of Radiology, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
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Gupta A, Lubner MG, Wertz RM, Foley E, Loeffler A, Pickhardt PJ. CT detection of primary and metastatic ileal carcinoid tumor: rates of missed findings and associated delay in clinical diagnosis. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019; 44:2721-2728. [PMID: 31016344 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-01945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the rate of missed CT findings of ileal carcinoid tumor prior to pathologic diagnosis and the resultant diagnostic delay. METHODS Initially, 74 patients with abdominal and pelvic CT prior to pathologically-proven diagnosis of ileal carcinoid were identified. Patients were excluded when the original CT study (n = 6) or report (n = 4) was not available, resulting in a final cohort of 64 patients (mean age, 58.3 years; 29 M/35F); 27 (42%) patients had more than one abdominal CT prior to diagnosis. All available CT studies prior to diagnosis were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of the primary ileal tumor and metastatic disease (mesenteric and hepatic). RESULTS Primary ileal tumors were prospectively missed on at least one CT scan in 64% (32/50) of patients with retrospectively identifiable disease. CT findings of mesenteric spread were missed at least once in 46% (25/54) of cases where present in retrospect. By the final pre-operative CT, hepatic metastases and bowel wall thickening were present in 55% (35/64) and 52% (33/64) of cases, respectively. In patients with missed ileal and/or mesenteric findings resulting in diagnostic delay, mean delay was 40 months (range 4-98 months). CONCLUSION Initial presentation of ileal carcinoid tumor, even with mesenteric involvement, is often missed prospectively at abdominal CT, leading to delay in diagnosis until bowel or mesenteric findings become more obvious, or hepatic metastatic disease manifests. Radiologists should make a concerted effort to evaluate the bowel and mesentery in patients with long-standing vague abdominal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshya Gupta
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meghan G Lubner
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert M Wertz
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eugene Foley
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Agnes Loeffler
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Perry J Pickhardt
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Radiology, E3/311 Clinical Science Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792-3252, USA.
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Mulvey CK, Bergsland EK. Progress in the Evaluation and Treatment of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Oncol Pract 2018; 14:487-489. [DOI: 10.1200/jop.18.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire K. Mulvey
- University of California, San Francisco; University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emily K. Bergsland
- University of California, San Francisco; University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
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An Overt, Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleed Caused by a Primary Small Bowel Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Sarcoma. ACG Case Rep J 2018; 5:e22. [PMID: 29577056 PMCID: PMC5852304 DOI: 10.14309/crj.2018.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small bowel bleeding should be considered in patients who continue to bleed despite a negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. The differential diagnosis of small bowel bleeding can include infection, inflammatory conditions, vascular malformations, and, rarely, malignancy. This report demonstrates a rare, primary, small bowel, reticular cell sarcoma presenting as an overt gastrointestinal bleed. These tumors are difficult to diagnose because they are rarely seen on traditional cross-sectional imaging and can present with multiple synchronous lesions throughout the intestinal tract.
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Sokhandon F, Al-katib S, Bahoura L, Copelan A, George D, Scola D. Multidetector CT enterography of focal small bowel lesions: a radiological-pathological correlation. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42:1319-1341. [PMID: 27999885 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-016-1015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Focal small bowel lesions present a diagnostic challenge for both the radiologist and gastroenterologist. Both the detection and characterization of small bowel masses have greatly improved with the advent of multidetector CT enterography (MD-CTE). As such, MD-CTE is increasingly utilized in the workup of occult gastrointestinal bleeding. In this article, we review the spectrum of focal small bowel masses with pathologic correlation. Adenocarcinoma, the most common primary small bowel malignancy, presents as a focal irregular mass occasionally with circumferential extension leading to obstruction. Small bowel carcinoid tumors most commonly arise in the ileum and are characterized by avid enhancement and marked desmoplastic response of metastatic lesions. Aneurysmal dilatation of small bowel is pathognomonic for lymphoma and secondary findings of lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly should be sought. Benign small bowel masses such as leiomyoma and adenoma may be responsible for occult gastrointestinal bleeding. However, primary vascular lesions of the small bowel remain the most common cause for occult small bowel gastrointestinal bleeding. The arterial phase of contrast obtained with CTE aids in recognition of the vascular nature of these lesions. Systemic conditions such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and Crohn's disease may be suggested by the presence of multiple small bowel lesions. Lastly, potential pitfalls such as ingested material should be considered when faced with focal small bowel masses.
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Zheng L, Shin JH, Han K, Tsauo J, Yoon HK, Ko GY, Shin JS, Sung KB. Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Gastrointestinal Bleeding Secondary to Gastrointestinal Lymphoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2016; 39:1564-1572. [PMID: 27435580 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-016-1422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding caused by GI lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of 11 patients who underwent TAE for GI bleeding caused by GI lymphoma between 2001 and 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS A total of 20 TAE procedures were performed. On angiography, contrast extravasation, and both contrast extravasation and tumor staining were seen in 95 % (19/20) and 5 % (1/20) of the procedures, respectively. The most frequently embolized arteries were jejunal (n = 13) and ileal (n = 5) branches. Technical and clinical success rates were 100 % (20/20) and 27 % (3/11), respectively. The causes of clinical failure in eight patients were rebleeding at new sites. In four patients who underwent repeat angiography, the bleeding focus was new each time. Three patients underwent small bowel resection due to rebleeding after one (n = 2) or four (n = 1) times of TAEs. Another two patients underwent small bowel resection due to small bowel ischemia/perforation after three or four times of TAEs. The 30-day mortality rate was 18 % due to hypovolemic shock (n = 1) and multiorgan failure (n = 1). CONCLUSION Angiogram with TAE shows limited therapeutic efficacy to manage GI lymphoma-related bleeding due to high rebleeding at new sites. Although TAE can be an initial hemostatic measure, surgery should be considered for rebleeding due to possible bowel ischemic complication after repeated TAE procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji Hoon Shin
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
| | - Kichang Han
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Jiaywei Tsauo
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ki Yoon
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Gi-Young Ko
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Shin
- Department of Radiology, Kyunghee University, College of Medicine, Kangdong Kyunghee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Bo Sung
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
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Tirumani H, Vassa R, Fasih N, Ojili V. Small bowel obstruction in the emergency department: MDCT features of common and uncommon causes. Clin Imaging 2014; 38:580-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Primary gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma most often arises from stomach, small bowel, or colon. The 2 most common subtypes of primary GI lymphoma include low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, and high-grade diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma. Primary GI lymphoma demonstrates a myriad of imaging manifestations that can commonly mimic other pathologies. Timely and accurate diagnosis remains important because treatment and prognosis of primary GI lymphoma differ significantly from other GI malignancies and even lymphoma of other primary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Chang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Christine O Menias
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO; Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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