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Karimi Alavijeh M, Meyer AS, Gras SL, Kentish SE. Synthesis of N-Acetyllactosamine and N-Acetyllactosamine-Based Bioactives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7501-7525. [PMID: 34152750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) or more specifically β-d-galactopyranosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine is a unique acyl-amino sugar and a key structural unit in human milk oligosaccharides, an antigen component of many glycoproteins, and an antiviral active component for the development of effective drugs against viruses. LacNAc is useful itself and as a basic building block for producing various bioactive oligosaccharides, notably because this synthesis may be used to add value to dairy lactose. Despite a significant amount of information in the literature on the benefits, structures, and types of different LacNAc-derived oligosaccharides, knowledge about their effective synthesis for large-scale production is still in its infancy. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of existing production strategies for LacNAc and important LacNAc-based structures, including sialylated LacNAc as well as poly- and oligo-LacNAc. We conclude that direct extraction from milk is too complex, while chemical synthesis is also impractical at an industrial scale. Microbial routes have application when multiple step reactions are needed, but the major route to large-scale biochemical production will likely lie with enzymatic routes, particularly those using β-galactosidases (for LacNAc synthesis), sialidases (for sialylated LacNAc synthesis), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (for oligo-LacNAc synthesis). Glycosyltransferases, especially for the biosynthesis of extended complex LacNAc structures, could also play a major role in the future. In these cases, immobilization of the enzyme can increase stability and reduce cost. Processing parameters, such as substrate concentration and purity, acceptor/donor ratio, water activity, and temperature, can affect product selectivity and yield. More work is needed to optimize these reaction parameters and in the development of robust, thermally stable enzymes to facilitate commercial production of these important bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karimi Alavijeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S L Gras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S E Kentish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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β-Galactosidases: A great tool for synthesizing galactose-containing carbohydrates. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 39:107465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bridiau N, Maugard T. Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase catalyses the synthesis of N-acetyl-lactosamine in a hydro-organic medium via a steady-state ordered Bi Bi reaction mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sandoval M, Ferreras E, Pérez-Sánchez M, Berenguer J, Sinisterra JV, Hernaiz MJ. Screening of strains and recombinant enzymes from Thermus thermophilus for their use in disaccharide synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Smrtičová H, Čanigová M, Mastihubová M, Mastihuba V. Enzymatic preparation of melibiose and alkyl β-d-fructofuranosides by commercial lactase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bridiau N, Maugard T. A comparative study of the regioselectivity of the β-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces lactis and Bacillus circulans in the enzymatic synthesis of N-Acetyl-lactosamine in aqueous media. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:386-94. [PMID: 21344676 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of N-acetyl-lactosamine (LacNAc) was studied in aqueous media with high substrate concentrations using the transgalactosylation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), starting from lactose as a galactosyl donor. The efficiency and regioselectivity of the β-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces lactis (KlβGal) and Bacillus circulans (BcβGal) were compared. The reaction was optimized by varying the experimental conditions (pH, catalytic activity concentration, and mass concentration ratio of the substrates), which enhanced the synthesis yields with both enzymes and especially with BcβGal. BcβGal catalyzed the formation of the maximal LacNAc concentration obtained (101 mM or 39 g L(-1), corresponding to a yield of 11% on the basis of GlcNAc conversion), after 5 h at pH 6.5 and for a substrate mass concentration ratio of 1. This enzyme also gave an optimal synthesis yield of about 17.5%. No change in regioselectivity was observed when using KlβGal, whereas the regioselectivity of BcβGal proved to be subject to variations, the 1-4 and 1-6 linkages being favored under kinetic and thermodynamic control conditions, respectively. Finally, it was demonstrated that the N-acetyl-allolactosamine synthesized during the GlcNAc transgalactosylation catalyzed by BcβGal was a thermodynamic product and did not result from a chemical and/or enzymatic isomerization of LacNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bridiau
- UMR 6250 CNRS-ULR, LIENSS, Equipe Biotechnologie Environnementale, Université de La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France
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Bridiau N, Issaoui N, Maugard T. The effects of organic solvents on the efficiency and regioselectivity of N-acetyl-lactosamine synthesis, using the β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans in hydro-organic media. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 26:1278-89. [PMID: 20568279 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of N-acetyl-lactosamine (LacNAc) by the transgalactosylation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), catalyzed by the β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans (BcβGal), was studied in hydro-organic media, starting from o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (oNPG) as a galactosyl donor. Thermal stability and synthesis activity of BcβGal were shown to depend on the organic solvent polarity, characterized by its Log P value. BcβGal was thus most stable in 10% (v/v) t-BuOH, an organic solvent found to have a stabilizing and/or weakly denaturing property, which was confirmed for high t-BuOH concentrations. In the same manner, the optimal synthesis yield increased as the Log P value of the organic solvent increased. The best results were obtained for reactions carried out in 10% (v/v) pyridine or 2-methyl-2-butanol, which gave 47% GlcNAc transgalactosylation yield based on starting oNPG, of which 23% (11 mM; 4.3 g/L) consisted in LacNAc synthesis. Furthermore, it was also established that both the GlcNAc transgalactosylation yield and the enzyme regioselectivity depended on the percentage of organic solvent used, the optimal percentage varying from 10 to 40% (v/v), depending on the solvent. This phenomenon was found to correlate mainly with the thermodynamic activity of water (a(w)) in the aqueous organic solvent mixture, which was found to be optimal when close to 0.96, whatever the organic solvent used. Finally, this study highlighted the fact that the regioselectivity of BcβGal for 1-4 linkage formation could be advantageously managed by controlling the a(w) parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bridiau
- UMR 6250 CNRS-ULR, LIENSS, Equipe Biotechnologie Environnementale, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle 17042, France
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Wang CC, Kulkarni SS, Zulueta MML, Hung SC. Synthesis of Hemagglutinin-Binding Trisaccharides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:691-726. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lu LL, Xiao M, Li ZY, Li YM, Wang FS. A novel transglycosylating β-galactosidase from Enterobacter cloacae B5. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zeng X, Sun Y, Ye H, Liu J, Xiang X, Zhou B, Uzawa H. Effective chemoenzymatic synthesis of p-aminophenyl glycosides of sialyl N-acetyllactosaminide and analysis of their interactions with lectins. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1244-8. [PMID: 17407775 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A convenient chemoenzymatic procedure for the synthesis of p-aminophenyl glycosides of sialyl N-acetyllactosaminide has been developed from p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide as starting material through three steps: synthesis of p-nitrophenyl N-acetyllactosaminide with beta-D-galactosidase, chemical reduction of the p-nitrophenyl group, and sialylation with sialyltransferase. The p-aminophenyl glycosides were then successfully biotin-labeled through the coupling with N-(+)-biotinyl-6-aminohexanoic acid to afford biotinylated oligosaccharides with an aminohexanosyl group and phenyl group as the spacers between the biotin and glycan. Furthermore, the biotin-labeled sugars were shown to be useful for immobilization and assay of the carbohydrate-lectin interactions by an optical biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiong Zeng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Lu L, Xiao M, Xu X, Li Z, Li Y. A novel beta-galactosidase capable of glycosyl transfer from Enterobacter agglomerans B1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:78-84. [PMID: 17336932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel transglycosylating beta-galactosidase was purified from Enterobacter agglomerans B1. It was a homodimer of approximately 248 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature for oNPGal hydrolysis were 7.5-8.0 and 37-40 degrees C, respectively. The K(m) values for oNPGal and lactose were 0.06 and 114 mM, respectively. The enzyme produced galacto-oligosaccharides in a 38% yield at the lactose concentration of 12.5% (w/v). When using oNPGal as donor, the enzyme was able to catalyze glycosyl transfer to a series of acceptors, including hexose, pentose, beta- or alpha-disaccharides, hexahydroxy alcohol, cyclitol, and aromatic glycosides. This suggested the enzyme to be a potential synthetic tool for preparing galactose-containing chemicals. The gene encoding this enzyme was cloned by degenerate PCR and TAIL-PCR. It revealed an ORF of 3090 nucleotides encoding a 1029 amino-acid protein, which had been expressed in Escherichia coli. Transferase activities in both recombinant and natural enzymes were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Abstract
Fucosylated carbohydrate structures are involved in a variety of biological and pathological processes in eukaryotic organisms including tissue development, angiogenesis, fertilization, cell adhesion, inflammation, and tumor metastasis. In contrast, fucosylation appears less common in prokaryotic organisms and has been suggested to be involved in molecular mimicry, adhesion, colonization, and modulating the host immune response. Fucosyltransferases (FucTs), present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, are the enzymes responsible for the catalysis of fucose transfer from donor guanosine-diphosphate fucose to various acceptor molecules including oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. To date, several subfamilies of mammalian FucTs have been well characterized; these enzymes are therefore delineated and used as models. Non-mammalian FucTs that possess different domain construction or display distinctive acceptor substrate specificity are highlighted. It is noteworthy that the glycoconjugates from plants and schistosomes contain some unusual fucose linkages, suggesting the presence of novel FucT subfamilies as yet to be characterized. Despite the very low sequence homology, striking functional similarity is exhibited between mammalian and Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3/4 FucTs, implying that these enzymes likely share a conserved mechanistic and structural basis for fucose transfer; such conserved functional features might also exist when comparing other FucT subfamilies from different origins. Fucosyltranferases are promising tools used in synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which show great potential in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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Vasiliu D, Razi N, Zhang Y, Jacobsen N, Allin K, Liu X, Hoffmann J, Bohorov O, Blixt O. Large-scale chemoenzymatic synthesis of blood group and tumor-associated poly-N-acetyllactosamine antigens. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1447-57. [PMID: 16650392 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly-N-acetyllactosamines (pLNs) are common terminal sugars of many N- and O-linked glycan structures present in glycoproteins and glycolipids. Utilizing various glycosyltransferases, we developed new and efficient chemoenzymatic methods for the synthesis of pLNs in gram-scale. Specifically, the use of sialyltransferases and fucosyltransferases enabled us to synthesize and purify 24 blood group and tumor-associated pLN derivatives with alpha-(2-->3)- and alpha-(2-->6)-linked sialic acid, as well as with alpha-(1-->2)- and alpha-(1-->3)-linked fucose. All synthesized derivatives were linked to a short 2-azidoethyl spacer for further modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vasiliu
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics. The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, CB 248A 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
The expanding interest for carbohydrates and glycoconjugates in cell communication has led to an increased demand of these structures for biological studies. Complicated chemical strategies in glycan synthesis are now more frequently replaced by regio- and stereo-specific enzymes. The exploration of microbial resources and improved production of mammalian enzymes have established glycosyltransferases as an efficient complementary tool for glycan synthesis. In this chapter, we demonstrate the feasibility of preparative enzymatic synthesis of different categories of glycans, such as blood group and tumor-associated poly-N-acetyllactosamines antigens, ganglio-oligosaccharides, N- and O-glycans. The enzymatic approach has generated over 100 novel oligosaccharides in amounts allowing milligram to gram distribution to many researchers in the field. Our diverse library has also formed the foundation for the successful developments of both the noncovalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay glycan array and the covalent printed glycan microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Blixt
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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