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Takashima K, Nakamura S, Nagayama M, Marumoto S, Ishikawa F, Xie W, Nakanishi I, Muraoka O, Morikawa T, Tanabe G. Role of the thiosugar ring in the inhibitory activity of salacinol, a potent natural α-glucosidase inhibitor. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4471-4481. [PMID: 38312722 PMCID: PMC10835759 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08485j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, ring-cleaved (24) and truncated (25) analogues of an azasugar, 1-deoxynojirimycin (23), exhibited inhibitory activity (Ki = 4-10 μM) equal to that of the parent compound (1, Ki = 14 μM). Based on this structure-activity relationship (SAR), four ring-cleaved (26a-26c and 27c) and three truncated (28a-28c) analogues of salacinol (1), a potent thiosugar-ring-containing α-glucosidase inhibitor, were synthesised. Bioassay results revealed that all the synthetics were inactive, indicating that the 5-membered thiosugar ring of 1 played an essential role in the potent activities of sulfonium-type inhibitors. The present findings are interesting and important in understanding the function of salacinol, considering that the observed inhibitory activity trend was contrary to the SAR observed in aza-compounds (23, 24, and 25) in a previous study, which suggested that the cyclic structure did not contribute to their strong inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Takashima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Maiko Nagayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Marumoto
- Joint Research Centre, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Weijia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 2100009 P. R. China
| | - Isao Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka Osaka 577-8502 Japan
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2
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Kirubakaran S, Sureshkumar D, Chandrasekaran S. Tetrathiomolybdate and Tetraselenotungstate as Sulfur/Selenium Transfer Reagents: Applications in the Synthesis of New Thio/Seleno Sugars. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3076-3086. [PMID: 34145726 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur and selenium containing sugars have gained prominence in the last two decades because of their importance in several biological applications. These type of carbohydrate scaffolds are also challenging targets for synthesis. In this personal note, we have summarised the results of our investigation over the last 20 years on the use of two reagents, benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate and tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate, in efficient transfer of sulfur and selenium respectively to the synthesis of a number of carbohydrate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivapriya Kirubakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Devarajulu Sureshkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
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3
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Bagri P, Chester K, Khan W, Ahmad S. Aspects of extraction and biological evaluation of naturally occurring sugar-mimicking sulfonium-ion and their synthetic analogues as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors from Salacia: a review. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the selective inhibitory activities of sulfonium compounds ofSalaciaagainst intestinal α-glucosidases, structural features important for effective inhibition and the toggling approach for controlling starch digestion and glucose release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bagri
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
- Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi
| | | | - Washim Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
- Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
- Jamia Hamdard
- New Delhi
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4
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Mechanism-based candidate inhibitors of uridine diphosphate galactopyranose mutase (UGM). Carbohydr Res 2015; 419:1-7. [PMID: 26595659 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-galactopyranose mutase (UGM), an enzyme found in many eukaryotic and prokaryotic human pathogens, catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactopyranose (UDP-Galp) and UDP-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf), the latter being used as the biosynthetic precursor of the galactofuranose polymer portion of the mycobacterium cell wall. We report here the synthesis of a sulfonium and selenonium ion with an appended polyhydroxylated side chain. These compounds were designed as transition state mimics of the UGM-catalyzed reaction, where the head groups carrying a permanent positive charge were designed to mimic both the shape and positive charge of the proposed galactopyranosyl cation-like transition state. An HPLC-based UGM inhibition assay indicated that the compounds inhibited about 25% of UGM activity at 500 µM concentration.
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5
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Gunasundari T, Chandrasekaran S. De novo synthesis of 1-deoxythiosugars. Carbohydr Res 2013; 382:30-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Guo L, Liu Y, Wan Y, Wang PG, Zhao W. Effective and one-step stereo-controlled synthesis of benzyloxylated-diiodopentanes for the synthesis of five-membered imino-sugars. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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8
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Bhat RG, Kumar NS, Pinto BM. Synthesis of phosphate derivatives related to the glycosidase inhibitor salacinol. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1934-42. [PMID: 17572396 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of polyhydroxylated imino- and anhydro thio-alditol compounds related to the naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor, salacinol, containing a phosphate group in the side chain are described. The compounds lack hydroxyl groups on the acyclic side chain and are prototypes of the exact salacinol analogue. The synthetic strategy relies on the Mitsunobu reaction of N- and S-hydroxyalkyl derivatives of 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol and 1,4-anhydro-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-D-arabinitol with dibenzyl phosphate to yield the corresponding protected heteroalditol phosphates. Screening of these compounds against recombinant human maltase glucoamylase (MGA), a critical intestinal glucosidase involved in the processing of oligosaccharides of glucose into glucose itself, shows that they are not effective inhibitors of MGA and demonstrates the importance of the hydroxyl and/or sulfate substituents present on the side chain for effective inhibition. The attempted synthesis of the exact analogue of salacinol by opening of cyclic phosphates is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna G Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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9
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Mohan S, Pinto BM. Zwitterionic glycosidase inhibitors: salacinol and related analogues. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1551-80. [PMID: 17559821 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural products with interesting biological properties and structural diversity have often served as valuable lead drug candidates for the treatment of human diseases. Salacinol, a naturally occurring alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, was shown to be one of the active principles of the aqueous extract of a medicinal plant that has been prescribed traditionally as an Ayurvedic treatment for type II diabetes. Salacinol contains an intriguing zwitterionic sulfonium-sulfate structure that comprises a 1,4-anhydro-4-thio-D-arabinitol core and a polyhydroxylated acyclic chain. Due to the unique structural features and its potential to become a lead drug candidate in the treatment of type II diabetes, a great deal of attention has been focused on salacinol and its analogues. Since the isolation of salacinol, several papers describing various synthetic routes to salacinol and its analogues have appeared in the literature. This review is aimed at highlighting the synthetic aspects of salacinol and related compounds as well as their structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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10
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Boutefnouchet S, Moldvai I, Gács-Baitz E, Bello C, Vogel P. Synthesis and Glycosidase Inhibitory Activities of Pyrrolidines and Piperidines withN-(Polyhydroxyalkyl) Side Chains. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Mohan S, Sim L, Rose DR, Pinto BM. Synthesis of S-alkylated sulfonium-ions and their glucosidase inhibitory activities against recombinant human maltase glucoamylase. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:901-12. [PMID: 17316580 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of nine S-alkylated, cyclic sulfonium-ions with varying alkyl chain lengths, as mimics of N-alkylated imino sugars, and their glucosidase inhibitory activities are described. The target compounds were synthesized by alkylation of 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1,4-anhydro-4-thio-d-arabinitol at the ring sulfur atom using various alkyl halides, followed by deprotection using boron trichloride. Enzyme inhibitory assays against recombinant human maltase glucoamylase (MGA), a critical enzyme in the small intestine involved in the breakdown of glucose oligosaccharides into glucose itself, shows that they are effective inhibitors of MGA with K(i) values ranging from 6 to 75 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
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12
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Kumar NS, Pinto BM. Synthesis of thioswainsonine as a potential glycosidase inhibitor. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1685-91. [PMID: 16678808 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a bicyclic sulfonium-ion analogue of a naturally occurring glycosidase inhibitor, swainsonine, in which the bridgehead nitrogen atom is replaced by a sulfonium ion, has been achieved by a multi-step synthesis starting from 1,4-anhydro-2,3-di-O-benzyl-4-thio-D-lyxitol. The synthetic strategy relies on the intramolecular displacement of a leaving group on a pendant acyclic chain by a cyclic thioether. This bicyclic sulfonium salt will serve as a candidate to test the hypothesis that a sulfonium salt carrying a permanent positive charge would be an effective glycosidase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nag S Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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13
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Rossi EJ, Sim L, Kuntz DA, Hahn D, Johnston BD, Ghavami A, Szczepina MG, Kumar NS, Sterchi EE, Nichols BL, Pinto BM, Rose DR. Inhibition of recombinant human maltase glucoamylase by salacinol and derivatives. FEBS J 2006; 273:2673-83. [PMID: 16817895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors targeting pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidases delay glucose production following digestion and are currently used in the treatment of Type II diabetes. Maltase-glucoamylase (MGA), a family 31 glycoside hydrolase, is an alpha-glucosidase anchored in the membrane of small intestinal epithelial cells responsible for the final step of mammalian starch digestion leading to the release of glucose. This paper reports the production and purification of active human recombinant MGA amino terminal catalytic domain (MGAnt) from two different eukaryotic cell culture systems. MGAnt overexpressed in Drosophila cells was of quality and quantity suitable for kinetic and inhibition studies as well as future structural studies. Inhibition of MGAnt was tested with a group of prospective alpha-glucosidase inhibitors modeled after salacinol, a naturally occurring alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and acarbose, a currently prescribed antidiabetic agent. Four synthetic inhibitors that bind and inhibit MGAnt activity better than acarbose, and at comparable levels to salacinol, were found. The inhibitors are derivatives of salacinol that contain either a selenium atom in place of sulfur in the five-membered ring, or a longer polyhydroxylated, sulfated chain than salacinol. Six-membered ring derivatives of salacinol and compounds modeled after miglitol were much less effective as MGAnt inhibitors. These results provide information on the inhibitory profile of MGAnt that will guide the development of new compounds having antidiabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J Rossi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
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