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Heggelund JE, Mackenzie A, Martinsen T, Heim JB, Cheshev P, Bernardi A, Krengel U. Towards new cholera prophylactics and treatment: Crystal structures of bacterial enterotoxins in complex with GM1 mimics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2326. [PMID: 28539625 PMCID: PMC5443773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a life-threatening disease in many countries, and new drugs are clearly needed. C-glycosidic antagonists may serve such a purpose. Here we report atomic-resolution crystal structures of three such compounds in complexes with the cholera toxin. The structures give unprecedented atomic details of the molecular interactions and show how the inhibitors efficiently block the GM1 binding site. These molecules are well suited for development into low-cost prophylactic drugs, due to their relatively easy synthesis and their resistance to glycolytic enzymes. One of the compounds links two toxin B-pentamers in the crystal structure, which may yield improved inhibition through the formation of toxin aggregates. These structures can spark the improved design of GM1 mimics, either alone or as multivalent inhibitors connecting multiple GM1-binding sites. Future developments may further include compounds that link the primary and secondary binding sites. Serving as decoys, receptor mimics may lessen symptoms while avoiding the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Elisabeth Heggelund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315, Blindern, Norway. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK and School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, NO-0316, Blindern, Norway.
| | - Alasdair Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315, Blindern, Norway.,Alere Technologies AS, Kjelsåsveien 161, NO-0884, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Martinsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315, Blindern, Norway
| | - Joel Benjamin Heim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315, Blindern, Norway
| | - Pavel Cheshev
- Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Skolkovo innovation center, Office 229, OC Technopark bld. 2, Lugovaya str. 4, 143026, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Bernardi
- Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315, Blindern, Norway.
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Rotella M, Giovine M, Dougherty W, Boyko W, Kassel S, Giuliano R. Synthesis and x-ray crystallographic analysis of 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-α-d-threo-hexopyranosyl cyanide. Carbohydr Res 2016; 425:40-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ramos-Soriano J, Niss U, Angulo J, Angulo M, Moreno-Vargas AJ, Carmona AT, Ohlson S, Robina I. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, WAC and NMR Studies ofS-Galactosides and Non-Carbohydrate Ligands of Cholera Toxin Based on Polyhydroxyalkylfuroate Moieties. Chemistry 2013; 19:17989-8003. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Baldoni L, Marino C. Synthesis of S- and C-galactofuranosides via a galactofuranosyl iodide. Isolable 1-galactofuranosylthiol derivative as a new glycosyl donor. Carbohydr Res 2012; 362:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:183-311. [PMID: 21850673 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Leaver DJ, Dawson RM, White JM, Polyzos A, Hughes AB. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole linked galactopyranosides and evaluation of cholera toxin inhibition. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:8465-74. [PMID: 22048800 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of bivalent 1,2,3-triazole linked galactopyranosides as potential inhibitors of cholera toxin (CT). The inhibitory activity of the bivalent series was examined (ELISA) and the series showed low inhibitory activity (millimolar IC(50)s). Conversely, the monomeric galactotriazole analogues were strong inhibitors of cholera toxin (IC(50) = 71-75 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Leaver
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Capicciotti CJ, Trant JF, Leclère M, Ben RN. Synthesis of C-Linked Triazole-Containing AFGP Analogues and Their Ability to Inhibit Ice Recrystallization. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:605-16. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle J. Capicciotti
- Department of Chemistry, D’Iorio Hall, 10 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - John F. Trant
- Department of Chemistry, D’Iorio Hall, 10 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Mathieu Leclère
- Department of Chemistry, D’Iorio Hall, 10 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Robert N. Ben
- Department of Chemistry, D’Iorio Hall, 10 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
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Cheshev P, Morelli L, Marchesi M, Podlipnik C, Bergström M, Bernardi A. Synthesis and affinity evaluation of a small library of bidentate cholera toxin ligands: towards nonhydrolyzable ganglioside mimics. Chemistry 2010; 16:1951-67. [PMID: 20039344 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A small library of nonhydrolyzable mimics of GM1 ganglioside, featuring galactose and sialic acid as pharmacophoric carbohydrate residues, was synthesized and tested. All compounds were synthesized from readily available precursors using high-performance reactions, including click chemistry protocols, and avoiding O-glycosidic bonds. Some of the most active molecules also feature a point of further derivatization that can be used for conjugation with polyvalent aglycons. Their affinity towards cholera toxin was assessed by weak affinity chromatography, which allowed a systematic evaluation and selection of the best candidates. Affinity could be enhanced up to one or two orders of magnitude over the affinity of the individual pharmacophoric sugar residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Cheshev
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Zhang G. Design andin silicoscreening of inhibitors of the cholera toxin. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:923-38. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903186118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bergström M, Liu S, Kiick KL, Ohlson S. Cholera toxin inhibitors studied with high-performance liquid affinity chromatography: a robust method to evaluate receptor-ligand interactions. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:132-41. [PMID: 19152642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-adhesion drugs may be an alternative to antibiotics to control infection of micro-organisms. The well-characterized interaction between cholera toxin and the cellular glycolipid GM1 makes it an attractive model for inhibition studies in general. In this report, we demonstrate a high-performance liquid affinity chromatography approach called weak affinity chromatography to evaluate cholera toxin inhibitors. The cholera toxin B-subunit was covalently coupled to porous silica and a (weak) affinity column was produced. The K(D) values of galactose and meta-nitrophenyl alpha-D-galactoside were determined with weak affinity chromatography to be 52 and 1 mM, respectively, which agree well with IC(50) values previously reported. To increase inhibition potency multivalent inhibitors have been developed and the interaction with multivalent glycopolypeptides was also evaluated. The affinity of these compounds was found to correlate with the galactoside content but K(D) values were not obtained because of the inhomogeneous response and slow off-rate from multivalent interactions. Despite the limitations in obtaining direct K(D) values of the multivalent galactopolypeptides, weak affinity chromatography represents an additional and valuable tool in the evaluation of monovalent as well as multivalent cholera toxin inhibitors. It offers multiple advantages, such as a low sample consumption, high reproducibility and short analysis time, which are often not observed in other methods of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bergström
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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Martos V, Castreño P, Valero J, de Mendoza J. Binding to protein surfaces by supramolecular multivalent scaffolds. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:698-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bernardi A, Cheshev P. Interfering with the Sugar Code: Design and Synthesis of Oligosaccharide Mimics. Chemistry 2008; 14:7434-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Inaba Y, Fujimoto T, Ono H, Obata M, Yano S, Mikata Y. A general route to pendant C-glycosyl 1,2- and 1,3-diamines. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:941-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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