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Abstract
Saponins are a large family of amphiphilic glycosides of steroids and triterpenes found in plants and some marine organisms. By expressing a large diversity of structures on both sugar chains and aglycones, saponins exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and serve as major active principles in folk medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines. Isolation of saponins from natural sources is usually a formidable task due to the microheterogeneity of saponins in Nature. Chemical synthesis can provide access to large amounts of natural saponins as well as congeners for understanding their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive account on chemical synthesis of saponins. First highlighted are general considerations on saponin synthesis, including preparation of aglycones and carbohydrate building blocks, assembly strategies, and protecting-group strategies. Next described is the state of the art in the synthesis of each type of saponins, with an emphasis on those representative saponins having sophisticated structures and potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Zhang GB, Jia ZJ, Zhang MH, Li YJ, Tian LY, Cheng J. Flaccidoside II ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173155. [PMID: 32360348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Flaccidoside II (FLA II), the primary active constituent from Anemone flaccida rhizome, was proven to exert therapeutic effect against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). In this study, a research based on the CIA mouse model was carried out in order to elucidate its therapeutic mechanisms preliminarily. The mice were immunized with porcine type-II collagen to induce CIA and administrated intragastrically with FLA II daily from day 7-42 of the first collagen immunization. The arthritis scores as reflected by the severity of paw swelling and erythema were significantly reduced in FLA II (32 mg/kg) from day 33 onwards. On day 42, the joints of FLA II-treated mice exhibited obvious reductions of inflammatory cells infiltration, synovial hyperplasia and bone destruction. When the concentration of FLA II was no less than 40 nmol/ml, the treatment notably inhibited T and B lymphocyte proliferative responses. As compared to the model group, in FLA II groups, the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) were significantly decreased while those of Th2 type cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were clearly enhanced. In addition, FLA II treatment showed little regulatory effect on the levels of Th1 type cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2). The severity of mice CIA was improved by FLA II, further confirming its potential value for the safe treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The main mechanisms likely involve the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and the modulation of Th1/Th2-related cytokine balance in CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bin Zhang
- Pharmacy College, He'nan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhi-Jiao Jia
- 2018 Postgraduate Student of Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China
| | - Ming-Hao Zhang
- Basic Medical College, He'nan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yu-Jie Li
- Basic Medical College, He'nan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Luan-Yuan Tian
- Research and Development Center, Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Fourth Hospital/Pu'ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sun H, Liu H, Zhao H, Wang Y, Li YL, Ye WC, Wu B. Pharmacokinetic characterization of anhuienoside C and its deglycosylated metabolites in rats. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:885-893. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1241452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, and
| | - Huinan Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, and
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, and
| | - Yao-lan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, and
| | - Wen-cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, and
| | - Baojian Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,
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Zhang GB, Ren SS, Wang BY, Tian LQ, Bing FH. Hypouricemic effect of flaccidoside II in rodents. J Nat Med 2016; 71:329-333. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Han LT, Fang Y, Cao Y, Wu FH, Liu E, Mo GY, Huang F. Triterpenoid saponin flaccidoside II from Anemone flaccida triggers apoptosis of NF1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors via the MAPK-HO-1 pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:1969-79. [PMID: 27103823 PMCID: PMC4827896 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s95597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive soft tissue neoplasms that are extremely rare and are frequently associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 patients. MPNSTs are typically fatal, and there is no effective treatment so far. In our previous study, we showed that flaccidoside II, one of the triterpenoid saponins isolated from Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt, has antitumor potential by inducing apoptosis. In the present study, we found that flaccidoside II inhibits proliferation and facilitates apoptosis in MPNST cell lines ST88-14 and S462. Furthermore, this study provides a mechanism by which the downregulation of heme oxygenase-1 via extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways is involved in the apoptotic role of flaccidoside II. This study suggested the potential of flaccidoside II as a novel pharmacotherapeutic approach for MPNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tao Han
- China Key Laboratory of TCM Resource and Prescription, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Fang
- China Key Laboratory of TCM Resource and Prescription, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Hua Wu
- China Key Laboratory of TCM Resource and Prescription, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - E Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yan Mo
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- China Key Laboratory of TCM Resource and Prescription, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Kong X, Yang Y, Wu W, Wan H, Li X, Zhong M, Su X, Jia S, Lin N. Triterpenoid Saponin W3 from Anemone flaccida Suppresses Osteoclast Differentiation through Inhibiting Activation of MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1204-14. [PMID: 26327814 PMCID: PMC4551756 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts within inflamed joints is the most specific hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis. A. flaccida has long been used for the treatment of arthritis in folk medicine of China; however, the active ingredients responsible for the anti-arthritis effects of A. flaccida are still elusive. In this study, W3, a saponin isolated from the extract of A. flaccida was identified as the major active ingredient by using an osteoclast formation model induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). W3 dose-dependently suppressed the actin ring formation and lacunar resorption. Mechanistic investigation revealed that W3 inhibited the RANKL-induced TRAF6 expression, decreased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and IκB-α, and suppressed NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity. Furthermore, W3 almost abrogated the expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1). Therefore, our results suggest that W3 is a potential agent for treating lytic bone diseases although further evaluation in vivo and in clinical trials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Kong
- 1. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- 1. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- 1. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Hongye Wan
- 1. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- 1. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Michun Zhong
- 1. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- 1. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Shiwei Jia
- 2. Guangzhou Kanghe Pharmaceutical Limited Company, 511440 Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Lin
- 1. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
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Abstract
Saponins are a large family of amphiphilic glycosides of steroids and triterpenes found in plants and some marine organisms. By expressing a large diversity of structures on both sugar chains and aglycones, saponins exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and serve as major active principles in folk medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines. Isolation of saponins from natural sources is usually a formidable task due to the microheterogeneity of saponins in Nature. Chemical synthesis can provide access to large amounts of natural saponins as well as congeners for understanding their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive account on chemical synthesis of saponins. First highlighted are general considerations on saponin synthesis, including preparation of aglycones and carbohydrate building blocks, assembly strategies, and protecting-group strategies. Next described is the state of the art in the synthesis of each type of saponins, with an emphasis on those representative saponins having sophisticated structures and potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Zhao H, Liu H, Ma Z, Wang Y, Li YL, Ye WC, Wu B. Metabolite profiling of anhuienoside C by rat intestinal bacteria using the LC–MS metabolomic approach. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:189-96. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.960024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Zu L, Zhao Y, Gu G. Recent Development in the Synthesis of Natural Saponins and Their Derivatives. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.957387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fenger TH, Madsen R. Regioselective Glycosylation of Unprotected Phenyl 1-Thioglycopyranosides with Phenylboronic Acid as a Transient Masking Group. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:183-311. [PMID: 21850673 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Wang G, Lu Z, Ding N, Zhang W, Wang P, Li Y. Differentiating the 2,3-diols of glucopyranosides by 4,6-O-benzylidene-protected-1,2-d-glucopyranosylorthoesters strategy. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2368-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu Q, Zhang L, Li X, Guo T, Wang P, Li Y. Efficient Synthesis of Flaccidoside II, a Bioactive Component of Chinese Folk Medicine Di Wu. J Carbohydr Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300903260192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Liu
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- a School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- b School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai, 201203, China
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Synthesis of oleanolic acid saponins mimicking components of Chinese folk medicine Di Wu. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu Q, Wang P, Zhang L, Guo T, Lv G, Li Y. Concise synthesis of two natural triterpenoid saponins, oleanolic acid derivatives isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1276-81. [PMID: 19524216 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of two natural triterpenoid saponins, which were isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis and exhibited excellent in vitro cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells, was concisely achieved in a convergent approach. We employed an odourless 2-methyl-5-tert-butylphenyl (Mbp) thioglycoside and trichloroacetimidate donors in one-pot reaction as a key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Guo T, Liu Q, Wang P, Zhang L, Zhang W, Li Y. Facile synthesis of three bidesmosidic oleanolic acid saponins with strong inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1167-74. [PMID: 19463989 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of scabiosaponins E (1), F (2), and G (3), three new oleanolic acid saponins with strong inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase isolated from the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Scabiosa tschiliensis, was efficiently achieved in an one-pot strategy under the combined use of glycosyl trichloroacetimidates and p-toluene 1-thioglycosides (STol) as donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Gauthier C, Legault J, Lavoie S, Rondeau S, Tremblay S, Pichette A. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of bidesmosidic betulin and betulinic acid saponins. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:72-81. [PMID: 19115839 DOI: 10.1021/np800579x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring cytotoxic saponin 28-O-beta-d-glucopyranosylbetulinic acid 3beta-O-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (3) was easily synthesized along with seven bidesmosidic saponins starting from the lupane-type triterpenoids betulin (1) and betulinic acid (2). As highlighted by the preliminary cytotoxicity evaluation against A549, DLD-1, MCF7, and PC-3 human cancer cell lines, the bidesmosidic betulin saponin 22a, bearing alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside moieties at both C-3 and C-28 positions, was determined to be a potent cytotoxic agent (IC(50) 1.8-1.9 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Gauthier
- Laboratoire d'Analyse et de Separation des Essences Vegetales (LASEVE), Departement des Sciences Fondamentales, Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada, G7H 2B1
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