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Rodríguez Sánchez RA, Saluri K, Tuvikene R, Matulewicz MC, Ciancia M. Complex sulfated galactans from hot water extracts of red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis comprise carrageenan and agaran structures. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 322:121314. [PMID: 37839829 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Hot water extraction from the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis yielded three extracts which showed sulfated galactans with a D:L-galactose ratio non consistent with carrageenan or agaran backbones. The major extract was fractionated by cetrimide precipitation and redissolution with increasing sodium chloride concentrations due to their low solubility. Seven fractions were obtained, and studied by methylation analysis, desulfation-methylation, and NMR spectroscopy of the partially hydrolyzed and the native samples. Fractions with the highest yield were those obtained at high concentrations of NaCl. They comprised both agaran and crageenan structures in considerable amounts. The main agaran structures were β-D-galactose 4-sulfate and β-D-galactose 2-sulfate units linked to α-L-galactose 2,3-disulfate residues, and β-D-galactose linked to α-L-galactose 3-sulfate or 6-sulfate, or substituted with single stubs of β-D-xylose on C3, while the carrageenan structures comprised β-D-galactose (2-sulfate) linked to α-D-galactose 3-sulfate or 2,3-disulfate, and β-D-galactose 2,4-disulfate linked to α-D-galactose 2,3-disulfate. Between the less sulfated fractions, the one obtained by solubilization in 0.5 M NaCl was mainly constituted by agarans, which included 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose units. Anticoagulant activity was assayed by general coagulation tests (aPTT and TT), showing a moderate action compared with heparin. This is the first detailed study of the sulfated galactans from the order Bonnemaisoniales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Rodríguez Sánchez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Kadri Saluri
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva mnt 29, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Rando Tuvikene
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva mnt 29, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - María C Matulewicz
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marina Ciancia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación de Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria - Pabellón 2, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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In vivo imaging of fluorescent albumin modified with pyruvylated-human-type complex oligosaccharide reveals sialylation-like biodistribution and kinetics. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 70:116943. [PMID: 35905685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both pyruvylation and sialylation onto the terminus of oligosaccharides of N-glycoproteins seem to be structurally and functionally similar with a property of conferring negative charge. However, detailed molecular characteristics of pyruvylation and sialylation in vivo were elusive. Here, to investigate an effect of terminal pyruvylation to N-glycan on in vivo biodistribution and kinetics, we prepared human serum albumin (HSA) modified with pyruvylated N-glycan (PvG), conjugated with HiLyte Fluor 750 (FL750-PvGHSA). In vivo imaging by using FL750-PvGHSA revealed that terminally pyruvylated N-glycoalbumin was excreted like sialylated N-glycoalbumin, suggesting that pyruvylation mimics sialylation in in vivo biodistribution and kinetics of N-glycoproteins. Terminal pyruvylation onto N-glycans can be a potential tool for a novel glycoengineering strategy.
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Fukunaga T, Tanaka N, Furumoto T, Nakakita S, Ohashi T, Higuchi Y, Maekawa H, Takegawa K. Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:128-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Hager FF, Sützl L, Stefanović C, Blaukopf M, Schäffer C. Pyruvate Substitutions on Glycoconjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4929. [PMID: 31590345 PMCID: PMC6801904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are the most diverse biomolecules of life. Mostly located at the cell surface, they translate into cell-specific "barcodes" and offer a vast repertoire of functions, including support of cellular physiology, lifestyle, and pathogenicity. Functions can be fine-tuned by non-carbohydrate modifications on the constituting monosaccharides. Among these modifications is pyruvylation, which is present either in enol or ketal form. The most commonly best-understood example of pyruvylation is enol-pyruvylation of N-acetylglucosamine, which occurs at an early stage in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan. Ketal-pyruvylation, in contrast, is present in diverse classes of glycoconjugates, from bacteria to algae to yeast-but not in humans. Mild purification strategies preventing the loss of the acid-labile ketal-pyruvyl group have led to a collection of elucidated pyruvylated glycan structures. However, knowledge of involved pyruvyltransferases creating a ring structure on various monosaccharides is scarce, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of fingerprint motifs of these enzymes and the unavailability of genome sequences of the organisms undergoing pyruvylation. This review compiles the current information on the widespread but under-investigated ketal-pyruvylation of monosaccharides, starting with different classes of pyruvylated glycoconjugates and associated functions, leading to pyruvyltransferases, their specificity and sequence space, and insight into pyruvate analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona F Hager
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Muthgasse 11, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cordula Stefanović
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Identification and characterization of a novel β-D-galactosidase that releases pyruvylated galactose. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12013. [PMID: 30104607 PMCID: PMC6090015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvyl modification of oligosaccharides is widely seen in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although the biosynthetic mechanisms of pyruvylation have been investigated, enzymes that metabolize and degrade pyruvylated oligosaccharides are not well known. Here, we searched for a pyruvylated galactose (PvGal)-releasing enzyme by screening soil samples. We identified a Bacillus strain, as confirmed by the 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis, that exhibited PvGal-ase activity toward p-nitrophenyl-β-D-pyruvylated galactopyranose (pNP-β-D-PvGal). Draft genome sequencing of this strain, named HMA207, identified three candidate genes encoding potential PvGal-ases, among which only the recombinant protein encoded by ORF1119 exhibited PvGal-ase activity. Although ORF1119 protein displayed broad substrate specificity for pNP sugars, pNP-β-D-PvGal was the most favorable substrate. The optimum pH for the ORF1119 PvGal-ase was determined as 7.5. A BLAST search suggested that ORF1119 homologs exist widely in bacteria. Among two homologs tested, BglC from Clostridium but not BglH from Bacillus showed PvGal-ase activity. Crystal structural analysis together with point mutation analysis revealed crucial amino acids for PvGal-ase activity. Moreover, ORF1119 protein catalyzed the hydrolysis of PvGal from galactomannan of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, suggesting that natural polysaccharides might be substrates of the PvGal-ase. This novel PvGal-catalyzing enzyme might be useful for glycoengineering projects to produce new oligosaccharide structures.
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Torres P, Novaes P, Ferreira LG, Santos JP, Mazepa E, Duarte MER, Noseda MD, Chow F, dos Santos DY. Effects of extracts and isolated molecules of two species of Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) on early growth of lettuce. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Seedevi P, Moovendhan M, Sudharsan S, Sivasankar P, Sivakumar L, Vairamani S, Shanmugam A. Isolation and chemical characteristics of rhamnose enriched polysaccharide from Grateloupia lithophila. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:486-494. [PMID: 29805003 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The crude polysaccharide was extracted from Grateloupia lithophila through hot-water extraction and deproteinization. Further, fractionated by anion-exchange column using Q-Sepharose and purified by gel-permeation chromatography using Sepharose 4-LB column. The crude and purified polysaccharide contains high carbohydrate (75.7 and 89.7%), ash (18.2 and 3.2%) and moisture (14.8 and 1.3%); the protein and uronic acid were absent. The molecular weight of crude, fractionated and purified polysaccharide was found to be 37 kDa, 29 kDa and 24 kDa. The monosaccharide composition of the crude polysaccharide was found to be having rhamnose (79.82%), fructose (8.38%), galactose (3.95%), xylose (3.31%) and glucose (1.48%); whereas the purified polysaccharide reported higher amount of rhamnose (95.88%), 1.13% of xylose and 2.21% of fructose. The structural elucidation of the purified polysaccharide was conformed as α-l-rhamnose through polarimetry, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Seedevi
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, 636011, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Meivelu Moovendhan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India; Bioengineering and Drug Design Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT-M), Chennai, 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sadhasivam Sudharsan
- Department of Food Quality and Safety Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agriculture Research Organisation, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Palaniappan Sivasankar
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Loganathan Sivakumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Vairamani
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Annaian Shanmugam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Sudharsan S, Giji S, Seedevi P, Vairamani S, Shanmugam A. Isolation, characterization and bioactive potential of sulfated galactans from Spyridia hypnoides (Bory) Papenfuss. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:589-597. [PMID: 29273523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The sulfated galactans (SG) of mass 16 kDa was purified from S.hypnoides through anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The biochemical properties of SG including carbohydrate, 3,6 anhydrogalactose, sulfate, uronic acid, moisture, ash, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen contents were estimated. In the purified SG, the presence of major sugars such as galactose and glucose were identified through HPLC and it was further structurally characterised through FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. Anticoagulant activity of SG was estimated as 25.36 & 2.46 IU at 25 μg/ml (aPTT & PT). SG also showed potential dose dependent antioxidant activity against free radicals such as DPPH (56.41% at 2 mg/ml), hydroxyl radicals (65.58% at 3 mg/ml) and superoxide radicals (73.12% at 0.6 mg/ml). The maximum metal chelating and total antioxidant property (76.42%, 66.81%) was exhibited at 1 mg/ml. The results indicate that the SG from red seaweed represents a good source of polysaccharide with significant anticoagulant and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhasivam Sudharsan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sadhasivam Giji
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palaniappan Seedevi
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Vairamani
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Annaian Shanmugam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Higuchi Y, Yoshinaga S, Yoritsune KI, Tateno H, Hirabayashi J, Nakakita SI, Kanekiyo M, Kakuta Y, Takegawa K. A rationally engineered yeast pyruvyltransferase Pvg1p introduces sialylation-like properties in neo-human-type complex oligosaccharide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26349. [PMID: 27194449 PMCID: PMC4872226 DOI: 10.1038/srep26349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvylation onto the terminus of oligosaccharide, widely seen from prokaryote to eukaryote, confers negative charges on the cell surface and seems to be functionally similar to sialylation, which is found at the end of human-type complex oligosaccharide. However, detailed molecular mechanisms underlying pyruvylation have not been clarified well. Here, we first determined the crystal structure of fission yeast pyruvyltransferase Pvg1p at a resolution of 2.46 Å. Subsequently, by combining molecular modeling with mutational analysis of active site residues, we obtained a Pvg1p mutant (Pvg1p(H168C)) that efficiently transferred pyruvyl moiety onto a human-type complex glycopeptide. The resultant pyruvylated human-type complex glycopeptide recognized similar lectins on lectin arrays as the α2,6-sialyl glycopeptides. This newly-generated pyruvylation of human-type complex oligosaccharides would provide a novel method for glyco-bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Sho Yoshinaga
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yoritsune
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tateno
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central-2, 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Jun Hirabayashi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central-2, 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nakakita
- Department of Functional Glycomics, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Miho Kanekiyo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Sun Y, Sun W, Guo J, Hu X, Gong G, Huang L, Cao H, Wang Z. Sulphation pattern analysis of chemically sulphated polysaccharide LbGp1 from Lycium barbarum by GC–MS. Food Chem 2015; 170:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Methylated glycans as conserved targets of animal and fungal innate defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2787-96. [PMID: 24879441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401176111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins of innate immune systems recognize specific non-self epitopes. Tectonins are a family of β-propeller lectins conserved from bacteria to mammals that have been shown to bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We present experimental evidence that two Tectonins of fungal and animal origin have a specificity for O-methylated glycans. We show that Tectonin 2 of the mushroom Laccaria bicolor (Lb-Tec2) agglutinates Gram-negative bacteria and exerts toxicity toward the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting a role in fungal defense against bacteria and nematodes. Biochemical and genetic analysis of these interactions revealed that both bacterial agglutination and nematotoxicity of Lb-Tec2 depend on the recognition of methylated glycans, namely O-methylated mannose and fucose residues, as part of bacterial LPS and nematode cell-surface glycans. In addition, a C. elegans gene, termed samt-1, coding for a candidate membrane transport protein for the presumptive donor substrate of glycan methylation, S-adenosyl-methionine, from the cytoplasm to the Golgi was identified. Intriguingly, limulus lectin L6, a structurally related antibacterial protein of the Japanese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus, showed properties identical to the mushroom lectin. These results suggest that O-methylated glycans constitute a conserved target of the fungal and animal innate immune system. The broad phylogenetic distribution of O-methylated glycans increases the spectrum of potential antagonists recognized by Tectonins, rendering this conserved protein family a universal defense armor.
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Mendes GS, Duarte ME, Colodi FG, Noseda MD, Ferreira LG, Berté SD, Cavalcanti JF, Santos N, Romanos MT. Structure and anti-metapneumovirus activity of sulfated galactans from the red seaweed Cryptonemia seminervis. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 101:313-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Staudacher E. Methylation--an uncommon modification of glycans. Biol Chem 2013; 393:675-85. [PMID: 22944672 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A methyl (Me) group on a sugar residue is a rarely reported event. Until now, this type of modification has been found in the animal kingdom only in worms and molluscs, whereas it is more frequently present in some species of bacteria, fungi, algae and plants, but not in mammals. The monosaccharides involved as well as the positions of the Me groups on the sugar vary with species. Methylation appears to play a role in some recognition events, but details are still unknown. This review summarises the current knowledge on methylation of sugars in all types of organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Galactans from the red seaweed Amansia multifida and their effects on inflammation, angiogenesis, coagulation and cell viability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Red algae (Rhodophyta) are known as the source of unique sulfated galactans, such as agar, agarose, and carrageenans. The wide practical uses of these polysaccharides are based on their ability to form strong gels in aqueous solutions. Gelling polysaccharides usually have molecules built up of repeating disaccharide units with a regular distribution of sulfate groups, but most of the red algal species contain more complex galactans devoid of gelling ability because of various deviations from the regular structure. Moreover, several red algae may contain sulfated mannans or neutral xylans instead of sulfated galactans as the main structural polysaccharides. This chapter is devoted to a description of the structural diversity of polysaccharides found in the red algae, with special emphasis on the methods of structural analysis of sulfated galactans. In addition to the structural information, some data on the possible use of red algal polysaccharides as biologically active polymers or as taxonomic markers are briefly discussed.
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Ferreira LG, Noseda MD, Gonçalves AG, Ducatti DRB, Fujii MT, Duarte MER. Chemical structure of the complex pyruvylated and sulfated agaran from the red seaweed Palisada flagellifera (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 2011; 347:83-94. [PMID: 22055816 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A homogeneous agaran fraction from Palisada flagellifera (Laurencia complex, Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) was obtained by aqueous room-temperature extraction, followed by ion-exchange chromatography. This galactan presents a highly complex structure with at least 18 different types of derivatives. The A units were found mostly pyruvylated, 2-sulfated (∼34%), and 6-methylated (∼34%), with the latter partially 2- and 2,4-sulfated. Minor amounts of β-D-galactopyranosyl units 2-, 6- and 2,6-sulfated, 6-glycosylated, and non-substituted are also present. The B-units are L-sugars composed predominantly of their cyclized derivatives, 3,6-anhydrogalactose and 3,6-anhydro-2-O-methylgalactose (∼56%). The former are linked to β-D-galactosyl (6-methyl) (6-glycosylated) units, as well as to 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-β-D-galactose 2-sulfate in the proportion of 3:1.8, respectively. A significant amount (∼18%) of the α-L-galactopyranosyl units are linked to pyruvylated β-D-galactose 2-sulfate residues. An important part of the B-units (20%) is represented by α-L-galactose 6-sulfate substituted on C-3 by xylosyl, galactosyl and/or 2,3-di-O-methylgalactose units or sulfate groups that preclude their cyclization to 3,6-anhydrogalactosyl derivative. The precursor units are present in relatively low percentages. Kinetic studies suggest that in P. flagellifera agaran the cyclizable units are linked to 6-O-methyl-β-D-galactosyl and/or β-D-galactosyl units (6-glycosylated). The structural complexity of this polysaccharide is increased by the presence of 2- and 3,6-sulfated α-L-galactoses, with the latter additionally 2-O-methylated. Therefore, the major subfraction obtained from the cold extract contains structurally complex sulfated, methylated, and pyruvylated agaran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box: 19046, CEP: 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Jiao G, Yu G, Zhang J, Ewart HS. Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:196-223. [PMID: 21566795 PMCID: PMC3093253 DOI: 10.3390/md9020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides and their lower molecular weight oligosaccharide derivatives from marine macroalgae have been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. The present paper will review the recent progress in research on the structural chemistry and the bioactivities of these marine algal biomaterials. In particular, it will provide an update on the structural chemistry of the major sulfated polysaccharides synthesized by seaweeds including the galactans (e.g., agarans and carrageenans), ulvans, and fucans. It will then review the recent findings on the anticoagulant/antithrombotic, antiviral, immuno-inflammatory, antilipidemic and antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharides and their potential for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangling Jiao
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada;
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Junzeng Zhang
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Nutrisciences and Health, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - H. Stephen Ewart
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada;
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