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Huan YW, Fa-Arun J, Wang B. The Role of O-antigen in P1 Transduction of Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli with its Alternative S' Tail Fibre. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167829. [PMID: 36116540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacteria phage P1 expresses two types of tail fibre, S and S'. Despite the wide usage of phage P1 for transduction, the host range and the receptor for its alternative S' tail fibre was never determined. Here, a ΔS-cin Δpac E. coli P1 lysogenic strain was generated to allow packaging of phagemid DNA into P1 phage having either S or S' tail fibre. P1(S') could transduce phagemid DNA into Shigella flexneri 2a 2457O, Shigella flexneri 5a M90T and Escherichia coli O3 efficiently. Mutational analysis of the O-antigen assembly genes and LPS inhibition assays indicated that P1(S') transduction requires at least one O-antigen unit. E. coli O111:B4 LPS produced a high neutralising effect against P1(S') transduction, indicating that this E. coli strain could be susceptible to P1(S')-mediated transduction. Mutations in the O-antigen modification genes of S. flexneri 2a 2457O and S. flexneri 5a M90T did not cause significant changes to P1(S') transduction efficiency. A higher transduction efficiency of P1(S') improved the delivery of a cas9 antimicrobial phagemid into both S. flexneri 2457O and M90T. These findings provide novel insights into P1 tropism-switching, by identifying the bacterial strains which are susceptible to P1(S')-mediated transduction, as well as demonstrating its potential for delivering a DNA sequence-specific Cas9 antimicrobial into clinically relevant S. flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang W Huan
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Jidapha Fa-Arun
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Baojun Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering & ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Centre of Biological Computation, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China.
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Influence of Shigella flexneri 2a O Antigen Acetylation on Its Bacteriophage Sf6 Receptor Activity and Bacterial Interaction with Human Cells. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00363-20. [PMID: 32989087 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00363-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a major causative agent of bacillary dysentery in developing countries, where serotype 2a2 is the prevalent strain. To date, approximately 30 serotypes have been identified for S. flexneri, and the major contribution to the emergence of new serotypes is chemical modifications of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component O antigen (Oag). Glucosylation, O-acetylation, and phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) modifications increase the Oag diversity, providing benefits to S. flexneri LPS Oag acts as a primary receptor for bacteriophage Sf6, which infects only a limited range of S. flexneri serotypes (Y and X). It uses its tailspike protein (Sf6TSP) to establish initial interaction with LPS Oags that it then hydrolyzes. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive study on the parent and serotype variant strains from the same genetic background and an understanding of the importance of LPS Oag O-acetylations. Therefore, a set of isogenic strains (based on S. flexneri 2457T [2a2]) with deletions of different Oag modification genes (oacB, oacD, and gtrII) that resemble different naturally occurring serotype Y and 2a strains was created. The impacts of these Oag modifications on S. flexneri sensitivity to Sf6 and the pathogenesis-related properties were then compared. We found that Sf6TSP can hydrolyze serotype 2a LPS Oag, identified that 3/4-O-acetylation is essential for resistance of serotype 2a strains to Sf6, and showed that serotype 2a strains have better invasion ability. Lastly, we revealed two new serotype conversions for S. flexneri, thereby contributing to understanding the evolution of this important human pathogen.IMPORTANCE The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains and lack of efficient vaccines have made Shigella a priority organism for the World Health Organization (1). Therefore, bacteriophage therapy has received increasing attention as an alternative therapeutic approach. LPS Oag is the most variable part of LPS due to chemical modifications and is the target of bacteriophage Sf6 (S. flexneri specific). We dissected the evolution of S. flexneri serotype Y to 2a2, which revealed a new role for a gene acquired during serotype conversion and furthermore identified new specific forms of LPS receptor for Sf6. Collectively, these results unfold the importance of the acquisition of those Oag modification genes and further our understanding of the relationship between Sf6 and S. flexneri.
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Development and Validation of a Procedure for Authenticity Verification of Modified Lipopolysaccharides of Shigella flexneri Subtypes 1b, 2a, 3a, 6, and Y by 13C NMR Spectroscopy. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sen T, Verma NK. Functional Annotation and Curation of Hypothetical Proteins Present in A Newly Emerged Serotype 1c of Shigella flexneri: Emphasis on Selecting Targets for Virulence and Vaccine Design Studies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030340. [PMID: 32210046 PMCID: PMC7141135 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is the principal cause of bacillary dysentery, contributing significantly to the global burden of diarrheal disease. The appearance and increase in the multi-drug resistance among Shigella strains, necessitates further genetic studies and development of improved/new drugs against the pathogen. The presence of an abundance of hypothetical proteins in the genome and how little is known about them, make them interesting genetic targets. The present study aims to carry out characterization of the hypothetical proteins present in the genome of a newly emerged serotype of S. flexneri (strain Y394), toward their novel regulatory functions using various bioinformatics databases/tools. Analysis of the genome sequence rendered 4170 proteins, out of which 721 proteins were annotated as hypothetical proteins (HPs) with no known function. The amino acid sequences of these HPs were evaluated using a combination of latest bioinformatics tools based on homology search against functionally identified proteins. Functional domains were considered as the basis to infer the biological functions of HPs in this case and the annotation helped in assigning various classes to the proteins such as signal transducers, lipoproteins, enzymes, membrane proteins, transporters, virulence, and binding proteins. This study contributes to a better understanding of growth, survival, and disease mechanism at molecular level and provides potential new targets for designing drugs against Shigella infection.
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Zerbetto M, Polimeno A, Widmalm G. Glycosidic linkage flexibility: The ψ torsion angle has a bimodal distribution in α-L-Rhap-(1→2)-α-L-Rhap-OMe as deduced from 13C NMR spin relaxation. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:035103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5134531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Zerbetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua I-35131, Italy
| | - Antonino Polimeno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Martínez-Gómez E, Ståhle J, Gil-Ramírez Y, Zúñiga-Ripa A, Zaccheus M, Moriyón I, Iriarte M, Widmalm G, Conde-Álvarez R. Genomic Insertion of a Heterologous Acetyltransferase Generates a New Lipopolysaccharide Antigenic Structure in Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1092. [PMID: 29887851 PMCID: PMC5981137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis of worldwide distribution caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. In Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis, the major species infecting domestic ruminants, the smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS) is a virulence factor. This S-LPS carries a N-formyl-perosamine homopolymer O-polysaccharide that is the major antigen in serodiagnostic tests and is required for virulence. We report that the Brucella O-PS can be structurally and antigenically modified using wbdR, the acetyl-transferase gene involved in N-acetyl-perosamine synthesis in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Brucella constructs carrying plasmidic wbdR expressed a modified O-polysaccharide but were unstable, a problem circumvented by inserting wbdR into a neutral site of chromosome II. As compared to wild-type bacteria, both kinds of wbdR constructs expressed shorter O-polysaccharides and NMR analyses showed that they contained both N-formyl and N-acetyl-perosamine. Moreover, deletion of the Brucella formyltransferase gene wbkC in wbdR constructs generated bacteria producing only N-acetyl-perosamine homopolymers, proving that wbdR can replace for wbkC. Absorption experiments with immune sera revealed that the wbdR constructs triggered antibodies to new immunogenic epitope(s) and the use of monoclonal antibodies proved that B. abortus and B. melitensis wbdR constructs respectively lacked the A or M epitopes, and the absence of the C epitope in both backgrounds. The wbdR constructs showed resistance to polycations similar to that of the wild-type strains but displayed increased sensitivity to normal serum similar to that of a per R mutant. In mice, the wbdR constructs produced chronic infections and triggered antibody responses that can be differentiated from those evoked by the wild-type strain in S-LPS ELISAs. These results open the possibilities of developing brucellosis vaccines that are both antigenically tagged and lack the diagnostic epitopes of virulent field strains, thereby solving the diagnostic interference created by current vaccines against Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Martínez-Gómez
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jonas Ståhle
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Gil-Ramírez
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mona Zaccheus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Iriarte
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raquel Conde-Álvarez
- Instituto de Salud Tropical, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Complex carbohydrate recognition by proteins: Fundamental insights from bacteriophage cell adhesion systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pisc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hossain MU, Khan MA, Hashem A, Islam MM, Morshed MN, Keya CA, Salimullah M. Finding Potential Therapeutic Targets against Shigella flexneri through Proteome Exploration. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1817. [PMID: 27920755 PMCID: PMC5118456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Shigella flexneri is a gram negative bacteria that causes the infectious disease “shigellosis.” S. flexneri is responsible for developing diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps in human. Antibiotics are mostly given to patients infected with shigella. Resistance to antibiotics can hinder its treatment significantly. Upon identification of essential therapeutic targets, vaccine and drug could be effective therapy for the treatment of shigellosis. Methods: The study was designed for the identification and qualitative characterization for potential drug targets from S. flexneri by using the subtractive proteome analysis. A set of computational tools were used to identify essential proteins those are required for the survival of S. flexneri. Total proteome (13,503 proteins) of S. flexneri was retrieved from NCBI and further analyzed by subtractive channel analysis. After identification of the metabolic proteins we have also performed its qualitative characterization to pave the way for the identification of promising drug targets. Results: Subtractive analysis revealed that a list of 53 targets of S. flexneri were human non-homologous essential metabolic proteins that might be used for potential drug targets. We have also found that 11 drug targets are involved in unique pathway. Most of these proteins are cytoplasmic, can be used as broad spectrum drug targets, can interact with other proteins and show the druggable properties. The functionality and drug binding site analysis suggest a promising effective way to design the new drugs against S. flexneri. Conclusion: Among the 53 therapeutic targets identified through this study, 13 were found highly potential as drug targets based on their physicochemical properties whilst only one was found as vaccine target against S. flexneri. The outcome might also be used as module as well as circuit design in systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Uzzal Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science Faculty, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Md Arif Khan
- Department of Science and Humanities, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Mirpur Cantonment Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Hashem
- Microbial Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science Faculty, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Neaz Morshed
- Department of Science and Humanities, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Mirpur Cantonment Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology Savar, Bangladesh
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Knirel YA, Sun Q, Senchenkova SN, Perepelov AV, Shashkov AS, Xu J. O-antigen modifications providing antigenic diversity of Shigella flexneri and underlying genetic mechanisms. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:901-14. [PMID: 26542003 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
O-Antigens (O-specific polysaccharides) of Shigella flexneri, a primary cause of shigellosis, are distinguished by a wide diversity of chemical modifications following the oligosaccharide O-unit assembly. The present review is devoted to structural, serological, and genetic aspects of these modifications, including O-acetylation and phosphorylation with phosphoethanolamine that have been identified recently. The modifications confer the host with specific immunodeterminants (O-factors or O-antigen epitopes), which accounts for the antigenic diversity of S. flexneri considered as a virulence factor of the pathogen. Totally, 30 O-antigen variants have been recognized in these bacteria, the corresponding O-factors characterized using specific antibodies, and a significant extension of the serotyping scheme of S. flexneri on this basis is suggested. Multiple genes responsible for the O-antigen modifications and the resultant serotype conversions of S. flexneri have been identified. The genetic mechanisms of the O-antigen diversification by acquisition of mobile genetic elements, including prophages and plasmids, followed occasionally by gene mobilization and inactivation have been revealed. These findings further our understanding of the genetics and antigenicity of S. flexneri and assist control of shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Knirel
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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10
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Molecular characterization and analysis of high-level multidrug-resistance of Shigella flexneri serotype 4s strains from China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29124. [PMID: 27374009 PMCID: PMC4931504 DOI: 10.1038/srep29124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To conduct the first comprehensive analysis of Shigella flexneri serotype 4s, a novel serotype found in 2010, we identified 24 serotype 4s isolates from 1973 shigellosis cases in China (2002–2014). The isolates were characterized by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogenetic analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine their genetic relatedness, and analysed further for their antimicrobial susceptibilities and antimicrobial resistance determinants. The PFGE and SNP phylogenetic analyses suggest that S. flexneri serotype 4s strains are derived from multiple serotypes, including two predominant serotypes in China: serotype X variant and serotype II. Three new sequence types were identified by MLST. All isolates were resistant to ticarcillin, ampicillin and tetracycline, with high-level resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Notably, all the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), with the highest levels of resistance observed for eight antimicrobials classes. Most isolates contain various antimicrobial resistance determinants. In conclusion, we found that serotype 4s isolates have multiple evolutionary sources, diverse biochemical characteristics and genomes, and highly prevalent multidrug resistance and antimicrobial-resistant determinants. With few clinical treatment options, continuous monitoring and timely intervention against this emerging MDR serotype is essential. The possibility that serotype 4s will become the next predominant serotype exists.
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11
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Kuttel MM, Ståhle J, Widmalm G. CarbBuilder: Software for building molecular models of complex oligo- and polysaccharide structures. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:2098-105. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Kuttel
- Department of Computer Science; University of Cape Town; Cape Town 7701 South Africa
| | - Jonas Ståhle
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; Stockholm S-106 91 Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory; Stockholm University; Stockholm S-106 91 Sweden
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12
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van der Ploeg CA, Rogé AD, Bordagorria XL, de Urquiza MT, Viñas MR, Pichel MG, Bruno SB. AA479 antiserum: new reagent for the serotype characterization of atypical variants of Shigella flexneri. Rev Argent Microbiol 2015; 47:36-40. [PMID: 25735215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is divided into 13 serotypes based on the combination of antigenic determinants present in the O-antigen. A new O-antigen modification with phosphoethanolamine has been identified. The presence of this antigenic determinant (called E1037) is recognized by monoclonal antibody MASF IV-1. Given the increasing incidence of these new variants and the difficulty in supplying the monoclonal antibody to our country, we produced a polyclonal antiserum (AA479) through immunization with a S. flexneri Xv strain. The antiserum specificity was assessed by slide agglutination against isolates from clinical cases and a culture collection representing all Shigella serotypes. The results obtained demonstrated a 100% correlation between AA479 absorbed antiserum and monoclonal antibody MASF IV-1. The availability of AA479 antiserum in every public hospital in Argentina will allow us to identify atypical S. flexneri isolates in order to strengthen Shigella surveillance in our country and to compare with global epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A van der Ploeg
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB) ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ariel D Rogé
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB) ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ximena L Bordagorria
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB) ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María T de Urquiza
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB) ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María R Viñas
- Servicio Enterobacterias, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI) ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana G Pichel
- Servicio Enterobacterias, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI) ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana B Bruno
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB) ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Knirel YA, Wang J, Luo X, Senchenkova SN, Lan R, Shpirt AM, Du P, Shashkov AS, Zhang N, Xu J, Sun Q. Genetic and structural identification of an O-acyltransferase gene (oacC) responsible for the 3/4-O-acetylation on rhamnose III in Shigella flexneri serotype 6. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:266. [PMID: 25327486 PMCID: PMC4206707 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND O-antigen (O-polysaccharide) of the lipopolysaccharide is a highly variable cell component of the outer membrane in Shigella flexneri. It defines the serospecificity and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of shigellosis. There are two distinct O-antigen forms for the 19 serotypes of S. flexneri: one for serotypes 1-5, X, Y, 7 (and their subtypes), and the other for serotype 6. Although having different basal O-polysaccharide structures, the two forms share a common disaccharide fragment [→2)-α-l-Rhap III-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rhap II]. In serotype 6 and some non-6 serotypes, RhaIII is O-acetylated at position either 3 or 4 (3/4-O-acetylation), conferring to the hosts a novel antigenic determinant named O-factor 9. An acyltransferase gene (oacB) responsible for this modification has been identified in serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a, and Y, but not in serotype 6. RESULTS Using genetic, serological, and chemical approaches, another acyltransferase gene named oacC was demonstrated to be responsible for the 3/4-O-acetylation on RhaIII in the O-antigen of S. flexneri serotype 6. Inactivation of the oacC gene resulted in the loss of the 3/4-O-acetyltion, and the cloned oacC gene restored this modification upon transformation. In accordance with the similarity in the acceptor substrate structure and high sequence homology (72% identity) between oacC and oacB, oacC has the interchangeable function with the oacB gene in mediation of the 3/4-O-acetylation. The oacC gene is located in a prophage on the chromosome and presented in all 77 serotype 6 strains tested. CONCLUSIONS Identification and functional characterization of the O-acetyltransferase encoding gene, oacC, shows that it is involved in O-antigen modification by 3/4-O-acetylation on RhaIII specific to serotype 6.
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Dutta S, Jain P, Nandy S, Matsushita S, Yoshida SI. Molecular characterization of serologically atypical provisional serovars of Shigella isolates from Kolkata, India. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1696-1703. [PMID: 25261061 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.081307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2000-2004, 13 Shigella strains that were untypable by commercially available antisera were isolated from children <5 years of age with acute diarrhoea in Kolkata. These strains were subsequently identified as Shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar 204/96 (n = 3), Shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar E23507 (n = 1), Shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar I9809-73 (n = 1), Shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar 93-119 (n = 1), Shigella flexneri provisional serovar 88-893 (n = 6) and Shigella boydii provisional serovar E16553 (n = 1). In this study, characterization of those provisional serovars of Shigella was performed with respect to their antimicrobial resistance, plasmids, virulence genes and PFGE profiles. The drug resistant strains (n = 10) of Shigella identified in this study possessed various antibiotic resistance genetic markers like catA (for chloramphenicol resistance); tetA and tetB (for tetracycline resistance); dfrA1 and sul2 (for co-trimoxazole resistance); aadA1, strA and strB (for streptomycin resistance) and blaOXA-1 (for ampicillin resistance). Class 1 and/or class 2 integrons were present in eight resistant strains. Three study strains were pan-susceptible. A single mutation in the gyrA gene (serine to leucine at codon 83) was present in four quinolone resistant strains. The virulence gene ipaH (invasion plasmid antigen H) was uniformly present in all strains in this study, but the stx (Shiga toxin) and set1 (Shigella enterotoxin 1) genes were absent. Other virulence genes like ial (invasion associated locus) and sen (Shigella enterotoxin 2) were occasionally present. A large plasmid of 212 kb and of incompatibility type IncFIIA was present in the majority of the strains (n = 10) and diversity was noticed in the smaller plasmid profiles of these strains even within the same provisional serovars. PFGE profile analysis showed the presence of multiple unrelated clones among the isolates of provisional Shigella serovars. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the phenotypic and molecular characterization of provisional serovars of Shigella isolates from Kolkata, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Jain
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Suman Nandy
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shigeru Matsushita
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Food Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yoshida
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Jakhetia R, Marri A, Ståhle J, Widmalm G, Verma NK. Serotype-conversion in Shigella flexneri: identification of a novel bacteriophage, Sf101, from a serotype 7a strain. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:742. [PMID: 25174528 PMCID: PMC4159516 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella flexneri is the major cause of bacillary dysentery in the developing countries. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen of S. flexneri plays an important role in its pathogenesis and also divides S. flexneri into 19 serotypes. All the serotypes with an exception for serotype 6 share a common O-antigen backbone comprising of N-acetylglucosamine and three rhamnose residues. Different serotypes result from modification of the basic backbone conferred by phage-encoded glucosyltransferase and/or acetyltransferase genes, or plasmid-encoded phosphoethanolamine transferase. Recently, a new site for O-acetylation at positions 3 and 4 of RhaIII, in serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a and Y was shown to be mediated by the oacB gene. Additionally, this gene was shown to be carried by a transposon-like structure inserted upstream of the adrA region on the chromosome. RESULTS In this study, a novel bacteriophage Sf101, encoding the oacB gene was isolated and characterised from a serotype 7a strain. The complete sequence of its 38,742 bp genome encoding 66 open reading frames (orfs) was determined. Comparative analysis revealed that phage Sf101 has a mosaic genome, and most of its proteins were >90% identical to the proteins from 12 previously characterised lambdoid phages. In addition, the organisation of Sf101 genes was found to be highly similar to bacteriophage Sf6. Analysis of the Sf101 OacB identified two amino acid substitutions in the protein; however, results obtained by NMR spectroscopy confirmed that Sf101-OacB was functional. Inspection of the chromosomal integration site of Sf101 phage revealed that this phage integrates in the sbcB locus, thus unveiling a new site for integration of serotype-converting phages of S. flexneri, and determining an alternative location of oacB gene in the chromosome. Furthermore, this study identified oacB gene in several serotype 7a isolates from various regions providing evidence of O-acetyl modification in serotype 7a. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on the isolation of bacteriophage Sf101 which contains the S. flexneri O-antigen modification gene oacB. Sf101 has a highly mosaic genome and was found to integrate in the sbcB locus. These findings contribute an advance in our current knowledge of serotype converting phages of S. flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Naresh K Verma
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Bldg, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
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Serotype-converting bacteriophage SfII encodes an acyltransferase protein that mediates 6-O-acetylation of GlcNAc in Shigella flexneri O-antigens, conferring on the host a novel O-antigen epitope. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:3656-66. [PMID: 25112477 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02009-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri O-antigen is an important and highly variable cell component presented on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. Most Shigella flexneri bacteria share an O-antigen backbone composed of →2)-α-L-Rhap(III)-(1→2)-α-L-Rhap(II)-(1→3)-α-L-Rhap(I)-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ repeats, which can be modified by adding various chemical groups to different sugars, giving rise to diverse O-antigen structures and, correspondingly, to various serotypes. The known modifications include glucosylation on various sugar residues, O-acetylation on Rha(I) or/and Rha(III), and phosphorylation with phosphoethanolamine on Rha(II) or/and Rha(III). Recently, a new O-antigen modification, namely, O-acetylation at position 6 of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), has been identified in S. flexneri serotypes 2a, 3a, Y, and Yv. In this study, the genetic basis of the 6-O-acetylation of GlcNAc in S. flexneri was elucidated. An O-acyltransferase gene designated oacD was found to be responsible for this modification. The oacD gene is carried on serotype-converting bacteriophage SfII, which is integrated into the host chromosome by lysogeny to form a prophage responsible for the evolvement of serotype 2 of S. flexneri. The OacD-mediated 6-O-acetylation also occurs in some other S. flexneri serotypes that carry a cryptic SfII prophage with a dysfunctional gtr locus for type II glucosylation. The 6-O-acetylation on GlcNAc confers to the host a novel O-antigen epitope, provisionally named O-factor 10. These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of the O-antigen variation and enable further studies to understand the contribution of the O-acetylation to the antigenicity and pathogenicity of S. flexneri.
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Livio S, Strockbine NA, Panchalingam S, Tennant SM, Barry EM, Marohn ME, Antonio M, Hossain A, Mandomando I, Ochieng JB, Oundo JO, Qureshi S, Ramamurthy T, Tamboura B, Adegbola RA, Hossain MJ, Saha D, Sen S, Faruque ASG, Alonso PL, Breiman RF, Zaidi AKM, Sur D, Sow SO, Berkeley LY, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Biswas K, Cohen D, Farag TH, Nasrin D, Wu Y, Blackwelder WC, Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Levine MM. Shigella isolates from the global enteric multicenter study inform vaccine development. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:933-41. [PMID: 24958238 PMCID: PMC4166982 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella, a major diarrheal disease pathogen worldwide, is the target of vaccine development. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) investigated burden and etiology of moderate-to-severe diarrheal disease in children aged <60 months and matched controls without diarrhea during 3 years at 4 sites in Africa and 3 in Asia. Shigella was 1 of the 4 most common pathogens across sites and age strata. GEMS Shigella serotypes are reviewed to guide vaccine development. METHODS Subjects' stool specimens/rectal swabs were transported to site laboratories in transport media and plated onto xylose lysine desoxycholate and MacConkey agar. Suspect Shigella colonies were identified by biochemical tests and agglutination with antisera. Shigella isolates were shipped to the GEMS Reference Laboratory (Baltimore, MD) for confirmation and serotyping of S. flexneri; one-third of isolates were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for quality control. RESULTS Shigella dysenteriae and S. boydii accounted for 5.0% and 5.4%, respectively, of 1130 Shigella case isolates; S. flexneri comprised 65.9% and S. sonnei 23.7%. Five serotypes/subserotypes comprised 89.4% of S. flexneri, including S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 6, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 2b, and S. flexneri 1b. CONCLUSIONS A broad-spectrum Shigella vaccine must protect against S. sonnei and 15 S. flexneri serotypes/subserotypes. A quadrivalent vaccine with O antigens from S. sonnei, S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, and S. flexneri 6 can provide broad direct coverage against these most common serotypes and indirect coverage against all but 1 (rare) remaining subserotype through shared S. flexneri group antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Livio
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Nancy A Strockbine
- Escherichia and Shigella Reference Unit, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sandra Panchalingam
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Eileen M Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Mark E Marohn
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit (United Kingdom), Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Anowar Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Inacio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique and the Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Joseph O Oundo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Shahida Qureshi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Boubou Tamboura
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - Debasish Saha
- Medical Research Council Unit (United Kingdom), Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sunil Sen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | - Pedro L Alonso
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique and the Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona, Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert F Breiman
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya Global Disease Detection Division, Kenya Office of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anita K M Zaidi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dipika Sur
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), New Delhi, India
| | - Samba O Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Lynette Y Berkeley
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville
| | - Ciara E O'Reilly
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric D Mintz
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kousick Biswas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Perry Point, Maryland
| | - Dani Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamer H Farag
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Dilruba Nasrin
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Yukun Wu
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - William C Blackwelder
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - James P Nataro
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Serological identification and prevalence of a novel O-antigen epitope linked to 3- and 4-O-acetylated rhamnose III of lipopolysaccharide in Shigella flexneri. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2033-8. [PMID: 24671799 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00197-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is the major cause of shigellosis in developing countries. All serotypes except for serotype 6 share an O-antigen backbone composed of a → 2)-α-L-Rhap(III)-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rhap(II)-(1 → 3)-α-l-Rhap(I)-(1 → 3)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1 → tetrasaccharide repeat. It can be modified by the addition of a glucosyl group to one or more sugar residues and/or an O-acetyl group to Rha(I) and/or a phosphoethanolamine to Rha(II) and/or Rha(III). These modifications give rise to type I-, IC-, II-, IV-, and V- and to group 6-, 7,8-, and MASF IV-1-specific antigenic determinants, which comprise the current serotyping scheme of S. flexneri. Recently, another O-antigen modification created by adding an O-acetyl group to Rha(III) at position 3 or 4 (3/4-O-acetylation) has been found in S. flexneri serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a, Y, and 6. A new O-acyltransferase gene named oacB has been shown to mediate the 3/4-O-acetylation in serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a, and Y but not in 6. In this work, we studied the distribution of the 3/4-O-acetylation in S. flexneri and the antigenicity that resulted from this modification. PCR screening of the oacB gene in clinical isolates of S. flexneri demonstrated that the oacB-mediated 3/4-O-acetylation is widespread in serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a, and Y. Serological analysis indicated that this modification confers the host with a novel antigenic determinant that is provisionally named group O factor 9. These findings enhance our understanding of the varieties of O-antigenic determinants related to O-antigen modification in S. flexneri and will assist epidemiological studies and vaccine development.
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Identification of an O-acyltransferase gene (oacB) that mediates 3- and 4-O-acetylation of rhamnose III in Shigella flexneri O antigens. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:1525-31. [PMID: 24509314 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01393-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
O antigen (O polysaccharide) is an important and highly variable cell component present on the surface of cells which defines the serospecificity of Gram-negative bacteria. Most O antigens of Shigella flexneri, a cause of shigellosis, share a backbone composed of →2)-α-l-Rhap(III)-(1→2)-α-l-Rhap(II)-(1→3)-α-l-Rhap(I)-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→ repeats, which can be modified by adding various substituents, giving rise to 19 serotypes. The known modifications include glucosylation on various sugar residues, O-acetylation on Rha(I), and phosphorylation with phosphoethanolamine on Rha(II) or/and Rha(III). Recently, two new O-antigen modifications, namely, O-acetylation at position 3 or 4 of Rha(III) and position 6 of GlcNAc, have been identified in several S. flexneri serotypes. In this work, the genetic basis for the 3/4-O-acetylation on Rha(III) was elucidated. Bioinformatic analysis of the genome of S. flexneri serotype 2a strain Sf301, which carries 3/4-O-acetylation on Rha(III), revealed an O-acyltransferase gene designated oacB. Genetic studies combined with O-antigen structure analysis demonstrated that this gene is responsible for the 3/4-O-acetylation in serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a, and Y but not serotype 6, which has a different O-antigen backbone structure. The oacB gene is carried by a transposon-like structure located in the proA-adrA region on the chromosome, which represents a novel mechanism of mobilization of O-antigen modification factors in S. flexneri. These findings enhance our knowledge of S. flexneri O-antigen modifications and shed light on the origin of new O-antigen variants.
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20
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Genomic portrait of the evolution and epidemic spread of a recently emerged multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri clone in China. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:1119-26. [PMID: 24452172 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02669-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is the major cause of shigellosis in developing countries. A new S. flexneri serotype, Xv, appeared in 2000 and replaced serotype 2a as the most prevalent serotype in China. Serotype Xv is a variant of serotype X, with phosphoethanolamine modification of its O antigen mediated by a plasmid that contained the opt gene. Serotype Xv isolates belong to sequence type 91 (ST91). In this study, whole-genome sequencing of 59 S. flexneri isolates of 14 serotypes (serotypes 1 to 4, Y, Yv, X, and Xv) indicated that ST91 arose around 1993 by acquiring multidrug resistance (MDR) and spread across China within a decade. A comparative analysis of the chromosome and opt-carrying plasmid pSFXv_2 revealed independent origins of 3 serotype Xv clusters in China, with different divergence times. Using 18 cluster-dividing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), SNP typing divided 380 isolates from 3 provinces (Henan, Gansu, and Anhui) into 5 SNP genotypes (SGs). One SG predominated in each province, but substantial interregional spread of SGs was also evident. These findings suggest that MDR is the key selective pressure for the emergence of the S. flexneri epidemic clone and that Shigella epidemics in China were caused by a combination of local expansion and interregional spread of serotype Xv.
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Sun Q, Knirel YA, Lan R, Wang J, Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Wang Y, Wang Y, Luo X, Xu J. Dissemination and serotype modification potential of pSFxv_2, an O-antigen PEtN modification plasmid in Shigella flexneri. Glycobiology 2013; 24:305-13. [PMID: 24379081 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-antigens of all Shigella flexneri serotypes, except serotype 6, share a linear tetrasaccharide repeat composed of one N-acetylglucosamine and three l-rhamnose residues, and differences between the serotypes are due to modification of various monosaccharide residues with glucosyl and/or O-acetyl and/or phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) groups. Plasmid-borne opt (formerly lpt-O) gene encoding a PEtN transferase which modifies the O-antigens of S. flexneri serotype X, 4a and Y strains and converts the hosts into MASF IV-1 (E1037) positive "variant" (v) Xv, 4av and Yv serotypes, respectively. In this study, we showed that the opt-carrying plasmid pSFxv_2 can transform strains of all S. flexneri serotypes (1-6) to confer them with the MASF IV-1 epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody MASF IV-1 and typing antiserum IV. The transformants possessed modified O-antigens with a PEtN group(s) at position 3 of one or two rhamnose residues. In some serotypes, the PEtN modification competed or/and interfered with glucosylation and O-acetylation at the same or its neighboring sugar residue. We also showed that the plasmid pSFxv_2 is mobilizable to other S. flexneri strains by conjugation. Although pSFxv_2-harboring S. flexneri strains found in clinical infections are restricted to serotypes Xv, 4av, Yv and, possibly, 6v, our results demonstrate a high potential of dissemination of this plasmid in S. flexneri and emergence of new S. flexneri serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangzheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, P.O Box 5, Changping, Beijing, China
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Sun Q, Lan R, Wang J, Xia S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Jin D, Yu B, Knirel YA, Xu J. Identification and characterization of a novel Shigella flexneri serotype Yv in China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70238. [PMID: 23936172 PMCID: PMC3728103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is the major cause of bacterial shigellosis in developing countries. S. flexneri is divided into at least 19 serotypes, the majority of which are modifications of the same basic O-antigen by glucosylation and/or O-acetylation of its sugar residues by phage encoded serotype-converting genes. Recently, a plasmid encoded phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) modification of the O-antigen has been reported, which is responsible for the presence of the MASF IV-1 determinant and results in conversion of traditional serotypes X, 4a and Y to novel serotypes Xv, 4av and Yv, respectively. In this study, we characterized 19 serotype Yv strains isolated in China. A variant of the O-antigen phosphoethanolamine transferase gene opt (formerly called lpt-O) carried by a pSFxv_2-like plasmid was found in serotype Yv strains, which specifies the phosphorylation pattern on the O-antigen of this serotype. For the majority of the O-antigen units, the PEtN modification occurs on RhaIII, while for a minority, modifications occur on both RhaII and RhaIII. Serotype-specific gene detection and PFGE analysis suggested that these serotype Yv isolates were originated from serotypes Y, Xv and 2a by acquisition of an opt-carrying plasmid and/or inactivation of serotype-specific gene gtrII or gtrX. These data, combined with those of serotypes Xv and 4av reported earlier, demonstrate that the plasmid-encoded PEtN modification is an important serotype conversion mechanism in S. flexneri, in addition to glucosylation and O-acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangzheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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Chassagne P, Fontana C, Guerreiro C, Gauthier C, Phalipon A, Widmalm G, Mulard LA. Structural Studies of theO-Acetyl-Containing O-Antigen from aShigella flexneriSerotype 6 Strain and Synthesis of Oligosaccharide Fragments Thereof. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Renewed awareness of the substantial morbidity and mortality that Shigella infection causes among young children in developing countries, combined with technological innovations in vaccinology, has led to the development of novel vaccine strategies in the past 5 years. Along with advancement of classic vaccines in clinical trials and new sophisticated measurements of immunological responses, much new data has been produced, lending promise to the potential for production of safe and effective Shigella vaccines. Herein, we review the latest progress in Shigella vaccine development within the framework of persistent obstacles.
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Knirel YA, Lan R, Senchenkova SN, Wang J, Shashkov AS, Wang Y, Perepelov AV, Xiong Y, Xu J, Sun Q. O-antigen structure of Shigella flexneri serotype Yv and effect of the lpt-O gene variation on phosphoethanolamine modification of S. flexneri O-antigens. Glycobiology 2013; 23:475-85. [PMID: 23283000 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is the major human pathogen causing shigellosis. O-antigens of all S. flexneri serotypes (except for serotype 6) share the →2)-α-l-Rhap(III)-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rhap(II)-(1 → 3)-α-l-Rhap(I)-(1 → 3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→ basic O-unit, whereas differences between the serotypes are conferred by phage-encoded glucosylation and/or O-acetylation at various positions. Recently, in serotype X and 4a variants called Xv and 4av, respectively, O-antigen modification with phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) has been identified, which is encoded by a plasmid-borne gene (lpt-O) for a PEtN-transferase and confers the monoclonal antibody IV-1(MASF IV-1) determinant to the bacteria. In this study, we elucidated the O-antigen structure of serotype Yv, another MASF IV-1-positive novel variant of S. flexneri. The serotype Yv O-antigen has the same basic carbohydrate backbone structure as that of the "classical" serotype Y, but differs in the presence of PEtN at position 3 of Rha(III) (major) or both Rha(II) and Rha(III) (minor). This pattern is similar to that of serotype 4av, but different from the pattern of serotype Xv, which is characterized by major PEtN modification on Rha(II). In serotype Yv, mono- and bisphosphorylated O-units generate a block-copolymeric structure, the former being partially O-acetylated at position 6 of GlcNAc and the latter lacking O-acetylation. Functional analysis revealed a correlation between the serotype-specific PEtN modification pattern and the lpt-O variation in different serotypes: lpt-O(RII) in serotype Xv is better tuned for phosphorylation of Rha(II) and lpt-O(RIII) in serotypes Yv and 4av for phosphorylation of Rha(III). These data enhance our knowledge of S. flexneri serotype conversion mechanisms and help to understand the biosynthesis process of the new O-antigen variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy A Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Perepelov AV, Shekht ME, Liu B, Shevelev SD, Ledov VA, Senchenkova SN, L'vov VL, Shashkov AS, Feng L, Aparin PG, Wang L, Knirel YA. Shigella flexneriO-antigens revisited: final elucidation of the O-acetylation profiles and a survey of the O-antigen structure diversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:201-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Champion E, Guérin F, Moulis C, Barbe S, Tran TH, Morel S, Descroix K, Monsan P, Mourey L, Mulard LA, Tranier S, Remaud-Siméon M, André I. Applying Pairwise Combinations of Amino Acid Mutations for Sorting Out Highly Efficient Glucosylation Tools for Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Bacterial Oligosaccharides. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18677-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ja306845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Champion
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Guérin
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- Département de Biologie
Structurale et Biophysique, 205 Route de Narbonne, CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale),
BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Barbe
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Thu Hoai Tran
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- Département de Biologie
Structurale et Biophysique, 205 Route de Narbonne, CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale),
BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Morel
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Descroix
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux,
75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pierre Monsan
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Département de Biologie
Structurale et Biophysique, 205 Route de Narbonne, CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale),
BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux,
75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Samuel Tranier
- Département de Biologie
Structurale et Biophysique, 205 Route de Narbonne, CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale),
BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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28
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Luo X, Sun Q, Lan R, Wang J, Li Z, Xia S, Zhang J, Wang Y, Jin D, Wang Y, Yuan X, Yu B, Cui Z, Xu J. Emergence of a novel Shigella flexneri serotype 1d in China. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 74:316-9. [PMID: 22858548 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on the isolation of 5 Shigella flexneri strains displaying a novel serotype, 1d, that shares serologic features from both S. flexneri serotypes 1a and X. The 1d strains contained serotype-converting bacteriophages SfI and SfX in tandem on the chromosome. These strains were likely originated from serotype X strains through SfI infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, P.O. Box 5, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
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29
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Development of a multiplex PCR assay targeting O-antigen modification genes for molecular serotyping of Shigella flexneri. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3766-70. [PMID: 21880974 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01259-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is the major Shigella species that causes diarrheal disease in developing countries. It is further subdivided into 15 serotypes based on O-antigen structure. Serotyping of S. flexneri is important for epidemiological purposes. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR assay targeting the O-antigen synthesis gene wzx and the O-antigen modification genes gtrI, gtrIC, gtrII, oac, gtrIV, gtrV, and gtrX for molecular serotyping of S. flexneri. The multiplex PCR assay contained eight sets of specific PCRs in a single tube and can identify 14 of the 15 serotypes (the exception being serotype Xv) of S. flexneri recognized thus far. A nearly perfect concordance (97.8%) between multiplex PCR assay and slide agglutination was observed when 358 S. flexneri strains of various serotypes were analyzed, except that 8 strains were carrying additional cryptic and/or defective serotype-specific genes. The multiplex PCR assay provides a rapid and specific method for the serotype identification of S. flexneri.
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