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Bps polysaccharide of Bordetella pertussis resists antimicrobial peptides by functioning as a dual surface shield and decoy and converts Escherichia coli into a respiratory pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010764. [PMID: 35969621 PMCID: PMC9410548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections and disease caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis (Bp) are increasing, despite widespread vaccinations. The current acellular pertussis vaccines remain ineffective against nasopharyngeal colonization, carriage, and transmission. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that Bordetella polysaccharide (Bps), a member of the poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG/PGA) family of polysaccharides promotes respiratory tract colonization of Bp by resisting killing by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Genetic deletion of the bpsA-D locus, as well as treatment with the specific glycoside hydrolase Dispersin B, increased susceptibility to AMP-mediated killing. Bps was found to be both cell surface-associated and released during laboratory growth and mouse infections. Addition of bacterial supernatants containing Bps and purified Bps increased B. pertussis resistance to AMPs. By utilizing ELISA, immunoblot and flow cytometry assays, we show that Bps functions as a dual surface shield and decoy. Co-inoculation of C57BL/6J mice with a Bps-proficient strain enhanced respiratory tract survival of the Bps-deficient strain. In combination, the presented results highlight the critical role of Bps as a central driver of B. pertussis pathogenesis. Heterologous production of Bps in a non-pathogenic E. coli K12 strain increased AMP resistance in vitro, and augmented bacterial survival and pathology in the mouse respiratory tract. These studies can serve as a foundation for other PNAG/PGA polysaccharides and for the development of an effective Bp vaccine that includes Bps.
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2
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Tandem Electrospray Mass Spectrometry of Cyclic N-Substituted Oligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218284. [PMID: 33167433 PMCID: PMC7663939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution electrospray mass spectra (MS and MS/MS CID) of positive ions of a series of protonated, ammoniated, and metallated molecules of cyclic N-substituted oligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines differing in cycle size and N-acyl substituents were registered and interpreted. It was shown that the main type of fragmentation is a cleavage of glycosidic bonds of a cycle, and in some cases fragmentation of amide side chains is possible. If labile fragments in substituents (e.g., carbohydrate chains) are present, a decay of the cycle and an elimination of labile fragments are of comparable possibility. It was found that in some cases rearrangements with loss of an internal carbohydrate residue (IRL), or an internal part of a side chain, are feasible.
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3
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Gening ML, Pier GB, Nifantiev NE. Broadly protective semi-synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine against pathogens capable of producing poly-β-(1→6)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine exopolysaccharide. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 35-36:13-21. [PMID: 33388124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly-β-(1→6)-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) was first discovered as a major component of biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and some other staphylococci but later this exopolysaccharide was also found to be produced by pathogens of various nature. This common antigen is considered as a promising target for construction of a broadly protective vaccine. Extensive studies of PNAG, its de-N-acetylated derivative (dPNAG, containing around 15% of residual N-acetates) and their conjugates with Tetanus Toxoid (TT) revealed the crucial role of de-N-acetylated glucosamine units for the induction of protective immunity. Conjugates of synthetic penta- (5GlcNH2) and nona-β-(1→6)-d-glucosamines (9GlcNH2) were tested in vitro and in different animal models and proved to be effective in passive and active protection against different microbial pathogens. Presently conjugate 5GlcNH2-TT is being produced under GMP conditions and undergoes safety and effectiveness evaluation in humans and economically important animals. Current review summarizes all stages of this long-termed study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Gening
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Chizhov AO, Gening ML, Pinsker OA, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Isomeric Effects in Collisionally-induced Dissociation of β-(1→6)-linked Cyclic Tetrasaccharides of the Glcp2GlcpN2 Composition. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819130057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Forman A, Pfoh R, Eddenden A, Howell PL, Nitz M. Synthesis of defined mono-de-N-acetylated β-(1→6)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligosaccharides to characterize PgaB hydrolase activity. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9456-9466. [PMID: 31642455 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many clinically-relevant biofilm-forming bacterial strains produce partially de-N-acetylated poly-β-(1→6)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (dPNAG) as an exopolysaccharide. In Gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic protein PgaB is responsible for partial de-N-acetylation of PNAG prior to its export to the extracellular space. In addition to de-N-acetylase activity found in the N-terminal domain, PgaB contains a C-terminal hydrolase domain that can disrupt dPNAG-dependent biofilms and hydrolyzes dPNAG but not fully acetylated PNAG. The role of this C-terminal domain in biofilm formation has yet to be determined in vivo. Further characterization of the enzyme's hydrolase activity has been hampered by a lack of specific dPNAG oligosaccharides. Here, we report the synthesis of a defined mono de-N-acetylated dPNAG penta- and hepta-saccharide. Using mass spectrometry analysis and a fluorescence-based thin-layer chromatography (TLC) assay, we found that our defined dPNAG oligosaccharides are hydrolase substrates. In addition to the expected cleavage site, two residues to the reducing side of the de-N-acetylated residue, minor cleavage products on the non-reducing side of the de-N-acetylation site were observed. These findings provide quantitative data to support how PNAG is processed in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Forman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6.
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6
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Chizhov AO, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Gas-Phase Fragmentation of Cyclic Oligosaccharides in Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122226. [PMID: 31207901 PMCID: PMC6631135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern mass spectrometry, including electrospray and MALDI, is applied for analysis and structure elucidation of carbohydrates. Cyclic oligosaccharides isolated from different sources (bacteria and plants) have been known for decades and some of them (cyclodextrins and their derivatives) are widely used in drug design, as food additives, in the construction of nanomaterials, etc. The peculiarities of the first- and second-order mass spectra of cyclic oligosaccharides (natural, synthetic and their derivatives and modifications: cyclodextrins, cycloglucans, cyclofructans, cyclooligoglucosamines, etc.) are discussed in this minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Chizhov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninskii Prosp., 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yury E Tsvetkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninskii Prosp., 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninskii Prosp., 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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7
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Gas-phase fragmentation studies of cyclic oligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using a hybrid high-resolution mass spectrometer. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Skurnik D, Cywes-Bentley C, Pier GB. The exceptionally broad-based potential of active and passive vaccination targeting the conserved microbial surface polysaccharide PNAG. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1041-53. [PMID: 26918288 PMCID: PMC4985264 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1159135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A challenging component of vaccine development is the large serologic diversity of protective antigens. Remarkably, there is a conserved surface/capsular polysaccharide, one of the most effective vaccine targets, expressed by a large number of bacterial, fungal and eukaryotic pathogens: poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG). Natural antibodies to PNAG are poorly effective at mediating in vitro microbial killing or in vivo protection. Removing most of the acetate substituents to produce a deacetylated glycoform, or using synthetic oligosaccharides of poly-β-1-6-linked glucosamine conjugated to carrier proteins, results in vaccines that elicit high levels of broad-based immunity. A fully human monoclonal antibody is highly active in laboratory and preclinical studies and has been successfully tested in a phase-I setting. Both the synthetic oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine and MAb will be further tested in humans starting in 2016; but, even if effective against only a fraction of the PNAG-producing pathogens, a major advance in vaccine-preventable diseases will occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Skurnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: 617-525-2269; FAX: 617-525-2510
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: 617-525-2269; FAX: 617-525-2510
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: 617-525-2269; FAX: 617-525-2510
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Lo Fiego MJ, Marino C, Varela O. Synthesis of galactofuranosyl-(1 → 5)-thiodisaccharide glycomimetics as inhibitors of a β-d-galactofuranosidase. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Description of the synthesis, molecular modeling and inhibitory properties of furanosyl thiodisaccharides that are mimetics of the motif β-d-Galf-(1 → 5)-d-Galf, found in glycoconjugates of pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J. Lo Fiego
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET-UBA
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Carla Marino
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET-UBA
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Oscar Varela
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET-UBA
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
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10
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Varbanets LD. Glycopolymers of microorganisms: Achievements and future research (review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683814060143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Modification and periplasmic translocation of the biofilm exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11013-8. [PMID: 24994902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406388111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG) is an exopolysaccharide produced by a wide variety of medically important bacteria. Polyglucosamine subunit B (PgaB) is responsible for the de-N-acetylation of PNAG, a process required for polymer export and biofilm formation. PgaB is located in the periplasm and likely bridges the inner membrane synthesis and outer membrane export machinery. Here, we present structural, functional, and molecular simulation data that suggest PgaB associates with PNAG continuously during periplasmic transport. We show that the association of PgaB's N- and C-terminal domains forms a cleft required for the binding and de-N-acetylation of PNAG. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of PgaB show a binding preference for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to the N-terminal domain and glucosammonium to the C-terminal domain. Continuous ligand binding density is observed that extends around PgaB from the N-terminal domain active site to an electronegative groove on the C-terminal domain that would allow for a processive mechanism. PgaB's C-terminal domain (PgaB310-672) directly binds PNAG oligomers with dissociation constants of ∼1-3 mM, and the structures of PgaB310-672 in complex with β-1,6-(GlcNAc)6, GlcNAc, and glucosamine reveal a unique binding mode suitable for interaction with de-N-acetylated PNAG (dPNAG). Furthermore, PgaB310-672 contains a β-hairpin loop (βHL) important for binding PNAG that was disordered in previous PgaB42-655 structures and is highly dynamic in the MD simulations. We propose that conformational changes in PgaB310-672 mediated by the βHL on binding of PNAG/dPNAG play an important role in the targeting of the polymer for export and its release.
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Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Titov DV, Gerbst AG, Yudina ON, Grachev AA, Shashkov AS, Vidal S, Imberty A, Saha T, Kand D, Talukdar P, Pier GB, Nifantiev NE. Linear and cyclic oligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines: Synthesis, conformations, and applications for design of a vaccine and oligodentate glycoconjugates. PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-12-09-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly-β-(1→6)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is an exopolysaccharide secreted by numerous pathogenic bacteria, includingStaphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Yersinia pestis,Bordetella pertussis,Acinetobacter baumannii,Burkholderiaspp., and others. A convergent approach was developed for the synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments consisting of 5, 7, 9, and 11 glucosamine orN-acetylglucosamine units and for the preparation of five nona-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines with variousN-acetylation patterns. Penta- and nona-β‑(1→6)-D-glucosamines conjugated to protein carriers through a specially developed sulfhydryl linker proved to be highly immunogenic in mice and rabbits and elicited antibodies that mediated opsonic killing of multiple strains ofS. aureus(including methicillin-resistantS. aureus, MRSA) andE. coli, and protected againstS. aureusskin abscesses and lethalE. coliandB. cenocepaciaperitonitis. These findings provide a basis for the construction of a unique semisynthetic vaccine against multiple bacterial targets. Conformational studies by means of special NMR experiments and computer modeling revealed that the oligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamine chain exists mostly in a helix-like conformation, where the terminal monosaccharides are arranged close to each other. Owing to this feature, oligoglucosamines consisting of 2 to 7 residues easily form products of cycloglycosylation. Cyclooligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines represent a new family of functionalized cyclic oligosaccharides. Owing to their molecular architectonics, these compounds are convenient scaffolds for the design of conjugates with defined valency, symmetry, flexibility, and function.
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Gening ML, Titov DV, Cecioni S, Audfray A, Gerbst AG, Tsvetkov YE, Krylov VB, Imberty A, Nifantiev NE, Vidal S. Synthesis of Multivalent Carbohydrate-Centered Glycoclusters as Nanomolar Ligands of the Bacterial Lectin LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemistry 2013; 19:9272-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Repetto E, Marino C, Varela O. Synthesis of the (1→6)-linked thiodisaccharide of galactofuranose: Inhibitory activity against a β-galactofuranosidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3327-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Gerbst AG, Grachev AA, Yashunsky DV, Tsvetkov YE, Shashkov AS, Nifantiev NE. Theoretical and Experimental Conformational Studies of Oligoglucosides Structurally Related to Fragments of Fungal Cell Wall β-(1→3)-D-Glucan. J Carbohydr Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2013.793347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Little DJ, Poloczek J, Whitney JC, Robinson H, Nitz M, Howell PL. The structure- and metal-dependent activity of Escherichia coli PgaB provides insight into the partial de-N-acetylation of poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31126-37. [PMID: 22810235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.390005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides are required for the development and integrity of biofilms produced by a wide variety of bacteria. In Escherichia coli, partial de-N-acetylation of the exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG) by the periplasmic protein PgaB is required for polysaccharide intercellular adhesin-dependent biofilm formation. To understand the molecular basis for PNAG de-N-acetylation, the structure of PgaB in complex with Ni(2+) and Fe(3+) have been determined to 1.9 and 2.1 Å resolution, respectively, and its activity on β-1,6-GlcNAc oligomers has been characterized. The structure of PgaB reveals two (β/α)(x) barrel domains: a metal-binding de-N-acetylase that is a member of the family 4 carbohydrate esterases (CE4s) and a domain structurally similar to glycoside hydrolases. PgaB displays de-N-acetylase activity on β-1,6-GlcNAc oligomers but not on the β-1,4-(GlcNAc)(4) oligomer chitotetraose and is the first CE4 member to exhibit this substrate specificity. De-N-acetylation occurs in a length-dependent manor, and specificity is observed for the position of de-N-acetylation. A key aspartic acid involved in de-N-acetylation, normally seen in other CE4s, is missing in PgaB, suggesting that the activity of PgaB is attenuated to maintain the low levels of de-N-acetylation of PNAG observed in vivo. The metal dependence of PgaB is different from most CE4s, because PgaB shows increased rates of de-N-acetylation with Co(2+) and Ni(2+) under aerobic conditions, and Co(2+), Ni(2+) and Fe(2+) under anaerobic conditions, but decreased activity with Zn(2+). The work presented herein will guide inhibitor design to combat biofilm formation by E. coli and potentially a wide range of medically relevant bacteria producing polysaccharide intercellular adhesin-dependent biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Little
- Program in Molecular Structure & Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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