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Cheng XY, Ouyang JM. Carboxymethylated Rhizoma alismatis Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals' Cytotoxicity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1044. [PMID: 37509080 PMCID: PMC10377732 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the effects of polysaccharides (RAPD) extracted from the traditional anti-stone Chinese medicine Rhizoma alismatis and their carboxymethylated derivatives (RAPs) on the crystal phase, morphology, and size of calcium oxalate (CaOx). It also determined the damaging ability of the regulated crystals on human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). METHODS RAPD carboxymethylation with a carboxyl group (-COOH) content of 3.57% was carried out by the chloroacetic acid solvent method. The effects of -COOH content in RAPs and RAP concentration on the regulation of CaOx crystal growth were studied by controlling the variables. Cell experiments were conducted to explore the differences in the cytotoxicity of RAP-regulated crystals. RESULTS The -COOH contents of RAPD, RAP1, RAP2, and RAP3 were 3.57%, 7.79%, 10.84%, and 15.33%, respectively. RAPs can inhibit the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and induce the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). When the -COOH content in RAPs was high, their ability to induce COD formation was enhanced. In the crystals induced by RAPs, a high COD content can lower the damage to cells. In particular, the cytotoxicity of the crystals induced by RAP3 was the lowest. When the concentration of RAP3 increased, the cytotoxicity gradually increased due to the reduced size of the formed COD crystals. An interaction was observed between RAPs and crystals, and the number of RAPs adsorbed in the crystals was positively correlated with the -COOH content in RAPs. CONCLUSIONS RAPs can reduce the damage of CaOx to HK-2 cells by regulating the crystallization of CaOx crystals and effectively reducing the risk of kidney stone formation. RAPs, especially RAP3 with a high carboxyl group content, has the potential to be developed as a novel green anti-stone drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Cheng
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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The transition of rodlike micelles to wormlike micelles of an ionic liquid surfactant induced by different additives and the template-directed synthesis of calcium oxalate monohydrate to mimic the formation of urinary stones. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Polat S, Burak Eral H. Elucidating the role of hyaluronic acid in the structure and morphology of calcium oxalate crystals. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Turudic D, Golubic AT, Lovric M, Bilic M, Milosevic D. Age-Specific Excretion of Calcium, Oxalate, Citrate, and Glycosaminoglycans and Their Ratios in Healthy Children and Children with Urolithiasis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050758. [PMID: 34069381 PMCID: PMC8158688 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed children with urolithiasis with age- and gender-matched healthy children. Calcium (mmol/mmol creatinine) and the calcium/citrate ratio (mol/mmol) are the only variables that differentiate children before puberty from healthy children (ROC analysis confirmed only calcium/citrate as a significant variable with cut-off value > 0.84). Peri-pubertal children are distinguished from age- and gender-matched healthy children by the following variables: citrate (mmol/mol creatinine), calcium/citrate (mol/mmol), oxalate/glycosaminoglycans (mmol/g), oxalate/citrate ratios (mmol/mmol) and oxalate/(citrate × glycosaminoglycans) (mol oxalate × mol creatinine)/(mol citrate × g glycosaminoglycans). All variables were confirmed by ROC analysis with cut-off values ≤ 327.87, >1.02, >11.24, >0.12 and >0.03, respectively. These results indicate a different risk of urinary stones development before puberty vs. pubertal/postpubertal children and increasing importance (deficiency) of citrate and glycosaminoglycans in such children. J48 classifier confirmed the importance of the oxalate/(citrate × glycosaminoglycans) and the calcium/citrate ratios (Ox/Cit × GAG 0.22 and Cit/GAG 0.612) with the practically applicable classification tree for distinguishing between pubertal/postpubertal children with urolithiasis with age- and gender-matched healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Turudic
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anja Tea Golubic
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mila Lovric
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marko Bilic
- Department of Urology, University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Danko Milosevic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- General Hospital Zabok and Croatian Veterans Hospital, 49210 Zabok, Croatia
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Abstract
Infection stones are complex aggregates of crystals amalgamated in an organic matrix that are strictly associated with urinary tract infections. The management of patients who form infection stones is challenging owing to the complexity of the calculi and high recurrence rates. The formation of infection stones is a multifactorial process that can be driven by urine chemistry, the urine microenvironment, the presence of modulator substances in urine, associations with bacteria, and the development of biofilms. Despite decades of investigation, the mechanisms of infection stone formation are still poorly understood. A mechanistic understanding of the formation and growth of infection stones - including the role of organics in the stone matrix, microorganisms, and biofilms in stone formation and their effect on stone characteristics - and the medical implications of these insights might be crucial for the development of improved treatments. Tools and approaches used in various disciplines (for example, engineering, chemistry, mineralogy, and microbiology) can be applied to further understand the microorganism-mineral interactions that lead to infection stone formation. Thus, the use of integrated multidisciplinary approaches is imperative to improve the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infection stones.
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Zhao YW, Guo D, Li CY, Ouyang JM. Comparison of the adhesion of calcium oxalate monohydrate to HK-2 cells before and after repair using tea polysaccharides. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4277-4292. [PMID: 31239679 PMCID: PMC6559723 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s198644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Kidney stone formation is closely related to renal epithelial cell damage and the adhesion of calcium oxalate crystals to cells. Methods: In this research, the adhesion of human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals with a size of approximately 100 nm was studied. In addition, the inhibition of crystal adhesion by four tea polysaccharides (TPS0, TPS1, TPS2, and TPS3) with the molecular weights of 10.88, 8.16, 4.82, and 2.31 kDa, respectively were compared. Results: When oxalic acid-damaged HK-2 cells were repaired, cell viability increased. By contrast, reactive oxygen species level, phosphatidylserine eversion, and osteopontin expression decreased, thus indicating that tea polysaccharides have a repairing effect on damaged HK-2 cells. Moreover, after repairing the damaged cells, the amount of adherent crystals was reduced. The repair effect of tea polysaccharides is closely related to molecular weight, and TPS2 with the moderate molecular weight displayed the best repair effect. Conclusion: These results suggest that tea polysaccharides, especially TPS2, may inhibit the formation and recurrence of calcium oxalate kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Guo
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang-Ye Li
- Department of Urology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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Zhai H, Wang L, Putnis CV. Inhibition of Spiral Growth and Dissolution at the Brushite (010) Interface by Chondroitin 4-Sulfate. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:845-851. [PMID: 30615454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b11531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of mineralization and demineralization of calcium phosphates (Ca-Ps) with organic macromolecules is a critical process which prevents human kidney stone disease. As a long unbranched polysaccharide of urinary glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin 4-sulfate (Ch4S) has been shown to play an essential role in inhibiting the formation of kidney stones. However, the mechanism of the role of Ch4S remains poorly understood. Here, we used in situ atomic force microscopy to observe the growth and dissolution of spirals on brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) (010) surfaces. The results show that Ch4S preferentially inhibits the [101]Cc step growth/dissolution by step pinning. This step-specific effect appears to be related to specific binding of Ch4S to Ca sites, as the observed inhibition is not seen in other crystallographic directions where there are fewer Ca terminations. Moreover, Ch4S promotes an increase in the terrace width of [101̅]Cc by the modification of the interfacial energies of the step edge. These in vitro direct observations of Ch4S modulating brushite mineralization and demineralization reveal a dual control of both step kinetics and interfacial energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhai
- College of Resources and Environment , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Lijun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Christine V Putnis
- Institut für Mineralogie , University of Münster , 48149 Münster , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , Perth 6845 , Australia
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Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in children: urinary promoters/inhibitors and role of their ratios. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:1959-1965. [PMID: 27730307 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Diagnostic criteria for determination of inclination towards idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis based on biochemical urine parameters are not sufficiently well defined in children. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of CaOx urolithiasis in children from concentrations of calcium, oxalate, citrate, and glycosaminoglycans in urine and their ratios, all standardized in respect to creatinine. We collected and analyzed 24-h urine samples of children with CaOx urolithiasis (n = 61) and compared with urine samples of matched control group of healthy children (n = 25). The study has showed that all stone formers have higher excretion of calcium (mmol/mmol creatinine), calcium/citrate (mol/mmol), and oxalate/(citrate × glycosaminoglycans) ratio (mol Ox × mol cr)/(mol Cit × g GAGs). ROC analysis of these variables gave criteria (>0.28, >1.07, and >0.08, respectively) for distinguishing stone formers from healthy children. Biochemical urine parameters and their ratios (calcium, calcium citrate, and oxalate/(citrate × glycosaminoglycans) enable one to discriminate idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers from healthy children. Oxalate/(citrate × glycosaminoglycans) ratio per se can serve as an independent risk for stone formation. CONCLUSION Using biochemical urine parameters and their ratios such as calcium, calcium/citrate, and oxalate/(citrate × glycosaminoglycans) enables one to determine diagnostic criteria towards idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis in children. What is known: • The role of urine calcium as a promoter in calcium oxalate urolithiasis is well established. • Seldom used calcium/citrate ratio is acknowledged as a risk factor for calcium/oxalate urolithiasis. What is new: • The values of calcium and citrate in clinically and genetically proven idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis make calcium/citrate ratio useful for diagnostic purposes in such stone formers. • Rarely used calcium independent oxalate/(citrate x glycosaminoglycans) ratio serves as the second best high specificity marker for idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis.
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Manissorn J, Thongboonkerd V. Characterizations of heparin-binding proteins in human urine by affinity purification-mass spectrometry and defining “L-x(2,3)-A-x(0,1)-L” as a novel heparin-binding motif. J Proteomics 2016; 142:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Inhibition of urinary macromolecule heparin on aggregation of nano-COM and nano-COD crystals. Molecules 2015; 20:1626-42. [PMID: 25608044 PMCID: PMC6272453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This research aims to study the influences of heparin (HP) on the aggregation of nano calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and nano calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) with mean diameter of about 50 nm. Method: The influences of different concentrations of HP on the mean diameter and Zeta potential of nano COM and nano COD were investigated using a nanoparticle size Zeta potential analyzer. Results: HP could be adsorbed on the surface of nano COM and nano COD crystals, leading to an increase in the absolute value of Zeta potential on the crystals and an increase in the electrostatic repulsion force between crystals. Consequently, the aggregation of the crystals is reduced and the stability of the system is improved. The strong adsorption ability of HP was closely related to the -OSO3− and -COO− groups contained in the HP molecules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the coordination of HP with Ca2+ ions of COM and COD crystals. Conclusion: HP could inhibit the aggregation of nano COM and nano COD crystals and increase their stability in aqueous solution, which is conducive in inhibiting the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
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Stabilization of submicron calcium oxalate suspension by chondroitin sulfate C may be an efficient protection from stone formation. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2014; 2013:360142. [PMID: 24382950 PMCID: PMC3870629 DOI: 10.1155/2013/360142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influences of chondroitin sulfate C (C6S) on size, aggregation, sedimentation, and Zeta potential of sub-micron calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystallites with mean sizes of about 330 nm were investigated using an X-ray diffractometer, nanoparticle size Zeta potential analyzer, ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscope, after which the results were compared with those of micron-grade crystals. C6S inhibited the conversion of COD to COM and the aggregation of COM and COD crystallitesis; it also decreased their sedimentation rate, thus increasing their stability in aqueous solution. The smaller the size of the COD crystallites, the easier they can be converted to COM. The stability of sub-micron COD was worse than that of micron-grade crystals. C6S can inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
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Janssen DA, van Wijk XM, Jansen KC, van Kuppevelt TH, Heesakkers JP, Schalken JA. The Distribution and Function of Chondroitin Sulfate and Other Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans in the Human Bladder and Their Contribution to the Protective Bladder Barrier. J Urol 2013; 189:336-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dick A.W. Janssen
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry (XMRvW, THvK), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xander M.R. van Wijk
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry (XMRvW, THvK), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees C.F.J. Jansen
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry (XMRvW, THvK), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Toin H. van Kuppevelt
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry (XMRvW, THvK), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John P.F.A. Heesakkers
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry (XMRvW, THvK), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack A. Schalken
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry (XMRvW, THvK), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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