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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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2
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Iwamoto S, Kasahara Y, Yoshimura Y, Seko A, Takeda Y, Ito Y, Totani K, Matsuo I. Endo-α-Mannosidase-Catalyzed Transglycosylation. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1376-1378. [PMID: 28444927 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In order for facilitating the synthesis of oligosaccharides, transglycosylation reactions mediated by glycoside hydrolases have been studied in various contexts. In this study, we examined the transglycosylating activity of a Golgi endo-α-mannosidase. We prepared various glycosyl donors and acceptors, and recombinant human Golgi endo-α-mannosidase and its various mutants were expressed. The enzyme was able to mediate transglycosylation from α-glycosyl-fluorides. Systematic screening of various point mutants revealed that the E407D mutant had excellent transglycosylation activity and extremely low hydrolytic activity. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that minimum motif required for glycosyl acceptor is Manα1- 2Man. The synthetic utility of the enzyme was demonstrated by generation of a high-mannose-type undecasaccharide (Glc1 Man9 GlcNAc2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yuta Kasahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yayoi Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Akira Seko
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency, JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency, JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Totani
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Ichiro Matsuo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
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3
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Xu Y, Hong T, Chen X, Ji Y. Affinity capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence spectroscopy for studying enantioselective interactions between omeprazole enantiomer and human serum albumin. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1366-1373. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Xu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; P.R. China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Tingting Hong
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; P.R. China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; P.R. China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; P.R. China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; Ministry of Education; Nanjing P.R. China
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Hachisu M, Ito Y. Chemical Approaches to Elucidate Enzymatic Profiles of UDP-Glucose: Glycoprotein Glucosyltransferase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:687-90. [PMID: 27373624 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) recognizes misfolded glycoproteins and transfers a glucose residue to the specific non-reducing end of high-mannose-type glycans. However, precise molecular mechanism by which UGGT1 senses the folding has not been understood clearly. To address this issue, various model substrates for UGGT1 have been prepared using biological approaches. Recently, we introduced chemical approaches using synthetic glycan probes that were designed for studying N-glycan processing in the ER and Golgi apparatus. Our approach can outfit the homogeneous and functionalized glycan probes. In this review, recent results on functional analysis of UGGT1 are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hachisu
- ERATO Ito Glycotrilogy Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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Wang MM, Laborda P, Conway LP, Duan XC, Huang K, Liu L, Voglmeir J. An integrated 3D-printed platform for the automated isolation of N-glycans. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:14-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sakono M, Seko A, Takeda Y, Hachisu M, Koizumi A, Fujikawa K, Seto H, Ito Y. Influence of high-mannose glycan whose glucose moiety is substituted with 5-thioglucose on calnexin/calreticulin cycle. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16476e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study first revealed that UDP-5-thioglucose functions as a glycosyl donor of UDP-glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase to produce 5-thio-glucosylated Man9 (5S-G1M9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Sakono
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- ERATO Ito Glycotrilogy Project
- Wako
- Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Akira Seko
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- ERATO Ito Glycotrilogy Project
- Wako
- Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- ERATO Ito Glycotrilogy Project
- Wako
- Japan
- Department of Biotechnology
| | - Masakazu Hachisu
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- ERATO Ito Glycotrilogy Project
- Wako
- Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology
| | - Akihiko Koizumi
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- ERATO Ito Glycotrilogy Project
- Wako
- Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Kohki Fujikawa
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- ERATO Ito Glycotrilogy Project
- Wako
- Japan
- SUNTORY Foundation for Life Sciences
| | - Hideharu Seto
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- ERATO Ito Glycotrilogy Project
- Wako
- Japan
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory
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7
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Wang N, Seko A, Takeda Y, Kikuma T, Ito Y. Cooperative role of calnexin and TigA in Aspergillus oryzae glycoprotein folding. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1090-9. [PMID: 26085184 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calnexin (CNX), known as a lectin chaperone located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), specifically recognizes G1M9GN2-proteins and facilitates their proper folding with the assistance of ERp57 in mammalian cells. However, it has been left unidentified how CNX works in Aspergillus oryzae, which is a filamentous fungus widely exploited in biotechnology. In this study, we found that a protein disulfide isomerase homolog TigA can bind with A. oryzae CNX (AoCNX), which was revealed to specifically recognize monoglucosylated glycans, similarly to CNX derived from other species, and accelerate the folding of G1M9GN2-ribonuclease (RNase) in vitro. For refolding experiments, a homogeneous monoglucosylated high-mannose-type glycoprotein G1M9GN2-RNase was chemoenzymatically synthesized from G1M9GN-oxazoline and GN-RNase. Denatured G1M9GN2-RNase was refolded with highest efficiency in the presence of both soluble form of AoCNX and TigA. TigA contains two thioredoxin domains with CGHC motif, mutation analysis of which revealed that the one in N-terminal regions is involved in binding to AoCNX, while the other in catalyzing protein refolding. The results suggested that in glycoprotein folding process of A. oryzae, TigA plays a similar role as ERp57 in mammalian cells, as a partner protein of AoCNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akira Seko
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuma
- Department of Biotechnology, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a powerful tool for analyzing lectin-glycan interactions because it can measure the binding affinity and thermodynamic properties such as ∆H and ΔS in a single experiment without any chemical modification or immobilization. Here we describe a method for preparing glycan and lectin solution to minimize the buffer mismatch, setting parameters, and performing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Takeda
- ERATO, Ito Glycotrilogy Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Fujikawa K, Koizumi A, Hachisu M, Seko A, Takeda Y, Ito Y. Construction of a High‐Mannose‐Type Glycan Library by a Renewed Top‐Down Chemo‐Enzymatic Approach. Chemistry 2015; 21:3224-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohki Fujikawa
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 48‐462‐4680
| | - Akihiko Koizumi
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 48‐462‐4680
| | - Masakazu Hachisu
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 48‐462‐4680
| | - Akira Seko
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 48‐462‐4680
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 48‐462‐4680
| | - Yukishige Ito
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 48‐462‐4680
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2‐1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351‐0198 (Japan)
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10
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Biophysical characterization of lectin–glycan interactions for therapeutics, vaccines and targeted drug-delivery. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:2113-29. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin–glycan interactions play a role in biological processes, host–pathogen interactions and in disease. A more detailed understanding of these interactions is not only useful for the elucidation of their biological function but can also be applied in immunology, drug development and delivery and diagnostics. We review some commonly used biophysical techniques for studying lectin–glycan interactions; namely: frontal affinity chromatography, glycan/lectin microarray, surface plasmon resonance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescent assays, enzyme linked lectin sorbent assay and saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Each method is evaluated on efficiency, cost and throughput. We also consider the advantages and limitations of each technique and provide examples of their application in biology, drug discovery and delivery, immunology, glycoprofiling and biosensing.
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11
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Descroix K, Jamois F, Yvin JC, Vetvicka V, Ferrières V. β-(1→3)-Glucan-mannitol conjugates: scope and amazing results. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:12. [PMID: 25332988 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that β-(1→3)-Glucans present high applicative potential in human health as immunostimulating agents. Numerous studies have highlighted this, but mainly used native polysaccharides extracted from various natural sources. These compounds are therefore inevitably polydisperse but also present structures that are not homogeneous, in an analytical point of view. This is the reason why we have achieved the chemical synthesis of small glucan-mannitol derivatives especially found in brown seaweeds. The targets differ from each other by the nature of the conjunction between the laminaribiose and the mannose or mannitol, i.e., (1→6) or (1→3). We established that (I) these molecules were efficiently obtained from glucose, laminaribiose and/or mannose derivatives; (II) the synthetic plan has to be adapted to the first connection between a glucosyl entity and the mannosyl residue; and (III) resulting pure compounds may be used as the standard for analytical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Descroix
- 1 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France ; 2 Université européenne de Bretagne, France ; 3 Laboratoire Goëmar, ZAC La Madeleine, 35400 Saint Malo, France ; 4 University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Frank Jamois
- 1 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France ; 2 Université européenne de Bretagne, France ; 3 Laboratoire Goëmar, ZAC La Madeleine, 35400 Saint Malo, France ; 4 University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- 1 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France ; 2 Université européenne de Bretagne, France ; 3 Laboratoire Goëmar, ZAC La Madeleine, 35400 Saint Malo, France ; 4 University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- 1 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France ; 2 Université européenne de Bretagne, France ; 3 Laboratoire Goëmar, ZAC La Madeleine, 35400 Saint Malo, France ; 4 University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- 1 Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France ; 2 Université européenne de Bretagne, France ; 3 Laboratoire Goëmar, ZAC La Madeleine, 35400 Saint Malo, France ; 4 University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Glycan specificity of a testis-specific lectin chaperone calmegin and effects of hydrophobic interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2904-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Solís D, Bovin NV, Davis AP, Jiménez-Barbero J, Romero A, Roy R, Smetana K, Gabius HJ. A guide into glycosciences: How chemistry, biochemistry and biology cooperate to crack the sugar code. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:186-235. [PMID: 24685397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most demanding challenge in research on molecular aspects within the flow of biological information is posed by the complex carbohydrates (glycan part of cellular glycoconjugates). How the 'message' encoded in carbohydrate 'letters' is 'read' and 'translated' can only be unraveled by interdisciplinary efforts. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides a didactic step-by-step survey of the concept of the sugar code and the way strategic combination of experimental approaches characterizes structure-function relationships, with resources for teaching. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The unsurpassed coding capacity of glycans is an ideal platform for generating a broad range of molecular 'messages'. Structural and functional analyses of complex carbohydrates have been made possible by advances in chemical synthesis, rendering production of oligosaccharides, glycoclusters and neoglycoconjugates possible. This availability facilitates to test the glycans as ligands for natural sugar receptors (lectins). Their interaction is a means to turn sugar-encoded information into cellular effects. Glycan/lectin structures and their spatial modes of presentation underlie the exquisite specificity of the endogenous lectins in counterreceptor selection, that is, to home in on certain cellular glycoproteins or glycolipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding how sugar-encoded 'messages' are 'read' and 'translated' by lectins provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of life, with potential for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 07110 Bunyola, Mallorca, Illes Baleares, Spain.
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117871 GSP-7, V-437, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anthony P Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Romero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - René Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, U nemocnice 3, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 München, Germany.
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Cummings RD, Pierce JM. The challenge and promise of glycomics. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:1-15. [PMID: 24439204 PMCID: PMC3955176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycomics is a broad and emerging scientific discipline focused on defining the structures and functional roles of glycans in biological systems. The staggering complexity of the glycome, minimally defined as the repertoire of glycans expressed in a cell or organism, has resulted in many challenges that must be overcome; these are being addressed by new advances in mass spectrometry as well as by the expansion of genetic and cell biology studies. Conversely, identifying the specific glycan recognition determinants of glycan-binding proteins by employing the new technology of glycan microarrays is providing insights into how glycans function in recognition and signaling within an organism and with microbes and pathogens. The promises of a more complete knowledge of glycomes are immense in that glycan modifications of intracellular and extracellular proteins have critical functions in almost all biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - J Michael Pierce
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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