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Omar CA, Fernando SP. Nucleophilic substitution at the anomeric position of furanose carbohydrates. The case of the C-allylations. Carbohydr Res 2021; 510:108441. [PMID: 34700220 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the locked conformation of cyclic furanose form, carbohydrate derivatives have been transformed into relevant tetrahydrofuran moieties through a chemical operation commonly known as C-glycosylation reaction. Consequently, a large number of total synthesis of naturally occurring products containing this heterocycle have been accomplished by applying this reaction. In this regard, the C-allylation reaction of furanose carbohydrates provides flexible routes for stereoselective anomeric functionalization by incorporating an allyl group, which is eventually re-functionalized into advanced natural product intermediates. Therefore, this mini review deals with the description of the origin of the stereoselectivity and synthetic applications of this type of glycosylation reaction, which can be also called as: "Nucleophilic Substitution at the Anomeric Position", conducted by various research groups including our own group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortezano-Arellano Omar
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Luis Castelazo Ayala, Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
| | - Sartillo-Piscil Fernando
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570, Puebla, Mexico.
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2
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Protecting group migrations in carbohydrate chemistry. Carbohydr Res 2020; 497:108151. [PMID: 32977215 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protecting groups are valuable in chemo- and regioselective synthetic manipulations. In particular, they are indispensable in carbohydrate chemistry. Although a wide array of protecting groups are available at the disposal of carbohydrate chemists, their stability and orthogonality make the choice of protecting groups challenging. Another important factor is the migratory aptitude of different protecting groups used in carbohydrate chemistry. Migration of commonly used groups like silyl, acetal and acyl groups under various reaction conditions are discussed. Synthetic application of predicted migrations, alternate protecting groups to avoid migration and conditions favoring and disfavoring migrations are discussed in this review.
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Anderson O, Beckett J, Briggs CC, Natrass LA, Cranston CF, Wilkinson EJ, Owen JH, Mir Williams R, Loukaidis A, Bouillon ME, Pritchard D, Lahmann M, Baird MS, Denny PW. An investigation of the antileishmanial properties of semi-synthetic saponins. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:833-842. [PMID: 33479679 PMCID: PMC7651632 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by insect-vector borne protozoan parasites of the, Leishmania species. Whilst infection threatens and affects millions of the global poor, vaccines are absent and drug therapy limited. Extensive efforts have recently been made to discover new leads from small molecule synthetic compound libraries held by industry; however, the number of new chemical entities identified and entering development as anti-leishmanials has been very low. This has led to increased interest in the possibility of discovering naturally derived compounds with potent antileishmanial activity which may be developed towards clinical applications. Plant-derived triterpenoid and steroidal saponins have long been considered as anti-microbials and here we describe an investigation of a library of 137 natural (9) and semi-synthetic saponins (128) for activity against Leishmania mexicana, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The triterpenoid sapogenin, hederagenin, readily obtained in large quantities from Hedera helix (common ivy), was converted into a range of 128 derivatives. These semi-synthetic compounds, as well as saponins isolated from ivy, were examined with a phenotypic screening approach to identify potent and selective anti-leishmanial hits. This led to the identification of 12 compounds, including the natural saponin gypsogenin, demonstrating high potency (ED50 < 10.5 μM) against axenic L. mexicana amastigotes, the mammalian pathogenic form. One of these, hederagenin disuccinate, was sufficiently non-toxic to the macrophage host cell to facilitate further analyses, selectivity index (SI) > 10. Whilst this was not active in an infected cell model, the anti-leishmanial properties of hederagenin-derivatives have been demonstrated, and the possibility of improving the selectivity of natural hederagenin through chemical modification has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlagh Anderson
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
| | - Joseph Beckett
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
| | - Carla C Briggs
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
| | - Liam A Natrass
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK
| | - Charles F Cranston
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
| | - Elizabeth J Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Jack H Owen
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Rhodri Mir Williams
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Angelos Loukaidis
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Marc E Bouillon
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Deiniol Pritchard
- Naturiol Bangor Ltd , Alun Roberts Building , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Martina Lahmann
- Department of Chemistry , School of Natural Science , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Mark S Baird
- Naturiol Bangor Ltd , Alun Roberts Building , Bangor University , Gwynedd LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Paul W Denny
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Global Infectious Diseases , Durham University , Stockton Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 3343983
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Sánchez-Eleuterio A, García-Santos WH, Díaz-Salazar H, Hernández-Rodríguez M, Cordero-Vargas A. Stereocontrolled Nucleophilic Addition to Five-Membered Oxocarbenium Ions Directed by the Protecting Groups. Application to the Total Synthesis of (+)-Varitriol and of Two Diastereoisomers Thereof. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8464-8475. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Sánchez-Eleuterio
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, México City, México
| | - William H. García-Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, México City, México
| | - Howard Díaz-Salazar
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, México City, México
| | - Marcos Hernández-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, México City, México
| | - Alejandro Cordero-Vargas
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán C.P. 04510, México City, México
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van Rijssel ER, van Delft P, van Marle DV, Bijvoets SM, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV, Codée JDC. Stereoselectivity in the Lewis Acid Mediated Reduction of Ketofuranoses. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4553-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin R. van Rijssel
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van Delft
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daan V. van Marle
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan M. Bijvoets
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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