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Reszka M, Serdiuk IE, Kozakiewicz K, Nowacki A, Myszka H, Bojarski P, Liberek B. Influence of a 4'-substituent on the efficiency of flavonol-based fluorescent indicators of β-glycosidase activity. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7635-7648. [PMID: 32960207 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01505a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article presents novel fluorescent probes, based on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) phenomenon and flavonols, sensitive to the action of specific glycosidases. 4'-Substituted flavonols were synthesized, using various approaches, and glycosylated with d-glucose, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucuronic acid. Evaluation of the β-glycosidase activities was performed in neutral and acidic pH. In all the cases examined, an acidic environment accelerated enzymatic hydrolysis. It was demonstrated that the 4'-chloroflavonyl glycosides of all sugars tested, both in neutral and acidic pH, are the ones most sensitive to the presence of hydrolase. In turn, 4'-dimethylaminoflavonyl glucoside is not sensitive to glucosidase action at all. Generally, the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis increases as the electron-withdrawing nature of the 4'-substituent increases. An exception is the trifluoromethyl group which, in spite of having the most favourable Hammett constant, does not contribute enough to increase the rate of hydrolysis of its glucoside. The presented experimental results are supported by the electrostatic potential (ESP) analysis and related to the mechanisms of glycoside bond enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Reszka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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The in silico characterization of neutral alpha-glucosidase C (GANC) and its evolution from GANAB. Gene X 2020; 726:144192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kirungu JN, Magwanga RO, Lu P, Cai X, Zhou Z, Wang X, Peng R, Wang K, Liu F. Functional characterization of Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) gene reveal their significant role in enhancing drought and salt stress tolerance in cotton. BMC Genet 2019; 20:62. [PMID: 31337336 PMCID: PMC6651995 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxins play an important role in plant growth and development; the auxins responsive gene; auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA), small auxin-up RNAs (SAUR) and Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) control their mechanisms. The GH3 genes function in homeostasis by the catalytic activities in auxin conjugation and bounding free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids. RESULTS In our study, we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species; Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii, analyzed their chromosomal distribution, phylogenetic relationships, cis-regulatory element function and performed virus induced gene silencing of the novel Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) gene. The phylogenetic tree showed four clusters of genes with clade 1, 3 and 4 having mainly members of the GH3 of the cotton species while clade 2 was mainly members belonging to Arabidopsis. There were no paralogous genes, and few orthologous genes were observed between Gossypium and other species. All the GO terms were detected, but only 14 genes were found to have described GO terms in upland cotton, more biological functions were detected, as compared to the other functions. The GH3.17 subfamily harbored the highest number of the cis-regulatory elements, most having promoters towards dehydration-responsiveness. The RNA expression analysis revealed that 10 and 8 genes in drought and salinity stress conditions respectively were upregulated in G. hirsutum. All the genes that were upregulated in plants under salt stress conditions were also upregulated in drought stress; moreover, Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) exhibited a significant upregulation across the two stress factors. Functional characterization of Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed that the VIGS plants ability to tolerate drought and salt stresses was significantly reduced compared to the wild types. The chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content (RLWC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration level were reduced significantly while malondialdehyde concentration and ion leakage as a measure of cell membrane stability (CMS) increased in VIGS plants under drought and salt stress conditions. CONCLUSION This study revealed the significance of the GH3 genes in enabling the plant's adaptation to drought and salt stress conditions as evidenced by the VIGS results and RT-qPCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Nyangasi Kirungu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Richard Odongo Magwanga
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.,School of Biological and Physical Sciences (SBPS), Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), Main Campus, 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Pu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Renhai Peng
- Research Base in Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/ Anyang Institute of technology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of 15 Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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