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Spalletta A, Joly N, Martin P. Latest Trends in Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Ester Carbohydrate Surfactants: From Key Parameters to Opportunities and Future Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3727. [PMID: 38612540 PMCID: PMC11012184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based surfactants are amphiphilic compounds containing hydrophilic moieties linked to hydrophobic aglycones. More specifically, carbohydrate esters are biosourced and biocompatible surfactants derived from inexpensive renewable raw materials (sugars and fatty acids). Their unique properties allow them to be used in various areas, such as the cosmetic, food, and medicine industries. These multi-applications have created a worldwide market for biobased surfactants and consequently expectations for their production. Biobased surfactants can be obtained from various processes, such as chemical synthesis or microorganism culture and surfactant purification. In accordance with the need for more sustainable and greener processes, the synthesis of these molecules by enzymatic pathways is an opportunity. This work presents a state-of-the-art lipase action mode, with a focus on the active sites of these proteins, and then on four essential parameters for optimizing the reaction: type of lipase, reaction medium, temperature, and ratio of substrates. Finally, this review discusses the latest trends and recent developments, showing the unlimited potential for optimization of such enzymatic syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Joly
- Unité Transformations & Agroressources, ULR7519, Université d’Artois-UniLaSalle, F-62408 Béthune, France; (A.S.); (P.M.)
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Microbial Lipases and Their Potential in the Production of Pharmaceutical Building Blocks. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179933. [PMID: 36077332 PMCID: PMC9456414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes involving lipases in obtaining active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are crucial to increase the sustainability of the industry. Despite their lower production cost, microbial lipases are striking for their versatile catalyzing reactions beyond their physiological role. In the context of taking advantage of microbial lipases in reactions for the synthesis of API building blocks, this review focuses on: (i) the structural origins of the catalytic properties of microbial lipases, including the results of techniques such as single particle monitoring (SPT) and the description of its selectivity beyond the Kazlauskas rule as the “Mirror-Image Packing” or the “Key Region(s) rule influencing enantioselectivity” (KRIE); (ii) immobilization methods given the conferred operative advantages in industrial applications and their modulating capacity of lipase properties; and (iii) a comprehensive description of microbial lipases use as a conventional or promiscuous catalyst in key reactions in the organic synthesis (Knoevenagel condensation, Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reactions, Markovnikov additions, Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, racemization, among others). Finally, this review will also focus on a research perspective necessary to increase microbial lipases application development towards a greener industry.
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Combining the mechanical ball milling of the carbohydrate and the use of low solvent reaction media for the synthesis of fructose fatty acid esters by immobilized lipases. N Biotechnol 2022; 70:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lipozyme 435-Mediated Synthesis of Xylose Oleate in Methyl Ethyl Ketone. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113317. [PMID: 34205848 PMCID: PMC8197991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we have performed the Lipozyme 435-catalyzed synthesis of xylose oleate in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) from xylose and oleic acid. The effects of substrates’ molar ratios, reaction temperature, reaction time on esterification rates, and Lipozyme 435 reuse were studied. Results showed that an excess of oleic acid (xylose: oleic acid molar ratio of 1:5) significantly favored the reaction, yielding 98% of xylose conversion and 31% oleic acid conversion after 24 h-reaction (mainly to xylose mono- and dioleate, as confirmed by mass spectrometry). The highest Lipozyme 435 activities occurred between 55 and 70 °C. The predicted Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetic model fitted very well to the experimental data and there was no evidence of inhibitions in the range assessed. The reaction product was purified and presented an emulsion capacity close to that of a commercial sugar ester detergent. Finally, the repeated use of Lipozyme 435 showed a reduction in the reaction yields (by 48 and 19% in the xylose and oleic acid conversions, respectively), after ten 12 h-cycles.
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Enzymatic synthesis of amphiphilic carbohydrate esters: Influence of physicochemical and biochemical parameters. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 30:e00631. [PMID: 34094891 PMCID: PMC8166767 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipids, carbohydrate fatty esters or sugar esters are amphiphilic molecules containing hydrophilic groups bonded to hydrophobic parent structures. Recently, glycolipids have shown their antimicrobial and antitumor capacities. Their surface activity properties have applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Sugar esters' building blocks can be obtained from natural resources and/or be transformed by biochemical pathways for uses as surfactants. Biosurfactants are non-ionic, nontoxic, biodegradable, tasteless, and odourless. The biocatalysis of these molecules involves sustainable, green, and safer methods. The advantages of producing biosurfactants from enzymatic catalysis are the energy economy, high selectivity, production of natural products, reduction of the use of fossil-based solvents and chloride compounds. This review presents the most recent studies concerning the evaluation of the impact of the main parameters and their levels influencing the enzymatic synthesis of glycolipids. Various enzyme catalysed synthetic methods were described. The parameters studied were temperature, reaction time, solvent system, type of biocatalyst, substrates molar ratio proportion and the nature of substrates. This review discusses the influence of different biocatalysts in the conversions of glycolipids; The reactivity from mono to polysaccharides and their interaction with fatty acids of different carbon chain lengths in the presence of specific enzymes; The effect of the solvent polarity, the use of multiple solvents, ionic liquids, supercritical CO2, and solvent-free media in sugar ester conversions; And the optimization of temperature and reaction time in different enzymatic systems.
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Gonçalves MCP, Romanelli JP, Guimarães JR, Vieira AC, de Azevedo BP, Tardioli PW. Reviewing research on the synthesis of CALB-catalyzed sugar esters incorporating systematic mapping principles. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:865-878. [PMID: 33645353 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1888071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rigorous evidence reviews must follow specific guidelines designed to improve transparency, reproducibility, and to minimize biases to which traditional reviews are susceptible. While evidence synthesis methods, such as systematic reviews and maps, have been used in several research fields, the majority of reviews published in the realm of chemical engineering are nonsystematic. In this study, we incorporated principles of systematic mapping to conduct a literature review covering research on the synthesis of sugar fatty acid esters (SFAE) with Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). Our results showed that the simple monosaccharides were the most cited sugars among studies we conducted. The direct use of renewable raw materials and frequently available resources to produce alternative sugar esters (SE) was scarcely reported in our data set. We found that free fatty acids (FFA) were the most commonly cited acyl donors amongst all publications, with lauric, oleic, and palmitic acids accounting for ∼43% of the occurrences. Tertiary alcohols (ter-butyl alcohol (T-but) and 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B)) and ionic liquids were the most used solvents to synthesize SE. The co-occurence analysis of keywords involving solvent terms showed that most of the papers evaluated different solvents as reaction media (mostly in the form of a bisolvent system), also investigating the impact of their choice on sugar ester productivities. Given the potential of reviews informing us of research decisions, this article reveals trends and spaces across CALB-catalyzed SE synthesis research, in addition to introducing a new methodological perspective for developing reviews in the field of chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo Romanelli
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Forest Sciences Department, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - José Renato Guimarães
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Vieira
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pereira de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Forest Sciences Department, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Waldir Tardioli
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
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Zhu S, Meng N, Chen S, Li Y. Study of acetylated EGCG synthesis by enzymatic transesterification in organic media. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Mathematical modeling of enzymatic syntheses of biosurfactants catalyzed by immobilized lipases. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-020-01812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Regioselective Synthesis of Lactulose Esters by Candida antarctica and Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipases. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7090263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Bernal C, Guzman F, Illanes A, Wilson L. Selective and eco-friendly synthesis of lipoaminoacid-based surfactants for food, using immobilized lipase and protease biocatalysts. Food Chem 2017; 239:189-195. [PMID: 28873558 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoaminoacids, as surfactants, are an excellent option for food industry due to the currently trends in consumption of functional and natural ingredients. Synthesis of lauroyl glycine lipoaminoacid was carried out with a lipase from Pseudomonas stutzeri and a protease from Bacillus subtilis, which were immobilized in octyl-glyoxyl silica and glyoxyl-silica supports, respectively, comparing their catalytic performance. The enzymatic selectivity towards the lipoaminoacid instead of the dipeptide glycylglycine and synthesis yield were evaluated with respect to the characteristics of the immobilized biocatalysts and synthesis conditions. Three solvents were tested as reaction media for evaluating the expressed activity, stability and catalytic behavior during synthesis. Results indicate that both enzymes favor the lauroyl glycine synthesis over the peptide synthesis, but the immobilized protease has the best balance between selectivity and yield: 40% yield for lauroyl glycine and less than 5% for dipeptide after 96h of synthesis, at 45°C and acetone as solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bernal
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitran 1305, La Serena, Chile; Tecnología Enzimática para Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería de Alimentos, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitran 1305, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Fanny Guzman
- Laboratorio de Síntesis de Péptidos, Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andres Illanes
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, P.O. Box 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorena Wilson
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, P.O. Box 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
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Wimmerová M, Siglerová V, Šaman D, Šlouf M, Kaletová E, Wimmer Z. Improved enzyme-mediated synthesis and supramolecular self-assembly of naturally occurring conjugates of β-sitosterol. Steroids 2017; 117:38-43. [PMID: 27648857 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring acylated β-sitosteryl glucosides have been investigated for their novel properties. The synthetic protocol based on the literature data was improved and optimized. The main improvement consists in employing systems of ionic liquids combined with organic solvents in lipase-mediated esterification of (3β)-stigmast-5-en-3-yl β-d-glucopyranoside to get (3β)-stigmast-5-en-3-yl 6-O-acyl-β-d-glucopyranosides. Maximum yields of these products were achieved with Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on Immobead 150, recombinant from yeast, in absolute THF and in the presence of either ionic liquid [1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF4) or 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF6)] employed. Pharmacological activity of (3β)-stigmast-5-en-3-yl 6-O-acyl-β-d-glucopyranosides was studied in tests on MCF7 tumor cell lines; the compounds displayed moderate activity which was higher than the activity of β-sitosterol. Supramolecular characteristics were discovered at (3β)-stigmast-5-en-3-yl 6-O-dodecanoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside that formed supramolecular polymer through multiple H-bonds in a methanol/water system (60/40). Its formation was confirmed by the independent UV-vis measurements during certain time period, by variable temperature DOSY-NMR measurement in deuteriochloroform, and visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showing chiral helical structures and complex superassembly systems based on fibrous supramolecular polymer. In contrary, no such properties have been observed for the other two (3β)-stigmast-5-en-3-yl 6-O-acyl-β-d-glucopyranosides under the given experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wimmerová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Technická 5, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Siglerová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - David Šaman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kaletová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Technická 5, Czech Republic.
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