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Nagy V, Snorradóttir BS, Lauzon HL, Másson M. Optimizing N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan synthesis: A design of experiments (DoE) approach. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122065. [PMID: 38616089 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize the synthesis of trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with a high degree of N,N,N-trimethylation (DTM) through a one-step procedure, minimizing reagent use, reaction time, and avoiding O-methylation, using the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. Initially, sequential designs were done. Following the determination of the initial conditions a Fractional Factorial Design was used, investigating methyl iodide (MeI) and NaHCO3 molar ratios, temperature, and reaction time on DTM. MeI and NaHCO3 molar ratios were found to be significant (p-values equal to 0.02 and 0.02, respectively), the reaction temperature (p = 0.04) displayed a non-linear effect, while the reaction time was found to be non-significant (p = 0.93). Finally, a Full Factorial Design was done to optimize temperature and base addition methods. Incremental addition of the base was determined to be feasible without affecting the DTM, thereby preventing any viscosity-related problems. DTM was achieved up to 72 % in a one-step procedure, with no O-methylation. These optimized conditions offer a cost-effective, one-step synthesis method for TMC production, holding significant promise for industrial applications by avoiding multistep reactions, ensuring minimal reagent use, and preventing O-methylation. The findings mark a substantial advancement in TMC synthesis, presenting a streamlined and efficient approach with substantial practical implications for process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Nagy
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Bergthóra S Snorradóttir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Már Másson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Combination of Enzymes and Deep Eutectic Solvents as Powerful Toolbox for Organic Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020516. [PMID: 36677575 PMCID: PMC9863131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, a wide spectrum of applications and advantages in the use of deep eutectic solvents for promoting organic reactions has been well established among the scientific community. Among these synthetic methodologies, in recent years, various examples of biocatalyzed processes have been reported, making use of eutectic mixtures as reaction media, as an improvement in terms of selectivity and sustainability. This review aims to show the newly reported protocols in the field, subdivided by reaction class as a 'toolbox' guide for organic synthesis.
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Mansour H, El-Sigeny S, Shoman S, Abu-Serie MM, Tamer TM. Preparation, Characterization, and Bio Evaluation of Fatty N- Hexadecanyl Chitosan Derivatives for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194011. [PMID: 36235961 PMCID: PMC9573078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to improve the antibacterial activities of chitosan via N-alkyl substitution using 1-bromohexadecane. Mono and di substitution (Mono-NHD-Ch and Di-NHD-Ch) were prepared and characterized using FT-IR, HNMR, TGA, DSC, and SEM. Elemental analysis shows an increase in the C/N ratio from 5.45 for chitosan to 8.63 for Mono-NHD-Ch and 10.46 for Di-NHD-Ch. The antibacterial properties were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. In the examined microorganisms, the antibacterial properties of the novel alkyl derivatives increased substantially higher than chitosan. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Mono-NHD-Ch and Di-NHD-Ch was perceived at 50 μg/mL against tested microorganisms, except for B. cereus. The MTT test was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the produced materials, which proved their safety to fibroblast cells. The findings suggest that the new N-Alkyl chitosan derivatives might be used as antibacterial alternatives to pure chitosan in wound infection treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Samia El-Sigeny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Sarah Shoman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Abu-Serie
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Tamer M. Tamer
- Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7(965)0227468
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4
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N-trimethyl chitosan coated targeting nanoparticles improve the oral bioavailability and antioxidant activity of vitexin. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ahmadi F, Nejad MJ, Shariatipour M, Heydari A. A Greener Approach to Oxazolidinone Synthesis Using a Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ahmadi
- Chemistry Department Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | | | | | - Akbar Heydari
- Chemistry Department Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
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Application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as trace level drug extractants and drug solubility enhancers: State-of-the-art, prospects and challenges. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Khajavian M, Vatanpour V, Castro-Muñoz R, Boczkaj G. Chitin and derivative chitosan-based structures - Preparation strategies aided by deep eutectic solvents: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118702. [PMID: 34742428 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The high molecular weight of chitin, as a biopolymer, challenges its extraction due to its insolubility in the solvents. Also, chitosan, as the N-deacetylated form of chitin, can be employed as a primary material for different industries. The low mechanical stability and poor plasticity of chitosan films, as a result of incompatible interaction between chitosan and the used solvent, have limited its industrialization. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as novel solvents, can solve the extraction difficulties of chitin, and the low mechanical stability and weak plasticity of chitosan films. Also, DESs can be considered for the different chitosan and chitin productions, including chitin nanocrystal and nanofiber, N,N,N-trimethyl-chitosan, chitosan-based imprinted structures, and DES-chitosan-based beads and monoliths. This review aims to focus on the preparation and characterization (chemistry and morphology) of DES-chitin-based and DES-chitosan-based structures to understand the influence of the incorporation of DESs into the chitin and chitosan structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khajavian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca, Avenida Eduardo Monroy, Cárdenas 2000 San Antonio Buenavista, 50110 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland; EcoTech Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
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Kang Y, Liu Z, Long Y, Wang B, Yang X, Sha D, Shi K, Ji X, Li B, Liu Y. Synthesis and structural characterization of
N
,
N
,
N
‐trimethyl chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Yingyun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Baolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Di Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Kai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Xiangling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Bai Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
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Liu J, Yu S, Qu W, Jin Z, Zhao K. Self-Assembly of Soluble Chitosan Derivatives Nanoparticles for Vaccine: Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4097. [PMID: 34883601 PMCID: PMC8659217 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel chitosan derivative nanoparticle was proposed to function as a delivery carrier. First of all, an improvement was made to the way N-2-hydroxypropyl trimcthyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC) was synthesized. Moreover, the solution to one-step synthesis of N-2-HACC from chitosan (CS) was developed. Different from the previous report, the synthesis process was simplified, and there was a reduction in the amount of 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTAC) used. With its excellent water solubility maintained, the relatively low degree of substitution was controlled to facilitate the cross-linking reaction. The results obtained from 1H-NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and XRD indicated a smooth EPTAC onto CS for the formation of N-2-HACC with 59.33% the degree of substitution (DS). According to our results, N-2-HACC could be dissolved in various organic solvents, deionized water, 1% acetic acid aqueous solution, and others at room temperature. Finally, a novel chitosan nanoparticle material was prepared using the self-assembly method with β-glycerophosphate sodium (β-GC), with excellent immune properties achieved, thus providing a new strategy for chitosan self-assembled nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Shuang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (S.Y.); (W.Q.)
| | - Wanying Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (S.Y.); (W.Q.)
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (S.Y.); (W.Q.)
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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Molnar M, Lončarić M, Jakovljević M, Komar M, Lončar M. Some applications of deep eutectic solvents in alkylation of heterocyclic compounds: A review of the past 10 years. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This mini-review encapsulates the latest findings (past 10 years) in the field of the deep eutectic solvents (DESs) application in the alkylation/arylation of different heterocyclic compounds. These solvents have been developed to fulfill the green chemistry concept demands and have been proven excellent for the application in various fields. This review describes their application in different types of alkylation, C-, N-, O- and S-alkylation. P-alkylation has not yet been published within this scope. Not only have the authors in this study proven that DESs could be successfully applied for this specific type of reaction, but they have also offered an excellent insight into the mechanisms of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Molnar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek , F. Kuhača 18 , 31000 Osijek , Croatia
| | - Melita Lončarić
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek , F. Kuhača 18 , 31000 Osijek , Croatia
| | - Martina Jakovljević
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek , F. Kuhača 18 , 31000 Osijek , Croatia
| | - Mario Komar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek , F. Kuhača 18 , 31000 Osijek , Croatia
| | - Mirjana Lončar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek , F. Kuhača 18 , 31000 Osijek , Croatia
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Ali R, Chinnam AK, Aswar VR. The Double and Triple Role of L-(+)-tartaric Acid and Dimethyl Urea: A Prevailing Green Approach in Organic Synthesis. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210111111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The deep eutectic mixtures (DESs), introduced as a novel alternative to usual volatile
organic solvents for organic transformations, have attracted tremendous attention of the
research community because of their low cost, negligible vapour pressure, low toxicity, biodegradability,
recyclability, insensitivity towards moisture, and ready availability from bulk
renewable resources. Although the low melting mixture of dimethyl urea (DMU)/L-(+)-
tartaric acid (TA) is still in infancy, it is very effective as it plays multiple roles such as solvent,
catalyst and/or reagent in the same pot for many crucial organic transformations. These
unique properties of the DMU/TA mixture prompted us to provide a quick overview of where
the field stands presently and where it might be going in the near future. To our best knowledge,
no review dealing with the applications of a low melting mixture of DMU/TA appeared
in the literature except the one published in 2017, describing only the chemistry of indole systems. Therefore, we
intended to reveal the developments of this versatile, low melting mixture in the modern organic synthesis since its
first report in 2011 by Köenig’s team to date. Hopefully, the present review article will be useful to the researcher
working not only in the arena of synthetic organic chemistry but also to the scientists working in other branches of
science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343, United States
| | - Vikas R. Aswar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
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An Overview of Current Knowledge on the Properties, Synthesis and Applications of Quaternary Chitosan Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122878. [PMID: 33266285 PMCID: PMC7759937 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a chitin-derivative polysaccharide, known for its non-toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, presents limited applications due to its low solubility in neutral or basic pH medium. Quaternization stands out as an alternative to modify this natural polymer, aiming to improve its solubility over a wide pH range and, consequently, expand its range of applications. Quaternization occurs by introducing a quaternary ammonium moiety onto or outside the chitosan backbone, via chemical reactions with primary amino and hydroxyl groups, under vast experimental conditions. The oldest and most common forms of quaternized chitosan involve N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) and N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethyl ammonium) propyl] chitosan (HTCC) and, more recently, quaternized chitosan by insertion of pyridinium or phosphonium salts. By modifying chitosan through the insertion of a quaternary moiety, permanent cationic charges on the polysaccharide backbone are achieved and properties such as water solubility, antimicrobial activity, mucoadhesiveness and permeability are significantly improved, enabling the application mainly in the biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. In this review, the main quaternized chitosan compounds are addressed in terms of their structure, properties, synthesis routes and applications. In addition, other less explored compounds are also presented, involving the main findings and future prospects regarding the field of quaternized chitosans.
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