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Zhao S, Zhang T, Kan Y, Li H, Li JP. Overview of the current procedures in synthesis of heparin saccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122220. [PMID: 38823902 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural heparin, a glycosaminoglycan consisting of repeating hexuronic acid and glucosamine linked by 1 → 4 glycosidic bonds, is the most widely used anticoagulant. To subvert the dependence on animal sourced heparin, alternative methods to produce heparin saccharides, i.e., either heterogenous sugar chains similar to natural heparin, or structurally defined oligosaccharides, are becoming hot subjects. Although the success by chemical synthesis of the pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, encourages to proceed through a chemical approach generating homogenous product, synthesizing larger oligos is still cumbersome and beyond reach so far. Alternatively, the chemoenzymatic pathway exhibited exquisite stereoselectivity of glycosylation and regioselectivity of modification, with the advantage to skip the tedious protection steps unavoidable in chemical synthesis. However, to a scale of drug production needed today is still not in sight. In comparison, a procedure of de novo biosynthesis in an organism could be an ultimate goal. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the current available/developing strategies and techniques, which is expected to provide a comprehensive picture for production of heparin saccharides to replenish or eventually to replace the animal derived products. In chemical and chemoenzymatic approaches, the methodologies are discussed according to the synthesis procedures: building block preparation, chain elongation, and backbone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Kan
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Ward C, Beharry A, Tennakoon R, Rozik P, Wilhelm SDP, Heinemann IU, O’Donoghue P. Mechanisms and Delivery of tRNA Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7976-8008. [PMID: 38801719 PMCID: PMC11212642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) therapeutics will provide personalized and mutation specific medicines to treat human genetic diseases for which no cures currently exist. The tRNAs are a family of adaptor molecules that interpret the nucleic acid sequences in our genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins that dictate cell function. Humans encode more than 600 tRNA genes. Interestingly, even healthy individuals contain some mutant tRNAs that make mistakes. Missense suppressor tRNAs insert the wrong amino acid in proteins, and nonsense suppressor tRNAs read through premature stop signals to generate full length proteins. Mutations that underlie many human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and diverse rare genetic disorders, result from missense or nonsense mutations. Thus, specific tRNA variants can be strategically deployed as therapeutic agents to correct genetic defects. We review the mechanisms of tRNA therapeutic activity, the nature of the therapeutic window for nonsense and missense suppression as well as wild-type tRNA supplementation. We discuss the challenges and promises of delivering tRNAs as synthetic RNAs or as gene therapies. Together, tRNA medicines will provide novel treatments for common and rare genetic diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Ward
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Aruun Beharry
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Rasangi Tennakoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Peter Rozik
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Sarah D. P. Wilhelm
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ilka U. Heinemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick O’Donoghue
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Jana S, Rajasekaran P, Haldimann K, Vasella A, Böttger EC, Hobbie SN, Crich D. Synthesis of Gentamicins C1, C2, and C2a and Antiribosomal and Antibacterial Activity of Gentamicins B1, C1, C1a, C2, C2a, C2b, and X2. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1622-1633. [PMID: 37481733 PMCID: PMC10425985 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Complementing our earlier syntheses of the gentamicins B1, C1a, C2b, and X2, we describe the synthesis of gentamicins C1, C2, and C2a characterized by methyl substitution at the 6'-position, and so present an alternative access to previous chromatographic methods for accessing these sought-after compounds. We describe the antiribosomal activity of our full set of synthetic gentamicin congeners against bacterial ribosomes and hybrid ribosomes carrying the decoding A site of the human mitochondrial, A1555G mutant mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic ribosomes and establish structure-activity relationships with the substitution pattern around ring I to antiribosomal activity, antibacterial resistance due to the presence of aminoglycoside acetyl transferases acting on the 6'-position in ring I, and literature cochlear toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Parasuraman Rajasekaran
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Klara Haldimann
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Vasella
- Organic
Chemistry Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erik C. Böttger
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sven N. Hobbie
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Crich
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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4
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Guchhait S, Khononov A, Pieńko T, Belakhov V, Baasov T. Balancing Nonsense Mutation Readthrough and Toxicity of Designer Aminoglycosides for Treatment of Genetic Diseases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:794-801. [PMID: 37312846 PMCID: PMC10258827 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
New derivatives of aminoglycosides with a side chain 1,2-aminoalcohol at the 5" position of ring III were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated. The novel lead structure (compound 6), exhibiting substantially enhanced selectivity toward eukaryotic versus prokaryotic ribosome, high readthrough activity, and considerably lower toxicity than the previous lead compounds, was discovered. Balanced readthrough activity and toxicity of 6 were demonstrated in three different nonsense DNA-constructs underlying the genetic diseases, cystic fibrosis and Usher syndrome, and in two different cell lines, baby hamster kidney and human embryonic kidney cells. Molecular dynamics simulations within the A site of the 80S yeast ribosome demonstrated a remarkable kinetic stability of 6, which potentially determines its high readthrough activity.
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Lee NJ, Kang W, Kwon Y, Oh JW, Jung H, Seo M, Seol Y, Wi JB, Ban YH, Yoon YJ, Park JW. Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis of Pseudo-trisaccharide Aminoglycoside Antibiotics with Enhanced Nonsense Read-through Inducer Activity. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200497. [PMID: 36259357 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. Over the last two decades, studies have reported the potential of AGs in the treatment of genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations, owing to their ability to induce the ribosomes to read through these mutations and produce a full-length protein. However, the principal limitation in the clinical application of AGs arises from their high toxicity, including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. In this study, five novel pseudo-trisaccharide analogs were synthesized by chemo-enzymatic synthesis by acid hydrolysis of commercially available AGs, followed by an enzymatic reaction using recombinant substrate-flexible KanM2 glycosyltransferase. The relationships between their structures and biological activities, including the antibacterial, nephrotoxic, and nonsense readthrough inducer (NRI) activities, were investigated. The absence of 1-N-acylation, 3',4'-dideoxygenation, and post-glycosyl transfer modifications on the third sugar moiety of AGs diminishes their antibacterial activities. The 3',4'-dihydroxy and 6'-hydroxy moieties regulate the in vitro nephrotoxicity of AGs in mammalian cell lines. The 3',4'-dihydroxy and 6'-methyl scaffolds are indispensable for the ex vivo NRI activity of AGs. Based on the alleviated in vitro antibacterial properties and nephrotoxicity, and the highest ex vivo NRI activity among the five compounds, a kanamycin analog (6'-methyl-3''-deamino-3''-hydroxykanamycin C) was selected as a novel AG hit for further studies on human genetic disorders caused by premature transcriptional termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Joon Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Woongshin Kang
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Younghae Kwon
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Oh
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Hogwuan Jung
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Minsuk Seo
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Yurin Seol
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Jae Bok Wi
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Ban
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Je Won Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea.,School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
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6
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Yaméogo P, Duchêne BL, Majeau N, Tremblay JP. CRISPR-SCReT (CRISPR-Stop Codon Read Through) method to control Cas9 expression for gene editing. Gene Ther 2021; 29:171-177. [PMID: 34593991 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 has paved the way for the development of therapies that correct genetic mutations. However, constitutive expression of the Cas9 gene can increase off-target mutations and induce an immune response against the Cas9 protein. To limit the time during which the Cas9 nuclease is expressed, we proposed a simple drug inducible system. The approach consists of introducing a premature termination codon (PTC) in the Cas9 gene and subsequently treating with an aminoglycoside drug, which allows readthrough of the complete protein. To validate that system, HEK293T cells were co-transfected with a PX458 plasmid, which was mutated to introduce a PTC in the SpCas9 gene and two sgRNAs targeting the DMD gene (exons 50 and 54). Cells were treated with different doses of geneticin (G418) for 48 h. Western blot confirmed that the Cas9 protein expression, which was shut down by the PTC mutation, can be induced by the drug. The hybrid exon 50-54 formed by the deletion of part of the DMD gene was detected by PCR only in the cells treated with G418. The approach was also used successfully with CjCas9 to edit the FXN gene. Our results show that it is possible to control SpCas9 and CjCas9 expression by CRISPR-SCReT (CRISPR-Stop Codon Read Through) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouiré Yaméogo
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin L Duchêne
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Majeau
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques P Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada. .,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
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