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Karale UB, Shinde A, Gaikwad VR, Kalari S, Gourishetti K, Radhakrishnan M, Poornachandra Y, Amanchy R, Chakravarty S, Andugulapati SB, Rode HB. Iron mediated reductive cyclization/oxidation for the generation of chemically diverse scaffolds: An approach in drug discovery. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106698. [PMID: 37418784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemically diverse scaffolds represent a main source of biologically important starting points in drug discovery. Herein, we report the development of such diverse scaffolds from nitroarene/ nitro(hetero)arenes using a key synthetic strategy. In a pilot-scale study, the synthesis of 10 diverse scaffolds was achieved. The 1,7-phenanthroline, thiazolo[5,4-f]quinoline, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-g]quinoline, pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline, 1H-[1,4]oxazino[3,2-g]quinolin-2(3H)-one, [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-h]quinoline, 7H-pyrido[2,3-c]carbazole, 3H-pyrazolo[4,3-f]quinoline, pyrido[3,2-f]quinoxaline were obtained from nitro hetero arenes in ethanol using iron-acetic acid treatment followed by reaction under oxygen atmosphere. This diverse library is compliant with the rule of five for drug-likeness. The mapping of chemical space represented by these scaffolds revealed a significant contribution to the underrepresented chemical diversity. Crucial to the development of this approach was the mapping of biological space covered by these scaffolds which revealed neurotropic and prophylactic anti-inflammatory activities. In vitro, neuro-biological assays revealed that compounds 14a and 15a showed excellent neurotropic potential and neurite growth compared to controls. Further, anti-inflammatory assays (in vitro and in vivo models) exhibited that Compound 16 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by attenuating the LPS-induced TNF-α and CD68 levels by modulating the NFkB pathway. In addition, treatment with compound 16 significantly ameliorated the LPS-induced sepsis conditions, and pathological abnormalities (in lung and liver tissues) and improved the survival of the rats compared to LPS control. Owing to their chemical diversity along with bioactivities, it is envisaged that new quality pre-clinical candidates will be generated in the above therapeutic areas using identified leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam B Karale
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Akash Shinde
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Vikas R Gaikwad
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Saradhi Kalari
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Karthik Gourishetti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India; Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Mydhili Radhakrishnan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India; Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Yedla Poornachandra
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Ramars Amanchy
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India; Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sai Balaji Andugulapati
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India; Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Haridas B Rode
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India.
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2
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Sustainable synthesis of semicrystalline Zr-BDC MOF and heterostructural Ag3PO4/Zr-BDC/g-C3N4 composite for photocatalytic dye degradation. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Abstract
AbstractDynamic irradiation is a potent option to influence the interaction between photochemical reactions and mass transport to design high performant and efficient photochemical processes. To systematically investigate the impact of this parameter, the photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene was conducted as a test reaction. Dynamic irradiation was realized through provoked secondary flow patterns, multiple spatially distributed light emitting diodes (LEDs) and electrical pulsation of LEDs. A combined experimental and theoretical approach revealed significant potential to enhance photochemical processes. The reaction rate was accelerated by more than 70% and even more important the photonic efficiency was increased by more than a factor of 4. This renders imposed dynamic irradiation an innovative and powerful tool to intensify photoreactions on the avenue to large scale sustainable photochemical processes.
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4
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Selective Reductive Transformations of Organic Nitro Compounds in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Systems: A Review. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-021-09673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Selvam K, Swaminathan M. Correction: Nano N-TiO 2 mediated selective photocatalytic synthesis of quinaldines from nitrobenzenes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38546-38547. [PMID: 35532464 PMCID: PMC9057270 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra90111c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction for ‘Nano N-TiO2 mediated selective photocatalytic synthesis of quinaldines from nitrobenzenes’ by Kaliyamoorthy Selvam et al., RSC Adv., 2012, 2, 2848–2855, DOI: 10.1039/C2RA01178F.
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6
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Patzsch J, Berg B, Bloh JZ. Kinetics and Optimization of the Photocatalytic Reduction of Nitrobenzene. Front Chem 2019; 7:289. [PMID: 31069220 PMCID: PMC6491869 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline in alcoholic solutions appears as an interesting alternative to the classical hydration. However, little is known about the influence of reaction parameters on the kinetics of the reaction which were therefore studied herein. The effects of light intensity, catalyst concentration, initial concentration, and temperature were systematically investigated under more than 50 different conditions and accurately described with an appropriate kinetic model. The results show that the efficiency of the reaction is extremely high and apparent quantum yields of up to 142 % were observed under optimized conditions. Particularly interesting is the fact high efficiencies were also obtained at high reaction rates of up to 74.3 mM h-1. Overall these results demonstrate that heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions can be very efficient and productive at the same time and may therefore present a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Z. Bloh
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Chemical Technology Group, Frankfurt, Germany
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7
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Moghaddam FM, Ayati SE, Firouzi HR, Hosseini SH, Pourjavadi A. Gold nanoparticles anchored onto the magnetic poly(ionic-liquid) polymer as robust and recoverable catalyst for reduction of Nitroarenes. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Firouz Matloubi Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Natural Products; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi Street PO Box 111559516 Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Ebrahim Ayati
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Natural Products; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi Street PO Box 111559516 Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Firouzi
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Natural Products; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi Street PO Box 111559516 Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Research Laboratory; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi Street PO Box 111559516 Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Pourjavadi
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Research Laboratory; Sharif University of Technology; Azadi Street PO Box 111559516 Tehran Iran
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8
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Bloh JZ, Marschall R. Heterogeneous Photoredox Catalysis: Reactions, Materials, and Reaction Engineering. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z. Bloh
- DECHEMA Research Institute; Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Roland Marschall
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Justus Liebig University Giessen; Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
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9
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Li J, Zhang J, Yang H, Jiang G. Assembly of Diversely Substituted Quinolines via Aerobic Oxidative Aromatization from Simple Alcohols and Anilines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3284-3290. [PMID: 28225276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An aerobic oxidative aromatization of simple aliphatic alcohols and anilines under the Pd(OAc)2/2,4,6-Collidine/Brønsted acid catalytic system has been established, providing a direct approach for the preparation of diverse substituted quinoline derivatives in high yields with wide functional group tolerance. Practically, the protocol can be easily scaled up to gram-scale and was utilized in the concise formal synthesis of a promising herbicide candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Huameng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Gaoxi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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10
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Selvam K, Swaminathan M. Photocatalytic synthesis of 2-methylquinolines with TiO 2 Wackherr and Home Prepared TiO 2 – A comparative study. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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11
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Kou J, Lu C, Wang J, Chen Y, Xu Z, Varma RS. Selectivity Enhancement in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Transformations. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1445-1514. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional
Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science,
Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů
11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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12
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Liu Y, Zhang M, Tung CH, Wang Y. TiO2 Photocatalytic Cyclization Reactions for the Syntheses of Aryltetralones. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Mingfu Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid
and Interface
Science of the Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shandong University, Ji’Nan 250100, P. R. China
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13
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Ma B, Xie H, Li J, Zhan H, Lin K, Liu W. Bifunctional solid acid photocatalyst TiO 2 /AC/SO 3 H with high acid density for pure green photosynthesis of 2-quinoline carboxamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Tan DW, Li HX, Young DJ, Lang JP. Phosphine ligand-free RuCl3-catalyzed reductive N-alkylation of aryl nitro compounds. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Nakamura A, Yoshida K, Kuwahara S, Katayama K. Photocatalytic organic syntheses using a glass-milled microchip. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Zhang W, Xie J, Rao B, Luo M. Iron-Catalyzed N-Arylsulfonamide Formation through Directly Using Nitroarenes as Nitrogen Sources. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3504-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyao Xie
- Key Laboratory
of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Rao
- Key Laboratory
of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory
of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Takale BS, Bao M, Yamamoto Y. Gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) and gold nanopore (AuNPore) catalysts in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2005-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42207k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Katayama K, Takeda Y, Shimaoka K, Yoshida K, Shimizu R, Ishiwata T, Nakamura A, Kuwahara S, Mase A, Sugita T, Mori M. Novel method of screening the oxidation and reduction abilities of photocatalytic materials. Analyst 2014; 139:1953-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02167j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A methodology for understanding the photocatalytic abilities of materials is presented. The conversion of simple organic molecules was monitored in situ in photocatalytic microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Katayama
- Department of Applied Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, 112-8656, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Stíbal D, Sá J, Bokhoven JAV. One-pot photo-reductive N-alkylation of aniline and nitroarene derivatives with primary alcohols over Au–TiO2. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Hakki A, Dillert R, Bahnemann DW. Factors affecting the selectivity of the photocatalytic conversion of nitroaromatic compounds over TiO2 to valuable nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:2992-3002. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp44153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Osei Bonsu P, Lü X, Xie J, Jiang D, Chen M, Wei X. Photoenhanced degradation of rhodamine blue on monometallic gold (Au) loaded brookite titania photocatalysts activated by visible light. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-012-0493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Stratakis M, Garcia H. Catalysis by supported gold nanoparticles: beyond aerobic oxidative processes. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4469-506. [PMID: 22690711 DOI: 10.1021/cr3000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Stratakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Voutes, Iraklion, Greece.
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23
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Nano Pt–TiO2 for an efficient one-pot photocatalytic synthesis of quinaldines from anilines and ethanol. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-011-0415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Selvam K, Swaminathan M. Nano N-TiO2 mediated selective photocatalytic synthesis of quinaldines from nitrobenzenes. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01178f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Doped TiO2 using a new nitrogen precursor hydrazine hydrate was synthesized by a simple wet method.
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25
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Zhang Y, Cui X, Shi F, Deng Y. Nano-gold catalysis in fine chemical synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 112:2467-505. [PMID: 22112240 DOI: 10.1021/cr200260m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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26
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He L, Wang JQ, Gong Y, Liu YM, Cao Y, He HY, Fan KN. Titania-Supported Iridium Subnanoclusters as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Direct Synthesis of Quinolines from Nitroarenes and Aliphatic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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He L, Wang JQ, Gong Y, Liu YM, Cao Y, He HY, Fan KN. Titania-Supported Iridium Subnanoclusters as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Direct Synthesis of Quinolines from Nitroarenes and Aliphatic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10216-20. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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