Amphiphilic ionic palladium complexes for aqueous–organic biphasic Sonogashira reactions under aerobic and CuI-free conditions

A coordination driven self-assembled Pd6L8 nanoball catalyses copper and phosphine-free Sonogashira coupling reaction in both homogeneous and heterogeneous formats

A self-assembled Pd₆L₈ nanocage catalysed copper free Sonogashira reaction under mild and aerobic conditions, at 100 ppm catalyst loading in aqueous medium in the homogeneous phase, and at 500 ppm in the heterogeneous phase.

Pd-tetrahydrosalan-type complexes as catalysts for sonogashira couplings in water: efficient greening of the procedure

New sulfonated tetrahydrosalen-type ligands and their water-soluble palladium(II) complexes have been synthesized. The palladium(II) complexes catalyze the Sonogashira coupling (23 examples) of various aryl halides (including chloroarenes) with terminal alkynes, with good to excellent conversions under mild conditions (80°C, air, no Cu(I) cocatalyst) in aqueous-organic mixtures and turnover frequencies of up to 2790 h(-1) . Under optimized reaction conditions to minimize environmental contamination, diphenylacetylenes can be isolated in 76-98% yield. The aqueous catalyst solution can be recycled four times with decreasing activity; however, yields between 93 and 98% can still be achieved with extended reaction times. Several water-insoluble products can be isolated in excellent yield by simple filtration and purification by washing with water; this method is used, for the first time, for this type of C-C coupling procedure.

Synthesis of Pd(ii) organometal incorporated ordered Im3m mesostructural silica and its catalytic activity in a water-medium Sonogashira reaction

A novel mesoporous Pd(ii) catalyst exhibits high activity for Sonogashira coupling of aryl halides with phenylacetylene in aqueous medium.